寫作常見錯(cuò)誤.ppt

1、詞 類,內(nèi)涵錯(cuò)誤 ( Misunderstanding of Connotation),對詞語的內(nèi)涵理解錯(cuò)誤，包括詞義的褒貶和使用場合。 例1：My excuses are as follows. 剖析：作者對該句中的excuses（借口，托詞，辯解）的內(nèi)涵理解錯(cuò)了，沒注意到它是貶義詞。 改為：My reasons are as follows. 例2：People hold different attitudes towards the spot. 剖析：只記得spot（小點(diǎn)，污點(diǎn)，地點(diǎn)，場所）有“點(diǎn)”的意思就拿來用了。 改為：People hold different attitudes

2、towards the topic / issue / problem.,詞類錯(cuò)誤（Failure in Parts of Speech）,只記得漢語意思，忽視詞語的類別和句中的語法作用，把名詞當(dāng)動詞用，形容詞當(dāng)名詞用，等等。 例1：It brings convenient and comfortable. 剖析：此句中的convenient 和comfortable都是形容詞，不可以做賓語。 改為：It brings convenience and comfort. 例2：We are not doing enough in preventing the environment from b

3、een polluted. 剖析：這里的been是be的完成時(shí)態(tài)形式，只能是謂語的一部分，不可以做from的賓語。 改為：We are not doing enough in preventing the environment from being polluted.,介詞錯(cuò)誤 （Faulty Preposition）,介詞的固定搭配也是寫作中常見的錯(cuò)誤。 例如：so that we can live in a better earth. 以及in the same time 剖析：這兩處都出現(xiàn)了介詞錯(cuò)誤。 改為: so that we can live on a better earth.

4、 和at the same time,把詞語的結(jié)構(gòu)用錯(cuò) (Faulty Structure),記單詞時(shí)如果習(xí)慣只記詞義而忽視結(jié)構(gòu)，到寫文章時(shí)就會出這樣的錯(cuò)。 例1：It is sure that 剖析：sure 用在這里算語法錯(cuò)誤，somebody be sure of / that可以, it is sure that 卻不可以。 改為：It is certain that 例2：One can be very convenient if he has a car. 剖析：convenient的結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，它的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)是its convenient for sb to do sth. 改為：It

5、 can be very convenient if one has a car.,搭配錯(cuò)誤 (Faulty Collocation),例1：Private cars take lots of problems. 剖析：take和problem一般不搭配在一起。 該為：Private cars bring / cause / make lots of problems. 例2：Facing the environmental question, we should do something from ourselves. 剖析：environmental 和question搭配用也不合適，這樣

6、的問題是要用實(shí)際行動解決的，而不是口頭上回答就可以的。通常的搭配是to answer a question, to solve a problem, to settle a matter. 改為：Facing the environmental problem, we should do something from ourselves,短語錯(cuò)誤 (Misuse of Phrases),短語的意思或者語法結(jié)構(gòu)用錯(cuò)。 例1：Some people think that its of course to have their cars. 剖析：of course介詞短語，相當(dāng)于副詞 certain

7、ly, naturally，不是形容詞，不能充當(dāng)表語。 改為：Some people think that its useful / necessary, of course, to have their cars. 例2：The waste gas which is putting out by cars pollutes the air. 剖析：put sth out 意思是“生產(chǎn)；駛出港口；熄滅”等，沒有釋放出氣體的意思。 改為：The waste gas which is sent out / given off by cars pollutes the air.,直接翻譯 (Lite

8、ral Translation),先有漢語的意思，然后直接找出對應(yīng)的英文詞語來翻譯，不知道這個(gè)英文詞語是否存在。 例1：With the improvement of life level, 剖析：“生活水平”對應(yīng)于 “l(fā)ife level” 是把life和level分別找來放在一起組成的，可實(shí)際上人家并不這么用。 改為：With the improvement of living standards, 例2：Some people are against a lot. 剖析：“非常反對”對應(yīng)于 “against a lot”，against需要帶名詞或名詞短語作賓語。 改為：Some peo

