城市軌道交通專業(yè)英語 課程教案(第7周1—2節(jié)).doc

城市軌道交通專業(yè)英語 課程教案（第7周12節(jié)）授課題目Unit 2 Knowledge of TrafficLesson 6 Introduction to the Transportation Planning process （上） 授課類型講授型教學(xué)目標(biāo)Master the knowledge of Transportation Planning 重 點Transportation Planning難 點 transportation survey, in which an attempt is made to take an inventory of the trip making pattern as it exists at the present time, together with details of the travel facilities available and the land-use activities and socio-economic factors that can be considered to influence travel.句子中的 transportation survey是先行詞;后面 in which 為定語從句，用法與where相同 。which 指代transportation survey; 在 in which 定語從句中，an attempt 為主語, be made為被動時態(tài) , to take an inventory of the trip 是賓語，making pattern as it exists at the present time 修飾 the trip; together with作為插入語，用法與 with相同， together作為副詞修飾 with; together with 后面接的成分可理解為details of the travel facilities,details of the land-use activities, details of socio-economic factors, 其中that 為定語從句中的關(guān)系詞，修飾travel facilities, the land-use activities, socio-economic factors三個先行詞； 在that引導(dǎo)的定語從中， be considered to influence travel為被動時態(tài)。+ friJLif life situation. of the real life situation, Recently trips a proportion of has been assigned to alternative links; between and link fig % * k ; in an attempt to to produce *J3JiJ6Et, a realistic simulation of the real life situation.教學(xué)過程 結(jié)合同學(xué)們對城市交通規(guī)劃的認(rèn)知程度，根據(jù)教材詳細(xì)講述交通規(guī)劃等相關(guān)知識以及文中生詞、短語、及語法結(jié)構(gòu)作 業(yè)1.New Words and Expressions2. Notes on the text主要教學(xué)內(nèi)容 Introduction to the Transportation Planning process交通規(guī)劃程序概述1. Transportation Planning交通規(guī)劃In the past, large urban areas have frequently suffered from transportation congestion. 昔日的大城市常常遭受交通擁擠之苦。It has been recorded that in the first century vehicular traffic, except for chariots and official vehicles, was prohibited from entering Rome during the hours Of daylight. 據(jù)記載， 在 1 世紀(jì)除了高級的四輪馬車和官宦乘坐的車輛外、 其他一切車輛在白天不準(zhǔn)許進人羅馬城。While congestion has existed in urban areas, the predominantly pedestrian mode of transport prevented the problem from becoming too serious . 這在當(dāng)時以步行方式為主的市區(qū)內(nèi) ，雖然會發(fā)生擁塞現(xiàn)象 ， 但還不至于出現(xiàn)太嚴(yán)重的交通問題。until the new forms of individual transport of the twentieth century began to demand greater highway capacity. 到了20世紀(jì)， 出現(xiàn)了新型的個人交通形式以后，就開始要求道路具備更大的通行能力。Changes in transport mode frequently produce changes in land-use patterns; 交通運輸方式的改變使城市用地布局也發(fā)生了變化 ，for example, the introduction of frequent and rapid rail services in the outer suburbs Of London resulted in considerable residential development in the areas adjacent to local stations. 例如 ： 在英國倫敦 ， 因為在遠(yuǎn)郊區(qū)采用了班次既多速度又快的鐵路服務(wù)，結(jié)果使車站附近地區(qū)建設(shè)了大量的住宅。Recently, the availability of private transport which cannot be served economically by public transport has led to the growth of housing development.最近 ， 由于私人汽車的大量使用 ， 使原本不能經(jīng)濟地提供公共交通服務(wù)的住宅開發(fā)得以增長。The renewal of many urban areas is much slower than the changes of the transportation modes and the greatest difficulty is that it is hard to accommodate the increasing private car. 很多城市舊城區(qū)的改建進程，已經(jīng)落后于當(dāng)前交通運輸方式的改變，其中最大問題是不能容納日益增長的私家車。Before the early 1950s it was generally believed that the solution to the transportation problem lay in determining highway traffic volumes and then applying a growth factor to ascertain the future traffic demands. 20世紀(jì)50年代以前，一般認(rèn)為解決交通問題的方法在于確定道路的交通量，再采用一個增長系數(shù)來確定將來交通需要量。