考研英語閱讀理解

1、考研英語畢金獻(xiàn)閱讀理解Unit1Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （40 points）Text 1Its plain common sense the more happiness you feel, the less unhappiness you experience. Its plain common sense, but it

2、s not true. Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion. They are two distinct feelings that, coexisting, rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a persons level of unhappiness, the lower their level of happiness and vice

3、 versa. But when researchers measure peoples average levels of happiness and unhappiness, they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lea

4、d a happier life. It suggests, for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable, but probably wont make you any happier. That advice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness m

5、ay run in certain families. On the other hand, researchers have found happiness doesnt appear to be anyones heritage. The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling happiness is a sense of subjective well-being. The

6、y have also begun to find out whos happy, who isnt and why. To date, the research hasnt found a simple formula for a happy life, but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment

7、? When we are happy, we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad. This doesnt mean, however, that some people are born to be sad and thats that. Genes may predispose one to unhappiness, but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can inc

8、rease your happiness through your own actions. 1. According to the text, it is true thatA unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.B happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.C unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.D happiness is an uncontrollable s

9、ubjective feeling.2. The author argues that one can achieve happiness byA maintaining it at an average level.B escaping miserable occurrences in life.C pursuing it with ones painstaking effort.D realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.3. The phrase “To date” (Par.4) can be best replaced byA As a

10、result.B In addition.C At present.D Until now.4. What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?A One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.B They are independent but existing concurrentlyC One feels happy by participating in more activities.D They are actions and attitu

11、des taken by human beings.5. The sentence “Thats that” (Par. 5) probably means: Some people are born to be sadA and the situation cannot be altered.B and happiness remains inaccessible.C but they dont think much about it.D but they remain unconscious of it.Text 2The legal limit for driving after dri

12、nking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if youve just eaten and what sort of drinks youve had. Some peopl

13、e might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if youre below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.It takes about an hour

14、 for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that youre still over the legal limit. In addition, if youve had a few drinks at lunchtim

15、e, another one or two drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit.In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of movable posts. and the less able they were to do it!So

16、the only way to be sure youre safe is not to drink at all.Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men.

17、More than half of the people stopped by the police to take a breath test have a blood alcohol concentration of more than twice the legal limit.It is important to remember that driving after youve been drinking doesnt just affect you. If youre involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people

18、as well, not least the person you might kill or injure.6. The amount of alcohol a driver can drink within the legal limit isA about 80mg of pure alcohol.B about three standard drinks.C in proportion to his weight.D varying with different people.7. You might be accused of drunk driving whenA you driv

19、e upon having some drinks.B you become a helpless alcohol addict.C your driving is found abnormal for drinking.D your alcohol percentage fails the test.8. A test showed that drunken professional drivers couldA have greater confidence than sober ones.B move away a set of posts on the test ground.C fa

20、il in the test despite their self-affirmation.D serve as alarming examples to potential drivers.9. Alcohol is the major cause of traffic accidents becauseA more than 30% road casualties are drink drivers.B drinking affects peoples mind and emotion.C about one-third drivers are used to drinking.D you

21、ng drivers are familiar among traffic victims.10. About drink driving, the author warns you of the fact that youA may be taken to court by the police.B are putting yourself in danger.C may hurt or kill another driver.D are setting other people at risk.Text 3There are various ways in which individual

22、 economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact among each other in the marketplace. It is possible to buy commodities from oth

23、er economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transaction may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes and pizzas are traded against each other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailbo

24、at may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.An alternative for the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactio

25、ns. This agency will issue edicts (orders) or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy. The central plan, drawn up by the government, shows the amounts of each

26、commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example of complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional society, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition; every persons

27、 place within the economic system is fixed by parentage(origin), religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group or caste(social class) may have an obligation to care for other persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for the

28、ir health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve. A stagnant (unchanging) society may result.11. The main purpose of the text is toA interpret the essence of general economics.B compare

29、 barter and cash-exchange markets.C outline contrasting types of economic systems.D argue for the superiority of a certain economy.12. The word “real” in “real goods”(Par.2) could best be replaced by A genuine.B concrete.C durable.D practical.13. According to the text, a barter economy may lead toA

30、unfair transaction.B direct conflicts.C gradual deflation.D trading troubles.14. In an administered system, business activities are under the direction ofA major economic organizations.B general public advisory body.C large commercial companies.D certain official departments.15. All of the following

31、 are mentioned as factors determining ones place in a traditional society EXCEPTA family background.B age and education.C religious beliefs.D established experience.Text 4Its possible that while you are at work, you may dream about a month of Sundays, but your boss wishes for a week of Tuesday. That

32、s because she/he probably knows that productivity is one of the main factors bolstering (supporting) a companys growth. And a recent poll shows that workers are most productive on Tuesdays! Accountemps, an employment agency, conducted a national survey of office managers, which shows that by the mid

33、dle of the week, they see a dramatic productivity decrease. While Monday is considered second in “productivity value,” only nine percent of office managers think Wednesday is the peak productivity day. Five percent believe it is Thursday. And Friday, well, you can just imagine! However, forty-eight

34、percent of the managers polled said that Tuesday is, by far, the most productive day of the week.A close analysis of workweek rhythms would turn up some obvious reasons for those survey results. First of all, Monday is overloaded with meetings, designed to “get things moving,” and everybody knows me

