大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作強(qiáng)化-課件版.ppt

1、,大學(xué)英語四級(jí)寫作強(qiáng)化,四級(jí)寫作內(nèi)容篇,題材現(xiàn)實(shí)性 四級(jí)寫作的題材具有顯著的現(xiàn)實(shí)性，基本可以分為兩大類： 1. 貼近大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)工作及課余生活的校園題材 2. 論及當(dāng)前社會(huì)的現(xiàn)象、發(fā)展變化及進(jìn)步的熱點(diǎn)話題。,1. Recreational Activities (2008. 6) 2. What Electives to Choose (2007. 12) 3. Welcome to Our Club (2007. 6) 4. Volunteers Needed (2006. 6) 5. Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourist? (200

2、5. 12) 6. Teachers Day (2005. 6) 7. A Campaign Speech (2005. 1) 8. A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction (2004. 6) 9. A Letter in Reply to a Friend (2004. 1),校園題材,關(guān)于此類題材的近五年的真題作文列舉如下： 1. Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags (2008. 12) 2. Spring Festival Gala on CCTV (2006. 12) 3. How S

3、hould Parents Help Children to be Independent? （2010),社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)話題,健康:1身體健康-health: physical:-keep fit; wellbeing(emotional/physical/psychological) 2008.12/2008.06/2007.12/98.06/93.01/91/90 2人的心理健康：psychologically, mentally :independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable

4、, selfish, isolated, conservative-2009.12( 綠色校園不僅指綠色環(huán)境）/2007.12/2007.06參加社團(tuán)緩解壓力,教育與娛樂： recreation, relax, entertainment; cultivate, foster, enlighten, give inspiration to ,motivate, expand ones horizon,促進(jìn)學(xué)生身心發(fā)展：promote the students physical, intellectual and emotional development (well-rounded/ vers

5、atile) mould ones character; team spirit 2009.06(博物館免費(fèi)開放的目的）-2008.06（娛樂使人們受益）/2007.12(學(xué)生選課不同原因)/2007.06( 參加社團(tuán)的好處)/2006.12( 看春晚),方便VS效率： 2008.12一次性塑料袋廣泛使用/2002.06計(jì)算機(jī)普及程度/2002.01食堂服務(wù)/1994.01現(xiàn)代化交通工具發(fā)達(dá)./1991.01- 自行車在中國(guó)這樣普及 2006.06學(xué)生自由選擇教師方便學(xué)生,提高辦學(xué)的效率,節(jié)省和浪費(fèi)：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift; wa

6、ste time/ money/ space; costly 2009.06博物館作為教育資源/2008.12塑料袋使用/2004.01報(bào)考專業(yè)理由(人才浪費(fèi))2002.01-對(duì)食堂批評(píng); 2000.01 上大學(xué)費(fèi)用( taking a part-time jobease/alleviate family financial burden 1996.01雙休日可能給大學(xué)生帶來的問題 1998.01假冒偽劣商品對(duì)個(gè)人(浪費(fèi)金錢),環(huán)境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty, contamination, detrimental to , sustainab

7、le development; 2009.12/2009.06公共設(shè)施環(huán)境維護(hù)（圖片）/2008.12preserve environment/2007.06社團(tuán)主要內(nèi)容環(huán)保組織”heal the world” 2005.12校園是否對(duì)游客開放/1990.06-城市綠化,安全和危險(xiǎn)：safe, danger, risk2009.06(公共場(chǎng)所存在安全隱患)/2008.06/98.01假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品安全隱患/97.06大學(xué)生了解社會(huì)的必要性(社會(huì)的險(xiǎn)惡,陷阱trap)/96.01雙休日帶來的問題travel;,經(jīng)驗(yàn)：working experience, social experience, en

8、ter the society; practical experience; associate theory with practice（interpersonal skills) 2007.12開設(shè)選修課目的/2007.06社團(tuán)的好處: expand ones horizon; enlarge our knowledge;/2005.01具備勝任學(xué)生會(huì)主席的條件/2001.01-取得面試成功的因素/ 97.06大學(xué)生了解社會(huì)的必要性,個(gè)人權(quán)利與自由: 2007.12學(xué)生選課不同的原因 /2006.06允許學(xué)生選擇老師(學(xué)生權(quán)利student centered)/ 2004.01 報(bào)考專業(yè)理

