英語詩歌分類.ppt

1、1、十四行詩 (Sonnet),源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩，十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）為代表人物，每行十一個(gè)音節(jié)，全詩一節(jié)八行，加一節(jié)六行，韻腳用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提問，后六行回答。后來，懷亞特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）將十四行詩引人英國，五音步抑揚(yáng)格，全詩三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問，后二句結(jié)論。斯賓塞（Edmund Spenser,1552-1599）用韻腳 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亞（William Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韻腳abab,cdcd,e

2、fef,gg，稱英國式或莎士比亞式。,2、打油詩（Limericks）：通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅，一般沒有標(biāo)題也無作者姓名，含有幽默諷刺性，常運(yùn)用雙關(guān)，內(nèi)韻等手法。每首詩五個(gè)詩行，押韻為aabba，格律以抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格為主。,1) There was a young lady of NiggerWho smiled as she rode on a tiger;They returned from the rideWith the lady inside,And the smile on the face of the tiger. 2) A tutor who taught on the f

3、luteTried to teach two tooters to toot,“Is it harder to toot, orSaid the two to the tutor,To tutor two tooters to toot?”,3、素體詩(無韻體詩)（Blank Verse）：五音步抑揚(yáng)格，不押韻詩體。the unrhymed iambic pentameter line,William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy,There was a Boy; ye knew him well, ye cliffs And islands of Winander!

4、 many a time,At evening, when the earliest stars beganTo move along the edges of the hills,Rising or setting, would he stand alone,Beneath the trees, or by the glimmering lake;And there, with fingers interwoven, both handsPressed closely palm to palm and to his mouthUplifted, he, as through an instr

5、ument,Blew mimic hootings to the silent owlsThat they might answer him.And they would shoutAcross the watery vale, and shout again,Responsive to his call,with quivering peals,And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loudRedoubled and redoubled; concourse wildOf jocund din! And, when there came a pa

6、use,Of silence such as baffled his best skill:Then, sometimes, in that silence, while he hungListening, a gentle shock of mild surpriseHas carried far into his heart the voiceOf mountain-torrents; or the visible sceneWould enter unawares into his mindWith all its solemn imagery, its rocks,Its woods,

7、 and that uncertain heaven receivedInto the bosom of the steady lake.This boy was taken from his mates, and diedIn childhood, ere he was full twelve years old.Pre-eminent in beauty is the valeWhere he was born and bred: the churchyard hangsUpon a slope above the village-school;And through that churc

8、hyard when my way has ledOn summer-evenings, I believe that thereA long half-hour together I have stoodMute looking at the grave in which he lies!,4、自由詩（Free Verse）,自由詩（Free Verse）:現(xiàn)代詩中常見的體式，長短不同的詩行存在于同一首詩中，不講究押韻與格律，只注重詩歌所表達(dá)的意象和傳遞的情感。美國詩人Walt Whitman的（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。,Song of Myself,I celeb

9、rate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from this soil, this air,Born here of parents born

10、here from parents the same, and their parents the same,I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,Hoping to cease not till death.Creeds and schools in abeyance,Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.

11、Nature without check with original energy. Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:學(xué)說，流派 hazard:chanceabeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time 惠特曼（Walt Whitman,1819-1892），美國詩人。此詩選自其巨著。本文是Song of Myself 一詩的第一部分，采用自由詩體，語言接近當(dāng)時(shí)的美國口語。,5、Epic poetry,it is a long verse narrative on a ser

12、ious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race. 史詩是敘述英雄傳說和重大歷史事件的敘事長詩。一種莊嚴(yán)的文學(xué)體裁，內(nèi)容為民間傳說或歌頌英雄功績的長篇敘事詩，它涉及的主題可以包括歷史事件、民族、宗教或傳說,史詩,史詩一般分作兩種，一種為“傳統(tǒng)史詩”或“原始史詩”，主要是以口頭流傳的形式世代相傳，隨著時(shí)間

