如何延長(zhǎng)軸承壽命外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯@中英文翻譯@外文翻譯

外文資料翻譯 2008 our countrys mold design and process technology developing direction The mould makes technology including designing and processing, this text analyzes the technological developing direction of the Chinese mould industry from these two respects. According to technological angle, the mould is made (including designing and processing) Technology can roughly be divided into five developing stages: Done by hand stage, done by hand to add mechanized Ordinary common lathe and tool) Stage, digital control stage, computerization stage and integrated stage of CAD/CAE/CAM information network technique. Developing direction of the designing technique of the mould Mold design relies on peoples experience and mechanical drawing to finish for a long time. Since China developed mould CAD (CAD) in the eighties of the 20th century since technology, this technology has already been approved, and must come fast development. The mould computer that began development in the 1990s assists the project analysis (CAE) Technology is the application of a lot of enterprises too now； it plays an apparent role in shortening the mould and making cycle and improving mould quality. The mould enterprises of some industrially developed countries employ CAD technology, already from designing the three-dimension of developing to be designed two-dimensionally, the three-dimension is designed and has already been more than 70%. Most enterprises of China still remain at the two-dimensional level designed, the enterprises that can design the three-dimension are still less than 20%. CAE software employ already relatively general abroad, employ, little, use for, predict part take shape course might take place level of defect still relatively low relatively still at home. Designing technique of the mould and CAD and CAE software should heighten the level which in several the following respects in the future: 1. Mold design database and knowledge base system； 2. Project planning of mould and conceptual design； 3. Rational exertion of mould material and standard component； 4. Mould rigidity, intensity, one flow and cool the design of the thorough fare； 5. Plastic mould plastics take shape various simulation of the course analyze (mould plastics and take shape, including plastics fill mould, protect press, cool, warping, shrink, fibrous orientation, etc. simulation analyze), and the structural stress is analyzed etc. the heat-conduction and analysis, solidifying of course of cooling. Calculate, pour system and mould pressure field, temperature field, velocity field of, shear emergency speed field and shear in conformity with distribution of force field and analyze result their, it is very complicated and time-consuming. It is already in technology in this simulation from in piece flow there arent technology, can develop into fast entity flow technology correct and, produce, meet plastics pieces of fictitious three-dimension to make requirement mould plastics, flow simulation software soon； 6. Mould metal take shape simulation of course, wrinkle and break analysis, stress meet an emergency with the resilience analyzing etc. 7. Keep mould for casting die casting take shape, flow simulation, heat-conduction and solidify to analyze etc. 8.Forging die forging takes shape the simulation of course and metal flow and are filled with and analyzed etc.； 9. Raise and design and analyze the fast, intelligent and integrated level of the software, strengthen their function, in order to adapt to the constant development of the mould. Besides mould CAD/CAE technology, the mould is very important too in technological design. Auxiliary technological design of the computer (CAPP) Technology has already begun to apply in Chinese mould enterprise. Because most moulds are that single one is produced, the products that its rules of craft are different from producing in batches, so employ CAPP technological difficulty to be relatively great, it is difficult to have CAPP software of all kinds of suitable moulds and different moulds enterprises. In order to employ CAPP technology well, enterprise must do the mould well and develop and study. Though CAPP technical application and difficulty popularized are high, must pay attention to this developing direction. Project (KBE) on the