大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自考教程 上冊(cè) A課文 中英對(duì)照15-16.doc

15-A. How TV Violence Affects KidsFor more than a quarter of a century, evidence has been increasing that childrens exposure to violence on television has long-lasting, effects on their behavior. Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly. And the number of violent acts on television in the past years has increased from about 19 to 27 per hour. Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow. The Position Statement on Media Violence in Childrens Lives, recently adopted by the National Association for the Education of Young Children, points out that preschool children are particularly easily affected by the media because they are not yet fully able to distinguish fantasy from reality and their understanding of the underlying motives for behavior and the subtleties of moral conflicts is not yet well developed. For example, the rapid recoveries of people on TV from violent attacks give children an unrealistic picture of the injuries that have been suffered.Effects on PlayChildren naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs. And with these toys, their play tends to be more imitative than imaginative. Children simply imitate the behavior observed during the program, thus undermining both the imaginative and the expressive functions of play. The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world. Some research even suggests that children apply the behaviors observed on TV programs to their real-life situations.Parents Can HelpIt is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches. If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be a good idea to control his viewing. Controlling viewing is easier to do during the preschool years than during the school years, so you should initiate a pattern of restricted television watching now.Help your child to interpret what she sees - to think of explanations for the events depicted and to imagine how the show is put together. Make simple critique of a show without implying that her fascination with the drama and the weapons makes her guilty by association.Ask the teachers of your childs preschool about their policy on war play and toy weapons. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially made toy weapons brought into the classroom and welcome hearing your concerns about this matter. Look for other parents who share your views. Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home. Try to arrange play dates for the children as an alternative to TV viewing. Or look for videos of healthy, nonviolent programs for children, and encourage their use as an attractive alternative to violent television programs.【課文譯文】電視暴力片對(duì)孩子的影響近25年多來(lái)，愈來(lái)愈多的證據(jù)表明，孩子接觸電視中的暴力鏡頭，對(duì)他們的行為有著持久的影響。從1982年1986年間，每周電視節(jié)目中暴力片所占的時(shí)間迅速增加。在過(guò)去的幾年當(dāng)中，暴力行為在電視上出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間已由每小時(shí)19次增加到27次。鑒于孩子們看電視的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，電視中的暴力行為已成為孩子們想要極力模仿的最具影響力的榜樣之一。最近，國(guó)家青少年教育協(xié)會(huì)通過(guò)了關(guān)于傳媒暴力在兒童生活中的作用的立場(chǎng)聲明。聲明指出，學(xué)齡前兒童特別容易受傳媒的影響，因?yàn)樗麄冞€不能夠完全把幻想和現(xiàn)實(shí)區(qū)分開來(lái)，而且，他們對(duì)行為的內(nèi)在動(dòng)機(jī)和道德沖突的微妙之處的理解能力仍然不高。例如，電視中受到暴力襲擊的人能夠迅速康復(fù)，讓孩子們對(duì)所遭受的傷痛產(chǎn)生了與實(shí)際不相符的印象。對(duì)玩的影響孩子們自然常常想要得到在暴力節(jié)目中展示過(guò)并作了廣告的那些玩具。使用這些玩具，使孩子們的游戲趨向于模仿而缺乏想像力。孩子們僅僅是模仿他們從電視里所觀察到的行為，因而削弱了游戲所具有的富有想像力和表現(xiàn)力的功能。電視廣告里大部分與暴力相關(guān)的玩具范圍狹小，這會(huì)危及玩具在幫助兒童更好地理解自己的感情與解釋周圍的世界中的作用。有些研究甚至表明，孩子們把他們?cè)陔娨曋兴吹降男袨?，搬到了現(xiàn)實(shí)生活當(dāng)中。父母能夠提供幫助讓父母監(jiān)督他們學(xué)齡前的孩子所看電視節(jié)目的種類和時(shí)間，這個(gè)主意的確不錯(cuò)。假如你的孩子對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)游戲和武器著迷的話，那么控制他看電視就是個(gè)好辦法。在學(xué)前控制孩子們看電視比在上學(xué)之后要容易一些。因此，你現(xiàn)在就應(yīng)該著手制定一個(gè)限制看電視的模式。幫助你的孩子理解他所看到的東西。思考那些對(duì)所描述的事件的解說(shuō)，并且設(shè)想一下電視劇是怎樣組合在一起的。對(duì)節(jié)目作一些簡(jiǎn)單的評(píng)述，但不要有任何的暗示，使孩子們通過(guò)聯(lián)想，為自己對(duì)戲劇情節(jié)和武器的著迷而感到愧疚。詢問(wèn)一下孩子們學(xué)前班的老師，聽聽他們對(duì)于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)游戲和武器玩具的觀點(diǎn)。大多數(shù)學(xué)前班教師都不喜歡把那些為了賺錢而生產(chǎn)的玩具拿到教室里來(lái)。他們歡迎聽到家長(zhǎng)對(duì)此事所給予的關(guān)注。找找那些和您持有同樣觀點(diǎn)的父母，協(xié)同努力來(lái)控制孩子觀看暴力節(jié)目的數(shù)量，并且控制家中暴力玩具的數(shù)目。設(shè)法給孩子們安排做游戲的時(shí)間，來(lái)代替看電視?；蚪o孩子們找一些健康的、非暴力的錄像片，促使這些錄像片取代電視中的暴力節(jié)目。16-A. Heart Disease: Treat or Prevent?One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Western healthcare systems are spending huge sums of money on the surgical treatment of the disease.This emphasis on treatment is clearly associated with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques and procedures. Many operations that were considered impossible a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has been a rapid increase in heart surgery.Although there is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery, critics of our health-care systems point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. First, it attracts interest and financial resources away from the question of prevention. Second, it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent. To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery - even on patients for whom an operation is not at all necessary - because the equipment and surgical expertise is available. A federal government office recently said that major heart surgery was often per-formed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery, for example, only 15 percent of patients benefited from the surgery.In the recent past, medical researchers have begun to emphasize the fact that heart disease is associated with stress, smoking and a lack of exercise, and we can often reduce the risk of heart disease by paying more attention to these factors.More and more people are realizing that there is a connection between heart disease and the way they live. As a result of this new awareness, attitudes toward health are changing. In the past, people tended to think that it was sufficient for good health to have a good doctor who could be relied on to know exactly what to do when they became ill. Now they are realizing that merely receiving the best treatment for illness or injury is not enough. They are learning that they must take more responsibility for their own health. Today many people are changing their dietary habits and eating food with less fat and cholesterol. Many are paying more attention to reducing stress in their lives. The number of smokers in the United States is now far below the level of twenty years ago as many people succeed in breaking the habit and as fewer people take it up. More and more people are aware of the benefits of regular exercise like walking, running, or swimming; some have begun to walk or ride bicycles to work instead of driving. Millions have become members of health clubs and have made health clubs one of the fastest growing businesses in the United States today. And now the beneficial effects of these changing attitudes and behaviors are beginning to appear: an encouraging decrease in deaths from heart disease.【課文譯文】心臟?。褐委熯€是預(yù)防心臟病是西方世界最大的殺手之一。在過(guò)去的30年里，心臟病患者的死亡率一直在以驚人的速度增加。例如：在今天的英國(guó)，每天約有400人死于心臟病。西方的衛(wèi)生保健系統(tǒng)正在把大量的錢用于手術(shù)治療心臟病上。很明顯，這種治療法和過(guò)去1015年間技術(shù)的發(fā)展