9、ple are against the idea. 或者Some people are very much opposed to the idea.,口語化 (Improper Use of Spoken Language),文章一般用書面語，不宜用口語的詞語，除非是對話部分。 例1：I think bus is OK for us. 剖析：OK 用在這里，過于口語化。 改為：I think buses serve us well.或者I think we are served well with buses. 例2：You know, car factories can give our c

10、ountry much money; its a great income to Chinese government. 剖析：you know 插在句中好像是對話，但是根據(jù)其上下文看來并不是對話體裁。所以最好去掉它們。,連接詞錯(cuò)誤 (Misuse of Connectives),起連接作用的連詞和關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞等出現(xiàn)問題，使得句子的意思和邏輯關(guān)系不明了。 例如：More and more people take private cars, which will be bad for their health, if they take cars do everything. 剖析：三個(gè)句

11、子的順序有點(diǎn)亂，which引導(dǎo)的非限制性從句削弱了句子的意思。 改為：If more and more people drive their cars to do everything, it will be bad for their health due to the lack of exercises.,一般和抽象詞語濫用 (Overuse of General and Abstract Words),可能是由于對于具體詞匯重視不夠，掌握不足，寫作時(shí)用一般的抽象的詞語代替具體詞匯。 例如：Too many cars are not only a waste of resources, 剖

12、析：resources 范圍很廣，在可能的情況下可用具體的詞語。 改為：Too many cars are not only a waste of petrol / petroleum.,重復(fù)冗余 (Wordiness),該錯(cuò)誤一般表現(xiàn)為不止一次的表述同一種意思，或者某個(gè)詞語不必要。 例如：needless repetition或者In my own opinion, I think . 剖析：上面兩個(gè)短語中，“repetition”就包含有“needless”的意思，修改的方法是將重復(fù)的部分去掉。而“in my opinion”和“I think”的意思一樣，保留一個(gè)即可。,句 類,句子不完

13、整 (Sentence Fragments),這種錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為句子缺少主語或謂語，或?qū)⒉荒塥?dú)立成句的從句升格為句子。 例如：Life in New York is dangerous to your health. Particularly when you are wearing a gold chain. 剖析：上面的第二句“Particularly when you are wearing a gold chain.”不是一個(gè)完整的句子，僅是對第一句補(bǔ)充說明的從句，不能獨(dú)立成句。修改的方法是將兩個(gè)句子連接起來。 改為：Life in New York is dangerous to y

14、our health，particularly when you are wearing a gold chain.,兩謂語動詞(Double Predicate),表現(xiàn)為一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)成份以謂語動詞的形式出現(xiàn)。 例1：Some people are support the idea. 剖析：這句中的are 和support都是謂語的形式，造成病句，必須去除或改變一個(gè)。 改為：Some people support the idea. 例2：On the other hand, buy cars can help our country to get through the worldwid

15、e economic crisis. 剖析：該句里的buy 和can help只能保留一個(gè)做句子的謂語。 改為：On the other hand, buying cars can help our country to get through the worldwide economic crisis.,不一致 （Disagreements）,這里所說的不一致既包括主謂不一致，也包括時(shí)態(tài)不一致。 例1：When one have money, he can do what he want to. 剖析：上面這句話是典型的主謂不一致，“one”是單數(shù)第三人稱，因而本句的“have”應(yīng)改為“ha

16、s”; 同理，“want”應(yīng)改為“wants”. 改為：When one has money, he can do what he wants to. 例2：when semester break approaches, the dorms emptied quickly. 剖析：上面這句話是典型的時(shí)態(tài)不一致，一般來說，除非強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)態(tài)的變化，否則一般不隨意改變時(shí)態(tài)。修改的方法是把時(shí)態(tài)統(tǒng)一起來。 改為：when semester break approaches, the dorms empty quickly.,代詞指代不明確 （Ambiguous pronoun reference）,所有代詞