basis of knowledge Technology is to face the automatic important tool of modern design decision, have already become and promoted the intelligent important route of engineering design, paid attention to in recent years, will have a important impact on intelligence, optimization design of the mould. Developing direction of the process technology of the mould The mould of China is divided into small kind of 10 big classes 46. Different kinds of moulds have different preparation method； the similar mould can be finished by different process technologies too. The work that the mould is processed mainly concentrates on the mould type a piece of processing, surface are processed and assembled, the preparation method mainly has accurate casting, processing, electric spark processing, electric chemical milling, laser and other high energy beam of metal cutting that process, and the complex incorporating more than two kinds of preparation method into an organic whole is processed etc. Numerical control and computer constant development of technology, make them must come to extensive application among a lot of mould preparation method. In the diversification and individualized and obvious day by day of industrial product variety, the model change comes fast, the market competition comes under fierce situation, users require the mould to make delivery date short, with high, high in quality precision, the price is low, drive the process technology of the mould to develop towards the following aspects. Mill the technology of paring at a high speed The key enterprises of some backbones of mould manufacturing industry of China, successively introduced the high-speed milling machine and high-speed machining center in recent years, they have already played a very good role in the mould is processed. The supreme rotational speed of processing the main shaft of the lathe abroad at a high speed at present has already exceeded 100000r/min, has entered for the pace to can reach 120m/min fast, the acceleration can reach 1-2g, can improve to change a one hundred sheets of time to 1-2s. In this way, can improve the efficiency of processing by a large margin, and can obtain surface roughness of processing of Ra 1, can cut the high hardness material above 60HRc, take shape to process and bring challenges for the electric spark. Up to the improvement of the rotational speed of the main shaft, lathe structure and system, key part and accessories, cutter disposed, etc. must all cooperate； make the fabrication cost of the lathe greatly improve. The ones that imported in China processed the supreme rotational speed of main shaft of the lathe at a high speed and will take 10000-20000r/min as the core in a short time, a few will reach about 40000r/min. Though it is an inevitable direction to develop towards higher rotational speed but the popularization and application of the main one at present is more important. It is a revolutionary change of cutting the preparation method to process at a high speed, from the viewpoint of technical development, mill, pare with ultra precision to process, not hard to cut, process, combine together, open up in order to mill field rubbed to take the place of at a high speed, and has lightened grinding the work load of leaving behind of the mould greatly, make cycle after shortening the mould, the application in Chinese mould enterprises will come more. Connect lathe in parallel, also call fictitious axle lathe, and 3D laser 6 axle birth of milling machine, and open numerical control application of system process the splendor of adding for the high speed. Electric spark process technology The electric spark is processed (EDM) Though has already been milled the severe challenge that is pared, some inherent characteristics and unique advantages of EDM technology at a high speed, it is at a high speed been mill pare cant substitute totally, for example types complicated of mould, type, horn, narrow to sew, ditch Cao, entrapping the processings of places deep lies sharps narrows dark. Though mill and can meet part described above and process the requirement to pare at a high speed, the cost is much higher than EDM. Compared with milling paring processing, EDM is apt to realize automation. Complicated, accurate and small-scale and very small type, with removing the tool marks, finishing sharp angle, narrow