35、etings arent very productive. Wednesday is “hump day”(駝峰日) get over it as painlessly as possible, a worker thinks, and the week is more than halfway over. On Thursday, people are running out of steam; and Friday, everybodys thinking about the weekend. There are reasons why the other days arent produ

36、ctive, but what makes Tuesday special? Tuesdays, employees hit peak performance because they are very focused on day-to-day activities. Also, its usually the first day of the week when theyre focused on their own task. Theyre not in meetings that take them away from their primary responsibilities. A

37、ctually, Tuesdays can be quite hectic (full of excitement and without rest). Workers are arriving at work fairly frantic (wildly excited). And so, in 10 hours, theyre doing 20-hour work. Thats productive, but its also tough.This does not mean that nothing happens on the last three days of the workwe

38、ek. Things do not get so lax that people are sitting with their feet on desks, sipping coffee and talking on the phone all day, but theres a definite lack of focus. The pace softens and the rhythm slows down. And this is not healthy: it produces fatigue and lowers productivity. To prevent this midwe

39、ek slowdown, some management consultants suggest that employers avoid jamming so many meetings into Mondays. Work deadlines can be rescheduled to stretch out the workflow. Variations in productivity are only natural, but both workers and bosses win when the peaks and valleys are less dramatic than t

40、hey are now.16. According to the poll, which of the following days is most productive?A Thursday.B Friday.C Monday.D Wednesday.17. The peak productivity day of the week is marked byA violent excitement and activity.B due enthusiasm and creativity.C hurried and disordered movement.D full concentratio

41、n and efficiency.18. The word “l(fā)ax” in the last paragraph meansA usually negligible.B lacking in control.C totally distractive.D worthy of relaxing.19. With respect to the changes in productivity, the text suggests thatA work deadlines can be readjusted.B they are reasonable and expectable.C Monday

42、meetings may be called off.D their differences are to be minimized.20. The author has explained all of the following EXCEPTA the steps taken to alter workweek rhythms.B the productivity on the 6th day of the week.C the reason why midweek slowdown takes place.D the concern bosses have about low produ

43、ctivity.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about marketing strategies. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A F for each numbered paragraph (21 25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not nee

44、d to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A Which marketing tactic must an entity take?B Quality first, competition secondC Exemplify offensive measuresD Complex factors cause due market analysisE The motive for proceeds also functionsF Strategy varies with external conditionsThere a

45、re three general marketing strategies that an organization can adopt.21.The first is an aggressive strategy, characterized by generating a great deal of promotion, varying prices, changing the times and places at which the products/services are offered, differentiating the products/services from tho

46、se of competing organizations, hiring creative salespersons to promote the products/services, spending lots of money on marketing activities, and so forth.22.The second general marketing strategy is a minimal one, characterized by doing very little promotion, pricing below market, offering services

47、at traditional places and times, spending very little money on promotion and salespersons, and so forth. The third is a balanced marketing strategy, an in-between strategy that differs from an aggressive strategy and a minimal strategy only in degree. These three strategies are appropriate alternati

48、ves for any organization. However, not every organization needs an aggressive strategy, nor does every organization need a balanced strategy or a minimal one. The situation facing each entity is obviously different, calling for an analysis of the factors that dictate which of the three alternative s

49、trategies is most suitable for each organization.23.The first major factor is the nature of the market competition facing the organization. If it is in a monopoly position, with no direct competitors in its market area, then a minimal marketing strategy is suitable. However, if the organization is i

50、n an oligopoly market position, with a few competitors in its market area, then a balanced marketing strategy is called for. If there is a high degree of competition and several competing products/services in its market area, this would suggest an aggressive marketing strategy. Further, if there are

51、 many other forms of indirect competition, then the organization should pursue a balanced marketing strategy.24.The second major factor is the quality of the products/services offered. If the organization has high-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy is called for, other factors b

52、eing equal. If it is in a weak market position with low-quality products/services, a minimal marketing strategy should be pursued. If the products/services are of medium quality, this would suggest a balanced strategy.25.The third major factor is the revenue strategies that the managers may desire t

53、o pursue. For example, if the managers want to maximize the organizations revenues from its products services, then the organization should adopt an aggressive marketing strategy. If it wants to minimize revenues, then it should pursue a minimal strategy. However, if it wants to balance its revenues

54、 not maximizing and not minimizing then a balanced marketing strategy is called for. These factors may be summarized and put into decision model for an administrator to use in deciding which general marketing strategy his/her organization should use. Once the strengths and weaknesses are weighted fo

55、r each factor, an overall evaluation can be completed, allowing the administrator to arrive at an overall decision that is ,whether to follow an aggressive, balanced, or minimal general marketing strategy.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments i

56、nto Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Not long ago, technology in the home was carved up into well-defined territories: The PC care of Microsoft, Intel, Dell, and the like presided over the home office. The television and stereo were king and queen of t

57、he living room. These days, though, the digital revolution is shaking up that comfortable ease. (26)With the advent of MP3 music files, personal video recorders, game machines, digital cameras, and a host of other media and services, its no longer clear who controls which bit of home floor. And that has set off a battle for dominance in home entertainment.The shake-up covers the technology spectrum. Microsoft Corp. is spending billions on entertainment initiatives such as its X-box video game comfort. Compaq Computer Corp. and HewlettPackard Co. sell MP3 music players that