Lesson 10 A More perfect Union (II) 演示文稿.ppt

Lesson10 AMorePerfectUnion PartII Paraphrase1Understandingthisrealityrequiresareminderofhowwearriveatthispoint Para 27 InthepreviousparagraphObamasaidthatWright scommentsandthesubsequentfirestormreflectedthecomplexitiesofraceinthiscountry Inordertounderstandthesecomplexities weneedtoknowthehistoryanddevelopmentofracialrelations thesufferingsandinjusticestheblacksweresubjectedto 要認(rèn)識這一現(xiàn)實(shí) 需要回顧一下我們是如何陷入今天之困境的 reminder athingtohelponeremembersomethingelsehowwearriveatthispoint howtheracialrelationshavedevelopedtothecurrentstage 2 Paraphrase2 Thepastisn tdeadandburied Infact itisn tevenpast Para 27 1 Thefirst past isanounmeaning whathashappened Thesecondisanadjective meaning ended over iTheinfluenceofwhathappenedinprevioustimeshasnotdisappeared Suchinfluencescanstillbeseen 3 recite totellindetail toenumerate 4 somanyofthedisparities andJimCrow Eara 27 TheinequalitiesanddifferencesyoufindintheAfrican Americancommunitiestodaycamedirectlyfromblacksofanoldergenerationwhowerethevictimsofracialdiscrimination1 disparities differences inequalities2 traceto togoback tosomethingpast 3 thebrutallegacy transferredepithet alegacycan tbebrutal whatisbrutalisthepracticesofslaveowners theslaverysystem JimCrow intheU S unfairtreatmentofblackpeople especiallyinthepastbytheuseoflawsthatpreventedthemfromgoingtothesameschoolsandpublicplaceaswhitepeoplepervasive tendingtowidelyexistpervasiveinfluenceachievementgap performancedisparityinstudyperversive perverseideologies變態(tài)的意識形態(tài) TheJimCrowlawsindetailsTheywereracialsegregationlawsenactedaftertheReconstructionperiodinSouthernUnitedStates atstateandlocallevels andwhichcontinuedinforceuntil1965 whichmandated ordained authorized racialsegregationinallpublicfacilities JimCrowlawsmandatedthesegregationofpublicschools publicplacesandpublictransportation andthesegregationofrestrooms restaurantsanddrinkingfountainsforwhitesandblacks TheU S militarywasalsosegregated aswerefederalworkplaces initiatedin1913underPresidentWoodrowWilson thefirstSouthernpresidentsince1856 Hisadministrationpracticedovertracialdiscriminationinhiring requiringcandidatestosubmitphotos State sponsoredschoolsegregationwasdeclaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStatesin1954inBrownv BoardofEducation Generally theremainingJimCrowlawswereoverruledbytheCivilRightsActof1964andtheVotingRightsActof1965 5 Segregatedschoolswere andare inferiorschools betweentodaysblackandwhitestudents Para 28 Thisisaone sentenceparagraphdescribingtheexistenceofschoolsegregationfiftyyearsafterWarren sCourtdecisiontomakesegregationunconstitutional andpointingoutthatinferioreducationinsegregatedschoolsisthecauseofthepoorperformanceofsomeblackstudents 1 Brownv BoardofEducationIn1952 theSupremeCourtunderChiefJusticeEarlWarrendecidedtohearaschoolcaseinvolvingasuitbyReverendOliverBrownagainsttheschoolboardinTopeka Kansas Becauseofthesegregationsystem Brown sdaughterwasforcedtotravelmorethantwomilestoschool eventhoughherhomewasonlyfiveblocksfromanall whitegradeschool OnMay17 1954 thecourtreadouttheopinion Wecomethentothequestionpresented doessegregation deprivethechildrenoftheminoritygroupofeducationaopportunities Webelievethatitdoes 6 Legalizeddiscrimination tobequeathtofuturegenerations Para 29 1 legalizeddiscrimination discriminatorypracticesthatareprotectedbylaw 2 WhatlegalizeddiscriminationdidtheAfricanAmericanssuffer Theywerenotallowedtohavehousinginsomewhiteareas businessloansorFHA FederalHousingAdministration insuredloansweredeniedonconsiderationofrace andunionsandcertainprofessionswerenotopentoblacks 