Many of the early transportation studies carried out in the United Stated during this period saw the problem as being basically one of providing sufficient highway capacity and were concerned almost exclusively with highway transport.美國在這個時期所進行的一些早期的交通研究工作，基本上把這項工作單純地看做是一個提供足夠的道路通行能力的問題，并且只關(guān)心道路交通運輸本身。During the early 1950s, it was realized that there was a fundamental connection between traffic needs and land-use activity. 20世紀(jì)50年代初，人們意識到交通需求和土地利用活動之間存在著基本聯(lián)系，It led to the study of the transportation requirements of differing land uses as the cause of the problem rather than the study of the existing traffic flow.它導(dǎo)致在交通規(guī)劃中對不同土地使用引起的交通需求問題的研究大大超過了對當(dāng)前交通量的研究。 The late 1950s and early 1960s saw the commencement of many land use transportation surveys in the United Kingdom and the era of transportation planning methodology could have been said to have commenced.20 世紀(jì)50年代末和60年代初，英國開始進行若干土地使用和交通運輸?shù)恼{(diào)查工作，可以說這是交通規(guī)劃方法學(xué)的萌芽時代。Because the planning of transportation facilities is only one aspect of the overall planning process which affects the quality of life in a developed society, the provision of transport facilities is dependent on the overall economic resources available.在現(xiàn)代社會中，交通規(guī)劃是與人們生活水平有關(guān)的總體規(guī)劃程序中的一個重要組成部分，故此交通設(shè)施的供應(yīng)情況依靠于整個社會上可用的經(jīng)濟資源。 It is dependent on the value that is placed on such factors as environmental conditions, for some transport facilities are considered to detract from the quality of the environment and others can be considered to improve the environment land use and transport planning are also closely connected because the demand for travel facilities has often stimulated land-use activity.它還取決于諸如環(huán)境條件等因素有一些交通設(shè)施被認(rèn)為有損于環(huán)境的質(zhì)量 ， 有的則被認(rèn)為對環(huán)境有所改善。 交通設(shè)施的需求常常刺激土地的開發(fā)利用 ， 所以土地利用和交通規(guī)劃兩者之間是緊密相聯(lián)的。Because we are living in a society that is changing rapidly, and in which the rate of change appears to be increasing, it is important for some attempt to be made to develop economic ，environmental , land use, population and transport planning policies. 人類生活在一個日新月異的社會里 ，而社會變化速率與日俱增， 因此嘗試制定經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、 環(huán)境保護、 上地利用、 人口和交通規(guī)劃等各種政策顯得頗為重要。The fact that planning attempts in all these fields have not met with conspicuous success in the past decade should be taken as an attempt to improve the methodology rather than an indication that short term plans based on expediency or intuition should be employed. 過去 1 0 年中 ， 在這些領(lǐng)域中的規(guī)劃工作， 迄今還未獲得顯著的成就。 這一事實說明寧可在規(guī)劃方法學(xué)上有所發(fā)展 ， 也不能以權(quán)宜之計或直觀的想法為根據(jù) 僅以短期規(guī)劃作為指標(biāo)。Transportation studies may be carried out to determine the necessity or suitability of a variety of transport systems such as inter-city air-links, a new motorway or a combination of private and public transport modes such as is found in a large urbanized conurbation.交通研究可以應(yīng)用于各種交通系統(tǒng)， 借以確定它們的需要程度或適應(yīng)性。 諸如城市間的航空聯(lián)絡(luò)線 ； 又如具有衛(wèi)星城鎮(zhèn)的大城市，一條新的高速公路或 一條小汽車和公共交通混合使用的路線等 ， The methodology of these surveys will vary in detail but most transportation surveys that are based on land-use activity tend to be divisible into three major sub-divisions. 上述的這些調(diào)查方法 ， 雖然細(xì)節(jié)方面有所區(qū)別 ， 但大多數(shù)還是以上地利用話動為依據(jù)的。交通研究可分為三個要部分：( I ) Transportation survey, in which an attempt is made to take an inventory of the trip making pattern as it exists at the present time, together with details of the travel