跨文化溝通專題培訓(xùn)(英文版)(ppt 45頁).ppt

1、跨文化溝通培訓(xùn),Learning Objectives,By this end of this chapter, you should be able to: Understand how language and culture are closely linked Understand cultural influences on some commonly observed differences between English and Chinese Distinguish denotational and connotational meanings of words,Learnin

2、g Objectives,Distinguish linear and nonlinear language, deductive and inductive patterns Make cross-cultural comparisons of different pragmatic rules used in various speech acts and verbal styles,Means of Human Communication,Verbal communication Using words that have mutually understood meanings and

3、 a set of rules Nonverbal communication Edward T. Hall refers to it as the “silent language”,The Relationship Between Language and Culture,1. The influence of culture on language 2. The influence of language on culture,The Influence of Culture on Language,1. Language as a reflection of the environme

4、nt Language reflects the environment in which we live. We label things that are around us. (examples) The environment influences the development of technology, products, and the appropriate vocabulary. (examples),The Influence of Culture on Language,2. Language as reflection of values Language refle

5、cts cultural values. Language is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human relationships, reflects the way the society operates. Example: Chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system.,Linguistic Determinism,Linguistic Relativity,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis,The Influence of

6、 Language on Culture,Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis,Language not only serves as a mechanism for communication , but a guide to social reality. Reality for a culture is discoverable in its language,Linguistic Determinism,Language structure controls thought and cultural norms The world as each of us knows it

7、is to a large extent predetermined by the language of our culture The differences between languages represent basic differences in the worldview of diverse cultures.,Linguistic Relativity,Linguistic characteristics and cultural norms influence each other. Culture is controlled by and controls langua

8、ge. Language provides the conceptual categories that influence how its speakers perception are encoded and stored.,Cultural Impact onVerbal Communication,At lexical level At discourse level At pragmatic level,1. At lexical level,Denotational meaning,Connotational meaning,a word,Meanings of Words,Mea

9、nings of Words,Denotational meaning It refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word selection. Denotation means a dictionary definition. Connotational meaning It refers to extended meanings or associated meanings. Connotational meanings have developed over time through use by p

10、eople and especially by poets and writers.,Comparison between English and Chinese,Some words have the same denotational and conntational meanings. There are also many words with the same denotational meanings but different connotational meanings. Both denotational and connotatinal meanings are diffe

11、rent in many other words.,Examples,Dove: peace Fox: cunning Owl: wisdom Bat: an evil animal Cricket: a happy insect Dragon: fierceness,鴿子：和平鴿 狐貍：像狐貍一樣狡猾 貓頭鷹：壞運(yùn)氣 蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福 蟋蟀：哀愁 龍：龍袍，龍的傳人(Chinese Dragon),Cultural Associations of Color,Business Implications,International businesspersons may encounter

12、 problems with such connotational meanings of colors. International marketers need to know what associations certain culture has in terms of colors and how they might affect product design, packaging, and advertising messages.,2. At discourse level,Linear and nonlinear language Deductive an inductiv

13、e patterns,Linear VS. Nonlinear Language,Linear has a beginning and an end Logical and objective,Nonlinear Circular Tradition-orientated Subjective,Styles of Paragraph Development,直線型（英語） 平行對(duì)仗型（閃族語） 螺旋型（東方語言） 迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（拉丁語系） 更自由的迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型（俄語）,Styles of Paragraph Development,直線型 English 英語,平行對(duì)仗型 Semitic 閃族語

14、（阿拉伯語）,螺旋型 Oriental 東方語言 （漢語）,迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型 Romance 拉丁語系 （法語、西班牙語）,迂回轉(zhuǎn)折型 （更自由的） Russian,Deductive VS. Inductive thought patterns,Deductive From the general to the specific Western,Inductive From the specific to the general Eastern,Example 1,Because of most of our production is done in China now, and its not

15、 really certain how the government will react in the run-up to 1999, and since I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. So, I suggest that we delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision.,Example 2,I suggest that we

16、delay making our decision until after Legco makes its decision. Thats because I think a certain amount of caution in committing to TV advertisement is necessary because of the expense. In addition to that, most of our production is done in China now, and its not really certain how the government wil

17、l react in the run-up to 1999.,Deductive vs. Inductive,X Comment, main point, or action suggested Because of Y Topic, background, or reason,Because of Y topic, background, or reason X comment, main point, or action suggested,3. At pragmatic level,Pragmatics defined,pragmatics is defined as “l(fā)anguage

18、 in use” (Thomas),Pragmatic transfer defined,The use of rules of speaking from ones own native speech community when interacting with members of the host speech community or simply when speaking in a second language is known as sociolinguistic or pragmatic transfer.,pragmalinguistic failure,sociolin

19、guistic failure,pragmatic failure,Pragmatic Failure(Pragmatic Transfer),Pragmalinguistic Failure Defined,Pragmalinguistic failure occurs when the pragmatic force mapped by speaker onto a given utterance is systematically different from the force most frequently assigned to it by native speaker of th

20、e target language, or when speech act strategies are inappropriately transferred from the first language to the second language.,Examples,“豈有此理” as a compliment response “sorry, sorry” for “I am very sorry”,Sociolinguistic Failure Define,Sociolinguistic failure stems from cross-culturally different

21、perceptions of what constitutes appropriate linguistic behavior.,Examples,白象牌電池 芳芳牌唇膏 大寶SOD蜜 金雞牌鞋油 龍牌卷閘,White Elephant Fang Fang Dabao SOD Golden Cock Dragon,Analysis of Speech Act,Address Greeting and leaving-taking Offer and thanks Invitation and response Apologies Compliment and response,Verbal Style,American verbal style Japanese verbal style Chinese verbal style,American Verbal Style,Direct Honest Ping-pang o