9、由,用詞是否恰當(dāng)，準(zhǔn)確，形象，關(guān)鍵詞是否換用，切勿老用重復(fù)詞,Goodadvisable/sensible/informative/useful/ instructive; Goodbeneficial, advantageous, helpful; excellent, outstanding; Badundesirable/mindless/worthless; Badharmful, baneful, detrimental,Lots ofa host of , a vast number of(可數(shù)名詞），a great deal of , a vast amount of ( 不可數(shù)

10、名詞）-substantial; considerable; heaps of Importantcrucial, vital, significant, key; indispensable/integral;,desire / eager to替換want pour attention into 替換pay attention to bear in mind that 替換remember 促進(jìn)/提高/增強(qiáng)/改善 give a boost to/enhance/motivate/ better/ promote,角色與功能,Play an important( active, major,

11、 central, crucial, essential, integral, prominent, vital) role Play a big part- Take a leading part-,允許與阻止,Makepossible電腦的使用促使人們?cè)诩疑习? The use of computers and other high-tech office equipment has made it possible for more people to work at home.,Enable, encourage, entitle,談中國(guó)的老年人如何受到社會(huì)的尊重適用于個(gè)人/社會(huì)類話題

12、 In China, respect for senior citizens is shown in the fact that they are entitled to many public services free of charge.,Stop, keep, prevent, prohibit,太多的學(xué)業(yè)壓力對(duì)學(xué)生的負(fù)面影響 Too much academic pressure deprives young students of the opportunity to take part in any extracurricular activities and prevent th

13、em from enjoying their school years. (hinder-obstructhedge),Increasing (ly), growing 替換more and more( 注意沒有g(shù)rowingly這種形式,所以當(dāng)修飾名詞時(shí)用) increasing/growing.修飾形容詞，副詞用increasingly. sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.,非常地exceedingly/extremely/greatly/re

14、markably/significantly/ utterly) 在當(dāng)代 In contemporary society, in present-day society, in this day and age; 在我看來 for my part ,from my own perspective 替換 in my opinion,破壞 Destroy; impair; undermine; jeopardize; devastate; 支持觀點(diǎn) be for/convince/insist/voice a support for/vote for (win) 反對(duì)觀點(diǎn) argue agains

15、t/ combat/ disagree with/disregard/oppose,解決: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle( economic crisis, deteriorated environment, shortages of water, unemployment, traffic jams.)_; 培養(yǎng)：Develop, cultivate, foster, culture( educationcultivate the spirit of independence,認(rèn)為：maintain

16、, assert, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, 消除 ：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, alleviateease; 減輕,緩解( 就業(yè)壓力,新能源緩解資源緊張;經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)方式轉(zhuǎn)變緩解發(fā)展壓力-A number of measures were taken to alleviate the problem.) worsendeteriorate; aggravate( 環(huán)境惡化),人們認(rèn)為：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that 適

17、應(yīng)的形勢(shì)/變化：adapt/adjust/accommodate(使適應(yīng)) oneself to new environment/ change; 接觸各種思想/經(jīng)歷：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems,影響與沖擊,Influence / impact / effect /affect Damaging / devastating /destructive/ disastrous Profound/ significant,When asked about the function of media, many people agree t

18、o the first view. 此外，表示“多”的詞還有：vast, quite a few, an army of, an ocean of , a sea of , a great number of Cheating in exam happens in our daily life. Dishonesty occurred more and more in our society.,the overwhelming majority of,has become a common occurrence,Obviously, the picture shows that a cultu

19、re of one nation may become international, which is beneficial to all the human beings. show: indicate, reveal, suggest, prove As the number shows, nearly 200 billion dollars are lost in tobacco every year. number: figure, statistics,用詞的生動(dòng)性,is be動(dòng)詞是靜態(tài)的，沒有活力的，there be 也是如此。 make make sb. do sth-英語的詞化

20、程度較高，存在大量詞語，一個(gè)單詞的存在使得很多詞語不再被需要eg. dismay 使震驚，convince 使信服。,避免be形式表達(dá)，盡可能選擇表示強(qiáng)有力的行為動(dòng)詞，寫出生動(dòng)，簡(jiǎn)潔，有力，耐讀和連貫的文章。,There is a beautiful park near my house. The name of the park is Tian-Tan Park, which was built several hundred years ago. It is the biggest park in Beijing. The Tian-Tan park is famous not only