13、而增添情節(jié)，最后被整理、加工，以文字記載成為一部統(tǒng)一的作品。這類史詩的代表有荷馬的史詩作品伊利亞特和奧德賽。另一種為文學(xué)作家以特定的觀念目的有意識(shí)地編寫而成的“文學(xué)史詩”，這類史詩的代表有維吉爾的埃涅阿斯紀(jì)和約翰彌爾頓的失樂園。,6、英雄雙韻體(Heroic Couplet), the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter,是一種英國古典詩體，由喬叟首創(chuàng)。由十音節(jié)雙韻詩體演化而來，每行五個(gè)音步,每個(gè)音步有兩個(gè)音節(jié),第一個(gè)是輕音,第二個(gè)是重音.句式均衡、整齊、準(zhǔn)確、簡潔、考究。 舉例 拿四行詩的押韻方式為例，有abab型，有abcb型，有abba型，有aabb型

14、， 還有aaab型。第四種（aabb型）實(shí)際上是雙行押韻，英語稱之為couplet,如果每行五音步，則稱之為“英雄雙押韻”(heroic couplet)；,The Canterbury Tales-General Prologue,As soon as April pierces to the root The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shoot Through every vein of sap with gentle showers From whose engendering liquor spring the flowers

15、; When zephyrs have breathed softly all about Inspiring every wood and field to sprout, And in the zodiac the youthful sun His journey halfway through the Ram has run; When little birds are busy with their song Who sleep with open eyes the whole night long Life stirs their hearts and tingle in them

16、so, Then off as pilgrims people long to go, And palmers to set out for distant strands And foreign shrines renowned in many lands. And specially in England people ride To Canterbury from every countryside To visit there the blessed martyred saint Who gave them strength when they were sick and faint.

17、,7、Ballads and popular ballads大眾民謠,Definition of the ballad: A ballad, flourished in the 15th century, is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. Popular Ballads Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission. Lit

18、erature of the common people. flourished in the 15th century, printed until the 18th and 19th. The best known of the earliest collections was Bishop Thomas Percys “Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”. 英國民謠（English Ballad），起源于中世紀(jì)末期，即12、13世紀(jì)，興盛于14、15世紀(jì)，復(fù)興于18、19世紀(jì)，是英國最古老的詩歌形式之一。它主要包括兩大部分，英格蘭民謠和蘇格蘭民謠。,G

19、et Up and Bear the Door,It fell about the Martinmas time, And a gay time it was then, When our goodwife got puddings to make, And shes boiled them in the pan. The wind so cold blew south and north, And blew into the floor; Quoth our goodman to our goodwife, “Go out and bar the door.” “My hand is in

20、my hussyfscap, Goodman, as ye may see; If it should not be barrd this hundred year, Its not be barrd by me.” They made a paction tween them two, They made it firm and sure, That the first word whoeer should speak, Should rise and bar the door.,Then by there came two gentlemen, At twelve oclock at ni

21、ght, And they could neither see house nor hall, Nor coal, nor candlelight, “Now whether is this a rich mans house, Or whether is it a poor?” But neer a word would one of them speak, For barring of the door, And first they ate white puddings, And then they ate the black: Tho much thought the goodwife

22、 to herself, Yet neer a word she spake, Then said the one unto the other, “Here, man, take ye ma knife; Do you take off the old mans beard, And Ill kiss the goodwife,”,“But theres no water in the house, And what shall we do then?” “What ails ye at the pudding-broth, That boils into the pan?” O, up t

23、hen started our goodman, An angry man was he; “Will ye kiss my wife before my eye, And scald me with pudding-broth?” O up then started our goodwife, Made three skips on the floor; “Goodman, youve spoken the foremost word; Get up and bar the door.”,Triplet / tercet(三韻句，三行押韻的詩節(jié)) :,Triplet: a unit or g

24、roup of three lines, usu. rhymed. 三行詩節(jié)(three-line stanza，triplet)押韻的形式多樣，如：aaa；aab，ccb；aba，bcb ODE TO THE WEST WIND (V) Shelly Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own! The tumult of thy mighty harmonies Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet thou

25、gh in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!,Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! And, by the q of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakened Earth The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?,四行詩節(jié)quatrain: a stanza of four lines,可以押聯(lián)韻(couplet rhyme)aabb ,也可以押套韻(interlaced rhyme)即abab；還可以押間韻(intermittent rhyme)即abcb；又可押抱韻(enclos