sewing, ditch Cao, entrapping processing and pattern to process etc. deeply, it will be the focal point that EDM will be employed in the future. In order to further give play to its unique function in the mould is processed, the following is EDM developing direction in the future: 1. Improve the efficiency, automatic intensity and surface integrality processed of EDM constantly； 2. Precision and maximization of EDM apparatus； 3. Processing stability, easy operation and fine performance-cost ratio of EDM apparatus； 4. Meet energy-efficient of different requirements and research and development of the electrolytic power of new pulse instead, the wave forms of the power measures and dealing with and development of the control technology； 5.Research and development and constant development and self-adaptation of EDM intelligent technology of the comprehensive technological expert system of high performance control, fuzzy to control, many axle link, control, electrode exchange automatically, double-line switch over, prevent electrolytic function from and discharge energy distribution further development of technology automatically； 6. Mix powder person who process surface of the mirror bright development of process technology； 7.The development of very small EDM technology, including the numerical control electric spark in the very small outline of three-dimension mills and pares processing and very small electric spark to rub paring and very small electric spark process technology etc.； 8. The application of the artificial intelligence technology, silk system of leaving in WEDM and wearing the improvement of the silk technology, etc. 9. The electric spark mills and sharpens process technology, lathe and EDM machining center Including shaping machine and line cutting machine) be developed； 10. As the sustainable development strategy, green EDM new technology is the important development trend of future. The fast prototype is made (RPM) with making the mould (RT) fast Technology The greatest future competition factor of the mould is how to produce the mould that users need fast. RPM technology can be used in RT directly or indirectly. The goal of the fast manufacturing technology of the metal mould is making and can use for the high-accuracy durable metal die produced in industrialization directly. The key technology of the indirect legal system mould is to develop the short procedure craft, reduce precision losses, low-cost layers of accumulating and integration of the whole technology of good appearance. RPM technology and RT the combinations of technology is tradition last mould technology fast (such as in melting point alloy casting, sprayings low, electricity cast, not precise to cast, water layer, rubber firm) Direction that is further developed. Cast combining together accurately, has offered the new route for the fact that mould type cast the shape precisely with RPM technology and pottery type. Employ RPM/RT technology, to make, finish, traditional preparation method necessary 1/3 of time and cost 1/4 about only from conceptual design of mould, have broad development prospects. Further improve the competitiveness of RT technology, need data of developing and process data turn into easy, high precision, size, material limit a little one direct to make metal method of mould while being fast. Process ultra precision, process and compound the process technology very small. Develop with the mould toward accurate melting and maximization, ultra precision processing, very small processing and complex incorporating technology such as electricity, chemistry, supersonic wave, laser into an organic whole are processed and be developed. Has processed ultra precision at present and already reached the submicron grade steadily, precision ultra precision process technology of nanometer has been applied to production too. Such many kinds of process technologies as electric machining, electric chemical milling, bunch flow and process, become very small important component of process technology already, foreign useful wavelength only nanometer of radiation nanometer plastic mould that wave produced. Make the laser mill and pare on a lathe and mill and pare combining at a high speed, have already made the process technology of the mould receive the new development. Treatment technology of advanced surface Heat treatment of