21、for its beauty but its quietness as well. Near my house stands Tian-Tan, the biggest park in Beijing, built several hundred years ago and famous now for not only its beauty but also its quietness.,Ecological imbalances is the biggest threat to the survival of wild animals and plants. Ecological imba

22、lances threaten the survival of wild animals and plants, even human beings. The Internet makes me learn English more conveniently. The Internet facilitated my English study.,His criminal record made him unable to be admitted to the university. His criminal record disqualified him from being admitted

23、 to the university.,避免一味用 There is 開頭。 There are more and more people who realize the relation between examination and teaching methods. The relation between the examination and teaching methods is increasingly recognized.,避免一味用People, I, We 開頭 We will always remember the smile on her face. The smil

24、e on her face will be firmly rooted in our minds. We certainly should offer good service. Good service is certainly required.,It-句型的廣泛使用,It must be pointed out that.必須指出It must be admitted that.必須承認(rèn)It is imagined that.人們認(rèn)為It can not be denied that.不可否認(rèn)It will be seen from this that.由此可知It should be

25、realized that.必須認(rèn)識(shí)到It is (always) stressed that.人們(總是)強(qiáng)調(diào)It may be said without fear of exaggeration that.可以毫不夸張地說,變換句式優(yōu)化文章 Lecture 1 長(zhǎng)句和短句變換 Lecture 2 主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句變換 Lecture 3 非謂語從句變換 Lecture 4 比較句變換 Lecture 5 松散到緊湊變換,變換句式優(yōu)化文章,短句變長(zhǎng)句 受漢語思維習(xí)慣影響，很多考生往往會(huì)直接將腦子里的意思譯成英語，而忽略句與句之間的聯(lián)系，導(dǎo)致寫出來的句子無法體現(xiàn)英語作為“形合語言”的特點(diǎn)。因此，

26、在平時(shí)寫作時(shí)，考生要注意前后句子之間是否存在聯(lián)系，善于發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間的關(guān)聯(lián)，用恰當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞將簡(jiǎn)單句連接起來，組成準(zhǔn)確地道的復(fù)雜長(zhǎng)句，增加文章的氣勢(shì)。 【例1】,【例2】 【例3】,【例4】,2. 長(zhǎng)句變短句 長(zhǎng)句固然能表達(dá)出復(fù)雜而縝密的思想，但如果片面追求復(fù)雜句子，反而會(huì)顯得華而不實(shí)，成為表達(dá)的累贅。寫作中句子的長(zhǎng)短應(yīng)根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要而定。短句不僅指句子長(zhǎng)度較短，也指句子內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)精煉，簡(jiǎn)潔是寫作的一個(gè)重要原則，用詞累贅則是寫作的大忌。 【例1】 【原文】His father, who is a salesman, became a millionaire overnight. 【優(yōu)化】His

27、 father, a salesman, became a millionaire overnight. 【例2】 【原文】Perhaps they basically distrusted our capacity to judge correctly. 【優(yōu)化】They distrusted our judgment.,一、將下面的長(zhǎng)句和短句進(jìn)行優(yōu)化改寫，使其更符合表達(dá)要求。 【原句】 【優(yōu)化】,【原文】【優(yōu)化】,主動(dòng)句和被動(dòng)句變換 與漢語相比，英語更注重動(dòng)作本身，而不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，因此在英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用相對(duì)多一些，但這并不表明要一味地追求被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用。 1. 主動(dòng)變被動(dòng) 1）不需

28、要體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 【原文】 We should pay more attention to the elderly who had devoted their youth and energy to our country. 【優(yōu)化】 More attention should be paid to the elderly who had devoted their youth and energy to our country.,2）需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者 【原文】 The employees elected Mr. Li chairman of the committee last wee

29、k. 【優(yōu)化】 Mr. Li was elected chairman of the committee by the employees last week. 3）保持陳述對(duì)象的一致，以求行文通順 【原文】 When the Prime Minister arrived at the airport, hundreds of reporters surrounded him immediately. 【優(yōu)化】 When the Prime Minister arrived at the airport, he was immediately surrounded by hundreds of

