GMAT-PREP SC 語法筆記.doc

GMAT-PREP SC語法筆記制作：Findjuhl協助整理：rainnyxl, sigrid920更新日期：4.12注意事項：1、 以下各個題目均來自GMAT官方?？架浖REP，通過反復做模考軟件后將不重復的題目匯總得來，所有答案均為GMAT官方答案，如果未注明答案則是原發(fā)帖人漏掉了官方答案。2、 在GMAT官方?？架浖羞€有少數SC題目未被收錄，如果有人做了出來，歡迎將題目截圖和標準答案郵寄給我，我日后更新，我的Email: 3、 以下題目出題思路最接近真實考試時的SC題目，請認真分析其出題思路，但本人能力有限，題目難免有解釋不足之處，歡迎來信指正4、 在CD發(fā)帖討論某題時，請在帖子標題注明“prep 題號”方便后人搜索整理。1. The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were connected by a complex regional system of roads.A. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, were B. with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,C. ofmore than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had beenD. ofmore than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms and with eachE. ofmore than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms each had beenA: were謂語重復，應該去掉B: correct，connected分詞修飾句子主語settlementsC: 第二個of修飾Structures不對，應該修飾scale；each同位語從句用過去完成時沒必要，D: 第二個of修飾Structures不對，應該修飾scale；and with each沒有平行對象，E: 第二個of修飾Structures不對，應該修飾scale；each后面是完整句子但沒有連詞注意：1、The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex regional system of roads. each指The Anasazi settlements，而不是rooms或者structures！2、介詞的修飾對象、插入語、逗號+過去分詞的用途及修飾對象2. According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have relatively few founding members. A. the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteriaB. the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not as much their being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as muchC. it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog that they are being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria as muchD. it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is their being bred for looks or meeting other narrow criteria so muchE. it is not so much the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog to be bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteriaA: correct，for looks or to meet 平行修飾謂語bredB: not so much theiras much as that 不平行C: it表語從句用法錯，not so asas much as 不平行D: 同上，第二個is多余, not so much so much as用法錯E: 同上，to be bred 和 to meet 邏輯不平行注意：1、not so much that as that表示與其說不如說，形式平行2、for looks or to meet是功能平行而不是形式平行，表示be bred的目的3、從表面上看E的to be done 和 to do形式上最平行，但邏輯上修飾對象是錯的，是迷惑選項。3. Greatly influenced by the Protested missionary Samuel Kirkland, the Oneida was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sided with the colonists during the American Revolution. A. was the only one of the five-nation Iroquois League who sidedB. was alone of the five-nation Iroquois League when they sidedC. alone among the five-nation Iroquois League sidedD. were the only ones out of the five nations of Iroquois League in sidingE. only of the five-nation Iroquois League had sidedA: the Oneida表示民族時用復數概念, was應該是wereB: was應該是wereC: correct , the Oneida sided with；alone among the five-nation Iroquois League是修飾語修飾OneidaD: the only ones 應該改成the only oneE: 修飾結構錯誤, only of用法不對，during應該用過去時而不是過去完成注意：the Oneida表示一個民族時用復數，類似的詞還有GWD考過的the Shang4. Although the turtle has been toothless for more than 150 million years, in some contemporary turtle species the moderately sharp and jagged edges of their horny jaws function for teeth.A. their horny jaws function for teethB. its horny jaws function for teethC. its horny jaws functionas doteethD the horny jaws functionas teeth doE the horny jaws function as teethA: function as n. 固定用法B: its 指代錯, 應該是speciesC: 同上D: function as n. 固定用法，這里不是as引導句子做比較E: correct注意：function as 和 A do as B do 的邏輯意思區(qū)別區(qū)分A do as B do和一些有as的固定搭配的區(qū)別5. The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern India alphabets.A. the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern andB. the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and theC. with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and theD. with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern andE. with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern andA: from which 的which指代it 錯，was應該用wereB: and錯，無平行需要C: correct，后半部分是倒裝，應該是both the northern and the southern India alphabets derive from the Aramaic scriptD: derives用復數E: and 前面不需要逗號，此外bringing 和 deriving 不應該是同一個主語注意：1、bring A with B 和bring with B A 都對 要判斷后面的定語從句修飾的邏輯意思2、from which的倒裝結構6. In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circle other stars.A. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter, which circleB. most of them as large or larger than Jupiter and circlingC. most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circlingD. mostly at least as large as Jupiter, which circleE. mostly as large or larger than Jupiter, circlingA: as large or larger than 不完整，應該補充asB: 同上，and circling沒有前面平行的元素C: correct，circling修飾planets，但存在了些許的歧義修飾JupiterD: mostly意思錯，可以修飾at least而不是planets；which circle修飾的是planets沒錯E: 同上注意：1、逗號+doing和which do定語修飾前面名詞時的區(qū)別，語法上都沒錯，要看主謂搭配是否有歧義2、most和mostly含義上有區(qū)別，一個指數量，一個指程度7. Each year companies in the United State could save as much as $58 billion annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.A.annually by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply providedB.annually if they prevented employee illness