17、的指代一定要明確，否則會給讀者帶來不小的困擾。 例如：My roommate smokes cigars 24 hours a day, and plays loud tapes at four a.m. They drive me crazy. 剖析：一般來說，代詞指代不明確的問題可以通過改變語序或重復(fù)所指代的部分得到解決。上面這一句中的“they”指代不清，不知道到底是什么使“I”發(fā)瘋，根據(jù)句子本身的含義，此處的“they”應(yīng)當(dāng)理解成其室友的這些壞習(xí)慣比較恰當(dāng)。 改為：My roommate smokes cigars 24 hours a day, and she plays loud

18、tapes at four a.m. Her habits drive me crazy.,人稱和數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換頻繁（Shift in Person and Number）,這種錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)在段落中，人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換過于頻繁。一般來說，表述觀點(diǎn)時(shí)文章中的人稱應(yīng)當(dāng)是一致的。 例如：Some people believe that money is the source of happiness. With money, we can buy whatever we want If you have enough money, you can also help the poor So, they regard

19、 money as the source of happiness. 剖析：上面的段落就出現(xiàn)了人稱轉(zhuǎn)換過于頻繁的問題，從“some people”到“we”再到“you”最后再到“they”。修改的方法是將人稱的使用盡可能地統(tǒng)一起來。 改為：Some people believe thatWith money, they can buyIf they have enough moneySo, they regard money,懸垂修飾語（Dangling Modifiers）,這種錯(cuò)誤一般出現(xiàn)在句首，看似取代主語，其實(shí)句首的短語與后面句子的邏輯關(guān)系混亂不清。 例如：Walking acros

20、s campus on a Sunday morning, the campus seemed deserted. 剖析：上面的句首分詞短語“walking across campus on a Sunday morning”的邏輯主語不清楚，按一般推理不可能是主句的主語“the campus”。 修改的方法是把句首短語的邏輯主語與主句的主語統(tǒng)一起來，或分別明確起來。 改為：Walking across campus on a Sunday morning, I noticed that the campus seemed deserted.,錯(cuò)用平行結(jié)構(gòu)（Faulty parallelism

21、）,平行結(jié)構(gòu)是很容易出錯(cuò)的，在托福語法中也是出題點(diǎn)，這種錯(cuò)誤很容易被忽視。 例如：The candidates goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system。 剖析：上面這句話中就有平行結(jié)構(gòu)用錯(cuò)的問題，我們在使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候一定要注意主謂、動賓的搭配、一致，以及主動和被動的轉(zhuǎn)換等問題。 改為：The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program

22、, and improving the educational system.,濫用填充詞 (Overuse of the Expletives),There be 和it放在句首，可以起到延緩句子主語的出現(xiàn)從而強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。但是濫用它們就會是句子顯得累贅。 例如：There are some people not agree with them. 剖析：此句中的there are沒有多大作用，而且導(dǎo)致句子有兩個(gè)謂語的語法錯(cuò)誤。 改為：Some people do not agree with them.,避免連環(huán)句 (Avoiding the Stringy Sentences),把過多的句子

23、松散地連在一起，結(jié)果可能是沒組成效果好的復(fù)句。 例如：When going to work, we neednt wait for a long time for the crowded bus if we get a private car, which would promise us a more efficient way of working, they think. 剖析：此句子用了when, if 和which 連接，加上最后的they think，略顯羅嗦。 改為：When going to work, we neednt wait for a long time for th

24、e crowded bus if we get a private car. As a result, we may have more time and energy to work efficiently.,數(shù)字的錯(cuò)誤表達(dá) （Faulty presentation of numbers）,一般來說，除了頁碼等以外，1到10的數(shù)字必須要拼寫出來，不能用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字代替。出現(xiàn)在句首的大數(shù)字也必須要拼寫出來，但若其出現(xiàn)在句中則可以用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字來代替。 例如：520 cows and 4 bulls died in the flood. 剖析：根據(jù)上述原則，句首的“520”應(yīng)該拼寫出來，“4”小于10也要拼寫出來。 改為：Five hundred and twenty cows and four bulls died in the flood.,逗號的誤用 （Misuse of commas）,這種錯(cuò)誤的出現(xiàn)一般有三種情況，一是逗號的省略；二是逗號的濫用；三是僅用逗號來連接兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句。 例1：The Huns who were Mongol