30、 reporters.,2. 被動(dòng)變主動(dòng) 1）需要體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 【原文】 If you are friendly to others, you will be held hospitable attitude towards by them and vice versa. 【優(yōu)化】 If you are friendly to others, they will hold hospitable attitude towards you and vice versa. 2）保持陳述對(duì)象的一致，以求行文通順 【原文】 One very important quality developed b

31、y many individuals during a first job is self-reliance. This quality was cultivated by me when I was allowed by my supervisor to set up and conduct my own survey project. 【優(yōu)化】 During their first job, many individuals develop their very important quality of self-reliance. I cultivated this quality wh

32、en my supervisor allowed me to set up and conduct my own survey project.,專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,一、要求：請(qǐng)將下面句子中語態(tài)使用不當(dāng)?shù)牡胤竭M(jìn)行優(yōu)化改寫，使其更符合表達(dá)需要。,非謂語和從句變換 非謂語動(dòng)詞包括不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。 【例1】 【原文】 When I look into the future, I will try my best to serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough to be President of the Student Union. 【優(yōu)化

33、】 Looking into the future, I will try my best to serve my fellow students if I am lucky enough to be President of the Student Union. 【例2】 【原文】 In 1836, there arose the working-class movement which is known as Chartism(人民憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)), which was the first proletarian revolutionary movement（無產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命運(yùn)動(dòng)）. 【優(yōu)化】 in

34、 1836, there arose the working-class movement known as Chartism, which was the first proletarian revolutionary movement.,專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,一、要求：請(qǐng)將下列句子中劃線的從句部分改為非謂語動(dòng)詞形式。 【原文】【優(yōu)化】,比較句變換 1. 表示相似性 1）just as, so（正如,也一樣） 【例】 Just as food is necessary to life, so are books to our spirit. 2）share/ have in common （在方面有共同

35、點(diǎn)） 【例】 China and the U.S.A have some interests in common in foreign trade area. 3) bear similarities/ resemblances to （和具有相似之處） 【例】 Lots of ancient Chinese constructions bear striking resemblances to that in other parts of the world, which discloses the similarity in human civilization.,4) the same

36、is true of/ with（也是如此） 【例】 People who are financially dependent will be bullied by the rich ones. And the same is true with countries. 5) vice versa/ the reverse is true （反之亦然） 【例】 If you are friendly to others, they will hold hospitable attitude towards you and vice versa. 6) asas（和一樣） 7) no less (

37、) than （不比少/差）/ no more () than （不比多/強(qiáng)） 【例】 The father is an ambitious man; the sons ambition is no less than the father.,2. 表示差異性 1) the opposite of （恰恰與相反） 【例】 He hopes that his wife can give birth to a male inheritor to such a large fortune; whereas his wifes wish is just the opposite of his. 2）

38、it is just the other way round（，相反，） 【例】 He is not your friend. It is just the other way round. He is your rival. 3) different/ differ from in that （與的不同之處在于） 【例】 His character is different from his brother in that he is introvert. 4) less () than （比少/差）/ more () than （比多/強(qiáng)） 【例】 More and more people

39、 are buying new cars than ever before.,專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,要求：請(qǐng)將括號(hào)中所給漢語譯成英語。 1. Such kind of books, （不像那么抽象）_ those full of technical terms and formulae, can color peoples life and relieve their tension. 【答案】not as/ so abstract as 2. If you are honest to others, （他們也會(huì)真誠地對(duì)待你，反之亦然）_. 【答案】 they will treat you sincere

40、ly and vice verse,松散到緊湊變換 如果一篇文章只是具有意義上的連貫，而形式上比較松散，就很難突出主題，較好地表達(dá)作者的意圖。為了能夠使文章主題明確、線索明了，而且句式富于變化，句與句之間、段與段之間都需要一定的連接手段。寫作中常用的連接手段有： 1. 使用過渡性詞語 表示過渡性的詞語從功能上分，主要可以分為表轉(zhuǎn)折、表讓步、表層進(jìn)、表舉例或列舉、表總結(jié)、表強(qiáng)調(diào)、表比較或?qū)Ρ鹊冗B接詞語。 表轉(zhuǎn)折：but, however, nevertheless, instead, on the other hand 表讓步：although, though, despite, even so

41、, even if/though, regardless of, in spite of 表層進(jìn)：first, to begin with, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, whats more, last but not least 表舉例或列舉：for example, for instance, as an illustration, such as 表總結(jié)：in summary, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, to conclude, in short, on the whole 表強(qiáng)調(diào)