and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providingC. annually in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through worker performance improved by simply providingD. in employee illness prevention and gain as much as $200 billion through improving performance of workers if they simply providedE. by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply providedA: each year 和annually 意思重復，improving 表過程不表結果，應用improved，B: 同上C: 同上 D: in employee illness prevention要表達的意思錯，E: correct注意：1、表達通過什么方式的時候用by doing最簡潔，2、過去分詞表結果，現在分詞表過程，有邏輯意思上的差別，本題中不是通過提高performance，而是通過提高以后的performance8 Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately placing more women in leadership position in politics and business.A Women are expected to be the majority of student entering law school this fall, a trend ultimately placingB The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately placeC The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, which will ultimately placeD It is expected that the majority of students entering law school this fall will be women, a trend ultimately placingE It is expected for the women to be the majority of students entering law school this fall, which will ultimately placeA: 同位語的placing結構，不能表現出即將發(fā)生的趨勢，而是一直發(fā)生的B: correct，用that定語從句修飾trend，清晰表明了要發(fā)生的動作C: which無指代D: 同AE: 同C注意：1、which和同位語結構同時出現，表明應該用同位語結構，因為which指代前面整個句子錯；2、分詞和that從句同時修飾一個名詞，要看從句是否有表達分詞不能表達的邏輯含義，如果是則選從句，反之選分詞修飾更加簡潔9 The investigations of many psychologist and anthropologists support the generalization of there being little that is a significant difference in underlying mental processes manifested by people from different culture.A of there being little that is a significant differenceB of there being little that is significantly differentC of little that is significantly differentD that there is little that is significantly differentE that there is little of significant differencesA: of there being 錯，B: 同上C: 同上， D: correct, little是名詞，that從句修飾littleE: little of 一般加不可數名詞，同時表達否定意義注意：1、解釋前一個名詞優(yōu)先使用同位語從句，遇到of + sth +doing，可以直接判斷選那個that + sth + do結構2、different和difference都可以加in表示在什么方面的不同10. The yield per acre of coffee berries varies enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produce enough berries to make between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a year.A. enormously in that a single tree, depending on both its size and on climate and altitude, could produceB. enormously in that a single tree, dependent on its size and also on climate and altitude, is able to produceC. enormously, because a single tree, depending on its size and on climate and altitude, is able to produceD. enormously, because a single tree, being dependent on its size, climate, and altitude, is capable of producingE. enormously, because a single tree, dependent both on its size as well as on climate and altitude, could produceA: in that不如because 簡潔, on both and on 不平行B: 同上, dependent一般用作表語結構，不如depending分詞合適C: correctD: being dependent啰嗦；E: dependent一般用作表語結構，不如depending分詞合適；both and不平行注意：1. 注意未劃線結構表示從1到12磅用了between one and twelve而不是from one to twelve，雖然兩種表達都對2. in that和because，GMAC認為Because更簡潔現代，3. dependent一般用作表語結構，不如depending分詞合適4. 表示有能力，can, is able to, is capable of doing11. Before scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakingly in small amounts from the pituitary glands of human cadavers.A. scientists learned how to make a synthetic growth hormone, removing it painstakinglyB. scientists had learned about making a synthetic growth hormone, they had to remove it painstakinglyC. scientist learned how to synthesize the growth hormone, it had to be painstakingly removedD. learning how to make a synthetic growth hormone, scientists had to remove it painstakinglyE. Learning how to synthesize the growth hormone, it have to be painstakingly removed by scientistsA: make a synthetic不如直接用動詞synthesize有效率；后半句不是完整句，主從句關系不成立B: before加過去完成時沒有道理，learn這個動作實際應該在主句動詞時間之后C: correctD: 從原句邏輯上看，句意中的hormone并不是被同一群科學家使用，而是表述了一種歷史事件之后，hormone就可以被后來的所有人怎樣怎樣了，所以D從邏輯上有問題。E: learning的邏輯主語不是hormone注意：1、 此題很難，要從邏輯上判斷意思，以后遇到主動、被動時態(tài)的考點，一定要區(qū)分清楚施加對象和被施加對象的合理邏輯關系。什么時候用被動？當找不到主動動作發(fā)出者時，一定用被動！2、 還有Before介詞+doing，和讓步狀語從句的省略+doing的區(qū)別，When/while（時間）/if/unless（條件）/even though/even if/although（即使）/once名詞/形容詞/完整句12. The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts topursue what they had not previously considered possible - better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as measles and yaws.A. what they had not previously considered possible - better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such asB. what they had not previously considered a possibility - better control, if noteradication, of such infections likeC. something they had not previously considered possible - better control, if noteradication, of such infections asD. something not considered a previous possibility - better control and perhapseradication, of other infections such asE. the possibility of what they had not previously considered possible - bettercontrol and possibly eradication of infections likeA: GMAC的偏好，如果能用名詞替代一個名詞性從句，優(yōu)先選名詞，比如something, probability, likelihood等；the other結構不完整B: such