四六級翻譯題.doc

1. 剪紙(paper cutting)是中國最為流行的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式之一。中國剪紙有一千五百多年的歷史，在明朝 和清朝時(shí)期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特別流行。人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境，特別是在春節(jié)和婚慶期間， 剪紙被用來裝飾門窗和房間，以增加喜慶的氣氛。剪紙最常用的顏色是紅色，象征健康和興旺。中國剪紙?jiān)谑?界各地很受歡迎，經(jīng)常被用作饋贈外國友人的禮物。Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity. Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.2. 中國的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶膳食是節(jié)日必不可少的伴侶。例如，我國的端午節(jié)(the Dragon Boat Festival)是紀(jì)念古代 詩人屈原的日子。那一天，人們通常要賽龍舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋節(jié)是觀賞滿月的日子。圓圓的月亮象征 著圓滿，象征著家庭團(tuán)聚。因此，中秋節(jié)(The Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一種圓形的月餅。春節(jié)是中國 的農(nóng)歷新年(the Chinese lunar New Years holiday)，除了常見的家禽和肉類之外，人們還要按各自的地方習(xí)俗 烹制傳統(tǒng)食物，如鉸子和年糕。 Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Years holiday. Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “ 1 ” new year cake . 3.北京有無數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來了無窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅 是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大 廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來。In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs. The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing. The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture. Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people. Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity. Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings. I hope hutongs can be preserved.4. 獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視為是能帶來好運(yùn)的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護(hù)人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)（the Lantern Festival）和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來祈禱好運(yùn)、平安和幸福。The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China. The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck. Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness. 5.端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛國詩人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國家?guī)砹撕推胶头睒s。但最后因?yàn)槭艿秸u謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 6.中國共有八大菜系（cuinsines），包括辛辣的川菜和清淡的粵菜。中國餐館在世界各地很受歡迎。然而，中國人的生活方式日益變化，無論是自己下廚還是下餐館，都出現(xiàn)了全新的飲食習(xí)慣。在一些傳統(tǒng)的中國菜中，添加了奶酪和番茄醬(cheese and tomato sauce).城市消費(fèi)者頻繁地光顧一些快餐連鎖店，比如麥當(dāng)勞和肯德基。收入的不斷增長，對國際食品的更多了解，加上超市購物的便捷，使中國出現(xiàn)了更樂于嘗試包裝及灌裝食品（packaged and canned food）的新一代消費(fèi)者Chinese has 8 major cuisine, including Sichuan cuisine famous for pungency and Canton cuisine for lightness Chinese restaurant enjoy great popularity all over the world. With the ever-changing of the Chinese lifestyle , however , people are experiencing a new diet style either when cooking at home or eating at restaurant .For instance ,the cheese and tomato sauce are added to the traditional Chinese food, and urban consumers now frequently go to fast food chains ,such as McDonalds and KFC. The steady growth of peoples income more knowledge about international food and the convenience of supermarket shopping bring to the emergence of a new generation of a new generation of consumers who are more likely to buy packaged and canned food.7.歌謠（ballads）跟口頭流傳的神話，遠(yuǎn)在文字出現(xiàn)之前就已大量產(chǎn)生。中國的文學(xué)正是發(fā)端于此。不過歌謠本身是人們在生活中隨興而發(fā)的（improvised）東西，上古時(shí)代也沒有保存和記載它們的手段，因之也就很快湮滅，不留痕跡。如今，我們只能從一些古籍書中推斷它們的存在。古書中記載了一些據(jù)稱年代非常久遠(yuǎn)的歌謠，但是大多出于后人的偽托（derivatives），能夠斷定朝代的歌謠要到詩經(jīng)（the Book of Songs ）里才能看見。從這點(diǎn)來看，古代神話（mythology）對中國文學(xué)的影響更為顯著。Long before the emergence of the written word, ballads and myths, passed around by word of mouth, were widely popular. Chinese literature finds its origins in these traditions. However, ballads were what people improvised out of daily life, and due to lack of means to record and preserve them in ancient times , they quickly disappeared without leaving much of a trace . Today, we can only deduce their existence from ancient books, which recorded some time-honored ballads, though most of these are believed to be derivatives of later generations. Ballads in the Book of Songs are the earliest writings that can be dated. From this point of view, ancient mythology obviously has had a great influence on Chinese literature.8. 春節(jié)貼年畫（pasting New Year Prints）的風(fēng)俗源自于往房子外面的門上貼門神(Door Gods)的傳統(tǒng)。隨著木質(zhì)雕刻品的出現(xiàn)，年畫包含了更廣泛的主題，最出名的就是門神，三大神福神、薪神和壽神(Three Gods of Blessing, Salary and Longevity)，寓意著莊稼豐收、家畜興旺和慶祝春節(jié)。年畫的四大產(chǎn)地分別是蘇州桃花塢，天津楊柳青，河北武強(qiáng)和山東濰坊。現(xiàn)在中國農(nóng)村仍然保持著貼年畫的傳統(tǒng)，而在城市里很少有人貼年畫。9. 在中國，小孩的滿月酒（one-month-old feast）和抓周（one-year-old catch）儀式獨(dú)具特色。小孩出生滿一個(gè)月的那天，孩子的家人一般要招呼親朋好友，邀請他們一起來慶祝孩子滿月。小孩滿周歲的那天，有抓周的儀式。按照中國的傳統(tǒng)，父母及他人不給予孩子任何的引導(dǎo)或暗示，任孩子隨意挑選，看他先抓什么，后抓什么，并以此為依據(jù)來預(yù)測孩子可能存在的志趣和將從事的職業(yè)及前途。10. 農(nóng)歷正月十五是中國的元宵節(jié)，人們習(xí)慣在門外懸掛大紅燈籠，孩子們提著彩色的燈籠玩，大人們則上街觀賞各式各樣的燈籠。據(jù)記載，燈籠早在約3000年前就出現(xiàn)在元宵節(jié)上。到了唐代，朝廷將燈籠與佛教聯(lián)系起來，從此燈籠就成了元宵節(jié)官方禮儀的一部分。不同地區(qū)的彩燈風(fēng)格迥異，陜北的農(nóng)民用南瓜做燈籠，用棉花等材料做羊頭形狀。而北京因?yàn)槭堑弁踔迹瑹艋\一般做成宮廷燈籠的樣子。參考答案1. In the past seven years, Chinas real estate industry has developed in a record high speed. For those who earn less but are eager to own a decent and comfortable place of their own in a big city, the high housing price is a heavy burden that they cannot afford. For this reason, the government has taken a series of measures to prevent the housing price from rising too fast, including raising interest rates and increasing taxes on real estate etc. Presently, these measures have achieved initial effects in some cities.2. Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.3. 4. 5. 6.Nowadays, more and more university students complain about having great difficulties in finding a good job. The reasons for this phenomenon are as follows: First, college students spend most of their time at school studying academic subjects and it is only when they start looking for a job that they realize they lack necessary job training. Second, competition among graduates has become more and more fierce. And this results in a decreased chance for any individual graduate to find a job. Therefore, it is highly suggested that college students should do some part-time jobs in their spare time to accumulate relevant working experience.7. China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world, which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises. Since Chinas reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology, and have scored great achievement. Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation. Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises. 8. 9. The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese peoples consumption concept is undertaking great changes. According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure, comfort and personal development. Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development. On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy peoples demand for an improved quality of life. 10. 11. In extended families, the older members opinions are respected, and the youngest members are loved taken good care of by all. Chinas Constitution stipulates that grown-up children are duty-bound to support their parents. In the cities, couples who do not live with their aged parents give the latter allowances and help them with the house chores. In the countryside, though quite a number of extended families have dissolved, many married sins and their families continue to live in the same courtyard with their parents. To them, breaking up the extended family means cooking their meals separately. Married sons most often have their houses built near their parents home, making it convenient for parents and children to help and visit each other as before.12. China is still facing the severe reality that it is a country with a large population but insufficient resources. In view of Chinas current resource supplies, many people say we have to stick to the one-child policy. People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. A number of people relate many problems, such as the shortage of labor force, accelerated growth of the aging population and the imbalance in made and female births, to the one-child policy . Therefore, they believe its high time to stop this policy. Everything will bring both positive and negative effects. If some measures can be taken, say, adjust the subsidy policy, or provide more support to one-child families, the side effects of the one-child policy can be limited to a minimum. 13.Chinas defeat in the Opium War exposed her military backwardness and weakness。Western powers saw that it was easy to force her to accept unequal conditions。So after the war, British and other western countries, include France, Germany ,Russia ,the unite states, and Japan in the east separately or jointly started aggressive wars on China or bullied China in different ways . Chinese history in the second half of the nineteenth century was full of such humiliating events .They marked the turn of China form a feudal country into a semi_ feudal one.14. 15. Globalization is a challenge for both developed countries. With the development of globalization ，the cooperation among countries around the world increases. China has a market as big as 1.3 billion people, which will substantial impetus to the world economy. China will continue its large-scale infrastructure program， upgrade its industrial equipment and improve agricultural production as well as its processing capability. All the above requires an environment of international cooperation. Expanding economic and trade cooperation and cooperation in other fields are conducive the development of the world economy.16. 17. Recently, Chinas economy grows very fast. However, its pollution and emission problems are also surprising. China is already the biggest emitter of carbon dioxide despite the fact that its economy is only about a half of the size of that of the US. The chief source of pollution is coal. China consumes about two-fifths of the worlds coal at a growth rate of about 10 per cent a year. The good news is that Chinese government is beginning to start a low-carbon action which will power its future growth, development and energy security objectives. The government has also set an ambitious goal for using renewable energy, hoping that by 2020 about 20per cent of electricity needs will be met by wind and solar.18. Mandarin, the official language of China, is suddenly hot in American schools. As China becomes the worlds leading economy in this century, both public and private schools in America are scrambling to add Mandarin to their roster of foreign language or expand Chinese language programs already in place. By some estimates, as many as 50,000 children nationwide are taking Mandarin in school. The device to develop Chinese-language programs has met some difficulties. A shortage of professionally trained teachers with certificates has made it difficult for some schools to join the race. When schools need to employ teachers, they often recruit them from China,