42、: indeed, of course, in particular, above all, most important, in fact 表比較或?qū)Ρ?While, whereas, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison with, compared with, in the contrary, in the contrast, by contrast,【例】 Walters goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, he had to get through high

43、school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studiesin particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his

44、junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.,2. 使用過度性的句子 與段落中句與句之間的連貫一樣，一篇文章中各段落之間也需要以一定的方式來明確各段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，從

45、而使整篇文章形成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一連貫的整體。段與段之間除了借助一些篇章層次上的連接性詞語，如however, similarly, therefore, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in conclusion, in short等， 還經(jīng)常需要使用一些表示過渡性的句子來確保其連貫性。 【例】 Every student will be faced with the same question when he passes the College Entrance Examination: Should he choose a goo

46、d major or a good university? Answers differ as for different groups of people. Some students give priority to a good major. What they cherish is a specialty they like most. In their mind, ,3. 利用代詞指代上文提到過的事物 英語中比較習(xí)慣運(yùn)用代詞來代替上文提到過的人或事物，從而增強(qiáng)上下文的連貫性，并避免重復(fù)，使語言更加簡(jiǎn)潔明了。 【例】 Installing monitor cameras is good

47、 for residents and neighborhood. First of all, as what the advocates claim, it is an effective approach to improve the security situation. Consequently the guards can easily know what is going on in the districts from the screens of the monitor cameras.,句式變換綜合練習(xí),訓(xùn)練一 Directions: For this part, you ar

48、e allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled The Advantages of Watching TV. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1）看電視對(duì)人們有好處 2）給出你的理由,【8分作文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分57分】 The Advantages of Watching TV 1）It is true that some TV programs are not good for people to watch

49、. 2) However, we can not deny that there are good programs which can benefit people who are from all kinds of works. 3) Therefore, we can not overlook the advantages of watching TV. 4) Many remarkable reasons contribute to this argument. 5) First of all, watching TV is good relaxation. 6) The pleasa

50、nt music and pictures on TV can make our bodies and minds relax. 7) We are kept away from tension and fatigue. 8) Second, watching TV is entertaining. 9) TV can bring beautiful scenery all over the world right in front of us and make our life full of joys. 10) Third, watching TV is informing. 11) TV

51、 opens a window for us. 12) Through it we can learn more knowledge and skills in different fields. 13) All mentioned above tell us that TV is of great importance to us. 14) It is beneficial to our study and life. 15) There is no denying that we should take better advantage of TV.,訓(xùn)練二 Directions: For

52、 this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled For a Better Understanding between Parents and Children. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline below: 1）父母和孩子之間存在代溝 2）代溝產(chǎn)生的原因 3）如何消除代溝,1) Nowadays, many families are facing the problem that

53、 there is misunderstanding between parents and children. 2) We often hear frustrated parents complain that their children are behaving unreasonably and helpless children say that their parents are just old-fashioned. 3) When a child meets with a problem, he will go to his friends for advice. 4) This

54、 leads to the fact that his parents totally are unaware of his problem.,Nowadays, many families are facing the problem of misunderstanding between parents and children. It is often heard that frustrated parents complain their children are behaving unreasonably while hopeless children say that their

55、parents are just old-fashioned. When a child meets with a problem, he will go to his friends for advice instead of his parents, leaving his parents totally unaware of his problem.,5) There are some possible reasons for the present situation. 6) That they grew up at different times and have different

56、 likes and dislikes for the things around them is the most obvious one. 7) Also when there is a misunderstanding, parents are not patient to listen to the explanation of their children because they are busy. 8) Both of them think that there is a generation gap is unchangeable.,There are some possibl

57、e reasons for the present situation. The most obvious one is that they grew up at different times and therefore have different likes and dislikes for the things around them. Also parents are often too busy to listen patiently to the explanation of their children when there is a misunderstanding. Bot

58、h of them take it for granted that there is a generation gap.,9) If they want to bridge this so-called generation gap, both parents and children should make an effort. 10) Parents should try to look at things from childrens point of view. 11) Children should also try to look at things from their par

59、ents point of view. 12) They should try to spend more time with each other. 13) In this way parents and children could understand each other better.,To bridge this so-called generation gap, both parents and children should make an effort. Either should try to look at things from the others point of view. Besides, they should try to spend more time wit