likeC: correctD: possibility 不如用形容詞更貼切; and perhaps eradication改變了原文意思；other用的不對E: the possibility of what 用法不對，用that更好，此外和possible重復注意：one the other只有兩個some the others 有三個以上one another，anothersome others，othersothers = other people/thingsthe others = the rest剩余的全部13 A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasing sea surface temperatures during the same period.a) that creatures of the seabed were suffering from dwindling food supplies, possibly resulting from increasingb) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as a result of an increase inc) that creatures of the seabed were suffering because of food supplies, which were dwindling possibly as a result of increasingd) creatures of the seabed that were suffering from food supplies that were dwindling, possibly resulting from an increase ine) creatures of the seabed that were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, which possibly resulted from increasingA: from + doing不夠準確表達句子意思；increasing sea surface temperatures這里表示的是過程，實際要求表現的是結果B: correctC: because of + 名詞，沒有準確表達句子意思D: revealed一種動物，而不是revealed一種狀況，改變了句意E: which不能用來表示結果狀語注意：1、介詞+分詞結構和because從句一起出現時，一般正確答案是because從句(by doing例外)2、當表示過程的分詞和表示結果狀態(tài)的名詞一起出現時，一般根據句意都是選擇表示結果的得名詞而不是分詞。3、表示目的的結構，“，分詞”、“，名詞”、“，with/as a result of”都可以4、主句動詞+賓語從句結構，如果把賓語從句的主語變成主句動詞的賓語然后加定語從句的方式，是一種錯誤標志。14 The largest trade-book publisher in the US has announced the creation of a new digital imprint division, under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase.A) works to be sold online as either electronic books orB) works to sell them online,either as electronic books orC) works and it will sell them online as either electronic books or asD) works, and selling them online as either electronic books or asE) works, and it will sell themonline as either electronic books orA: correct，to be sold表示有將要的意思B: to sell them邏輯混亂，either asor不平行C: sell動作的發(fā)出者不是imprint division；either orD: and selling和前面沒有平行；either orE: sell動作的發(fā)出者不是imprint division注意：1、 works to be done，不定式做定語修飾前面的名詞是正確答案，簡潔有效類似還可以用不定式做定語修飾的名詞有：way, ability, power, tendency, capacity, reason, chance, time, method, attempt, opportunity, thing, work, property2、 第二次出現主動、被動語態(tài)的邏輯主語選擇問題，需要判斷句意進行選擇15. Recently documented examples of neurogenesis（神經形成）, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs.A. the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that B. mice whose brains grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries whose neurons increase when theyC. mices brains that grow when they are placed in a stimulating environment or canaries neurons that increase when theyD. the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries neurons when theyE. brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries thatA: when placed的邏輯主語是production而不是鄰近的mice，句意錯；動名詞growing和increasing應該改成名詞growth，increaseB: they指代不明，可以指代brains或mice；第二個they和第一個they不是一個對象C: they指代brains不對；第二個they和第一個they不是一個對象D: when placed的邏輯主語是production而不是鄰近的mice，句意錯；E: correct注意：句意理解清楚才能選出答案，而不能僅依賴語法結構的形式平行16. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,their descendents, popular known as killer bees had migrated as far north as Southern Texas.A. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,B. In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,C. In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,D. It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, whenE. It took less than 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and thenA: CorrectB: In 35 years 表示將來，改變了句意；since releasing 是介詞+分詞結構，分詞邏輯主語不對；C: in the 35 years 如果表示一段時間，應該加past, last等等；since替代了after改變句子原意，release這個動作沒持續(xù)到migrated開始D: it 沒有可替代的對象，when改成that可以解決語法上的錯誤E: after the time that 羅嗦，用after就可以；it沒有指代對象注意：判斷l(xiāng)ess than 35 years的對錯，只能從句意出發(fā)17. The new image of Stone Age people as systematic hunters of large animals, rather than merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, including there wooden spears that archaeologists believe to be about 400,000 years old.A. merely scavenging for meat, have emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, includingC. as mere meat scavengers, has emerged from examining tools found in Germany that includes D. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, which includesE. mere scavengers of meat, has emerged from the examination of tools found in Germany, includingA: rather than merely scavenging for meat 和前面不對稱；have用單數B: C: that includes修飾前面的Germany，修飾對象不對，應該改成include；from + doing表狀態(tài)不對，應該from+名詞表結果D: which includes修飾前面的Germany，修飾對象不對，應該改成includeE: correct，但此答案也有瑕疵，如果補充as就平行了，否則有歧義rather than+名詞原則上可以和前面任何一個名詞對稱注意：1、 which include和including的區(qū)別，沒區(qū)別，但which需要通過單復數動詞判斷修飾誰2、 from + doing再次出現，應該改分詞為名詞3、 rather than的平行問題歧義問題18. There is a widespread belief in the US and Western Europe that young peoplehave a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents andgrandparents and that the source of the change lies in the collapse of thework ethic. A. a smaller commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents B. less of a commitment to work and a career than their parents and grandparents C. a smaller commitment to wor