the mould and surface are dealt with, is the key to could give full play to mould material performance. Heat treatment of vacuum, deep cold treatment, including the gaseous phase of PVD and CVD technology is deposited (TiN, TiC etc.) The ion is permeated through, spraying of plasma and TRD surface treatment technology, kinds of diamond membrane cover technology, highly wear-resisting high-accuracy treatment technology, dip in, glue surface deal with technology employ make, in mould already, the good development prospect appears. Technology and other mould surface strengthening and recovery technique such as the surface laser heat treatment of the mould, welding, strengthening and repairing, will be further paid attention to too. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2008 年我國(guó)模具設(shè)計(jì)和加工技術(shù)發(fā)展方向 模具造技術(shù)包括設(shè)計(jì)和加工，本文從這兩方面分析中國(guó)模具業(yè)的技術(shù)發(fā)展方向。 從技術(shù)角度來(lái)看，模具制造（包括設(shè)計(jì)和加工）技術(shù)大致可分為五個(gè)發(fā)展階段：手工操作階段、手工操作加機(jī)械化（普通通用機(jī)床與工具）階段、數(shù)字控制階段、計(jì)算機(jī)化階段和 CAD/CAE/CAM信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)一體化階段。 模具設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向 模具設(shè)計(jì)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)依靠人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和機(jī)械制圖來(lái)完成。自從二十世紀(jì)八十年代中國(guó)發(fā)展模具計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（ CAD）技術(shù)以來(lái)，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)已獲得認(rèn)可，并且得到來(lái)快的發(fā)展。九十年代開(kāi)始發(fā)展的模具計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程分析（ CAE）技術(shù)，現(xiàn)在也為許多企業(yè)應(yīng)用，它對(duì)縮短模具制造周期及提高模具質(zhì)量有顯著的作用。一 些工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具企業(yè)應(yīng)用 CAD 技術(shù)，已從二維設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展到三維設(shè)計(jì)，三維設(shè)計(jì)已達(dá) 70%以上。中國(guó)大部分企業(yè)還停留在二維設(shè)計(jì)的水平上，能進(jìn)行三維設(shè)計(jì)的企業(yè)還不到 20%。 CAE軟件在國(guó)外應(yīng)用已較普遍，國(guó)內(nèi)應(yīng)用還比較少，用于預(yù)測(cè)零件成形過(guò)程中可能發(fā)生缺陷的水平還比較低。 模具設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)及 CAD和 CAE軟件，今后應(yīng)提高在下列幾方面的水平： 1.模具設(shè)計(jì)資料庫(kù)和知識(shí)庫(kù)系統(tǒng)； 2.模具工程規(guī)劃及方案設(shè)計(jì)； 3.模具材料和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的合理選用； 4.模具剛性、強(qiáng)度、流道及冷卻通路的設(shè)計(jì)； 5.塑料模具塑料成形過(guò)程的各種模擬分析 （注塑成形，包括塑料充模、保壓、冷卻、翹曲、收縮、纖維取向等模擬分析）、熱傳導(dǎo)和冷卻過(guò)程的分析、凝固及結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力分析等。計(jì)算澆注系統(tǒng)及模腔的壓力場(chǎng)、溫度場(chǎng)、速度場(chǎng)、剪切應(yīng)變速率場(chǎng)和剪切應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的分布并分析其結(jié)果，是非常復(fù)雜和費(fèi)時(shí)的。這一模擬技術(shù)已從中面流技術(shù)發(fā)展到雙面流技術(shù)，不久即可發(fā)展到既正確又快速的實(shí)體流技術(shù)，產(chǎn)生滿足塑料件虛擬制造要求的三維注塑流動(dòng)模擬軟件； 6.壓模金屬成形過(guò)程的模擬、起皺及破裂分析、應(yīng)力應(yīng)變和回彈分析等； 7.壓鑄模壓鑄件成形流動(dòng)模擬、熱傳導(dǎo)及凝固分析等； 8.鍛模鍛件成形過(guò)程模 擬及金屬流動(dòng)和充填分析等； 9.提高設(shè)計(jì)和分析軟件的快速性、智能化和集成化水平，并強(qiáng)化它們的功能，以適應(yīng)模具的不斷發(fā)展。 除了模具 CAD/CAE 技術(shù)之外，模具工藝設(shè)計(jì)也非常重要。計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)（ CAPP）技術(shù)已開(kāi)始在中國(guó)模具企業(yè)中應(yīng)用。由於大部分模具都是單件生產(chǎn)，其工藝規(guī)程有別於批量生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，因此應(yīng)用 CAPP技術(shù)難度較大，也難以有適合各類模具和不同模具企業(yè)的 CAPP軟件。為了較好地應(yīng)用 CAPP技術(shù)，模具企業(yè)必須做好開(kāi)發(fā)和研究。雖然 CAPP 技術(shù)應(yīng)用和推廣的難度比 CAD 和CAE為高，但也必須重視這一發(fā) 展方向。 基于知識(shí)的工程（ KBE）技術(shù)是面向現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)決策自動(dòng)化的重要工具，已成為促進(jìn)工程設(shè)計(jì)智能化的重要途徑，近年來(lái)受到重視，將對(duì)模具的智能、優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生重要的影響。 模具加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向 中國(guó)的模具分為 10大類 46小類。不同類型的模具有不同的加工方法，同類模具也可以用不同加工技術(shù)去完成。模具加工的工作主要集中在模具型面加工、表面加工和裝配，加工方法主要有精密鑄造、金屬切削加工、電火花加工、電化學(xué)加工、激光及其他高能波束加工，以及集兩種以上加工方法為一體的復(fù)合加工等。數(shù)控和計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，使它們?cè)谠S 多模具加工方法中得到來(lái)廣泛的應(yīng)用。在工業(yè)產(chǎn)品品種多樣化及個(gè)性化日益明顯，產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代來(lái)快，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來(lái)激烈的情況下，用戶要求模具制造交貨期短、精度高、質(zhì)量好、價(jià)格低，帶動(dòng)模具加工技術(shù)向以下幾方面發(fā)展。 高速銑削技術(shù) 近年來(lái)中國(guó)模具制造業(yè)一些骨干重點(diǎn)企業(yè)，先後引進(jìn)高速銑床和高速加工中心，它們已在模具加工中發(fā)揮了很好的作用。當(dāng)前國(guó)外高速加工機(jī)床主軸的最高轉(zhuǎn)速已超過(guò) 100000r/min，快速進(jìn)給速度可達(dá) 120m/min，加速度可達(dá) 1-2g，換刀時(shí)間可提高到 1-2s。這樣可大幅度提高加工效率，并可獲得 Ra 1的加工 表面粗糙度，可切削 60HRc 以上的高硬度材料，給電火花成形加工帶來(lái)挑戰(zhàn)。隨主軸轉(zhuǎn)速的提高