3 couldnotamassanymeaningfulwealth couldnotputasideoraccumulatesignificantamountsofmoneyorproperty orenoughmoneyorproperty 4 bequeathtofuturegenerations topassontochildrenorgrandchildren Translation1法律上認(rèn)可的歧視 譬如說禁止黑人擁有財產(chǎn) 有時甚至通過暴力手段達(dá)到此種目的 或是不給非裔美國人的企業(yè)主放貸 不讓黑人購房者取得聯(lián)邦住房管理局的抵押貸款保險 把黑人排除在工會 警察隊伍或者消防部門之外 這意味著黑人家庭難以積累家產(chǎn)以傳給后代 7 Thathistoryhelpsexplainthewealthandincomegapbetweenblacksandwhites Para 29 TheexistenceofsomanypoorAfricanAmericansandthelowpaytheygetcomparedwiththewhitesispartlyduetotheexistenceoflegalizeddiscrimination munities I Para 29 Thisisalsothereasonyoufindpeopleofextremepovertycrowdedintosmallareasorslums incitiesandruralareas 1 pocket asmallareaofaspecifiedtype2 persist tocontinuetoexistorprevail 9 Alackofeconomicopportunity mayhaveworsened Para 30 Blackmennotbeingabletofindagoodjobandfeelingashamedofnotbeingabletosupportafamily wasoneofthereasonsforthebreakingupoffamilies Andthebenefitforasingle parentfamilyhasmadethesituationevenworse 1 Onceagaintheimpersonalstructureisusedtolessenthepressureonblackmen Obamadidnotmeantocriticizetheseblackmen Hewasonlyrelatingafact 2 erode tocausetodeteriorateorvanish contributedtotheerosionofblackfamilies theuseof contribute and erosion softensthebluntnessofthestatement inawayitresultedinbringingaboutthebreakingupofblackfamilies erosion gradualdestructioncontributetosth doingsthhelpdoresultin leadto giverisetoaccountforberesponsiblefor 4 Howcouldwelfarepoliciesworsenthedeteriorationofrelationsinblackfamilies Maybethewelfaresupportofsingle parentfamiliesmakesablackmanthinkifhedesertsthefamily thefamilywithouthimcouldstillliveon orevenlivebetter 10 Andthelackofbasicservices thatcontinuestohauntus Para 30 1 walkthebeat towalkalongafixedrouteonaroundofduty patrol petrol 2 buildingcode asetofrulesorregulationsconcerningconstructionofhouses3 blight destructionorfrustrationofhopeorambition破敗 頹喪4 acycleofviolence blightandneglect Indifferencetothemiserableconditionsinurbanblackcommunitiesleadstofrustrationandlossofhopewhichinturncausesviolence oneleadingtotheotherandgoingroundandround viciousspiral viciouscircle惡性循環(huán) Translation2 Andthelackofbasicservices thatcontinuestohauntus Para 30 無數(shù)的黑人社區(qū)缺乏基本服務(wù)設(shè)施 沒有公園讓孩子們玩 沒有警察巡邏 沒有定期的垃圾收集 不執(zhí)行建筑規(guī)范 所有這些造成了暴力 破敗和無人監(jiān)管的惡性循環(huán) 至今仍讓我們提心吊膽 11 Theycameofage systematicallyconstricted Para 31 1 comeofage toreachtheagewhenonehasfulllegalrights growupoftenusedfigurativelyforanyarrivalatmaturity one sprime etc 2 constrict tolimit restrict tomakesmallerornarrowerthroughbinding squeezingorshrinking3 Theygrewupandbecamematureinthelate1950sandearly1950swhenracialsegregationandracialdiscriminationwerestillstrongandwidespread andopportunitywasmostlydeniedtoblackyouth Theygrewupinsuchanatmospherewhichcontributedtotheformingoftheirviewstowardthecountryandthesociety 12 What sremarkable whowouldcomeafterthem Para 31 Obamaherecleverlyturnedroundhisargumentandgavethestatementpositivenote The not butrather structuresucceedsinturningroundtheargument1 Whatwassoremarkableaboutthesituation Itwasthatmanyyoungblackmenandwomen facingsuchstrongsegregationanddiscrimination werenotdiscouragedordisheartened Theystruggledandsurmounteddifficultiesandbecamesuccessful Theywalkedapathoutofthewilderness 2 the odds difficultiesorconditionsthatmakesuccessunlikely adversity掣肘 chezhou 的事情 逆境 厄運(yùn)3 tomakeawayoutofnoway MartinLutherKingJr inthespeech WhereDoWeGofromHere deliveredon16August 1967 1Atlanta Georgiahadthis letusrememberthatthereis apowerthatisabletomakeawayoutofnowayandtransformdarkyesterdaysintobrighttomorrows TheconceptisabiblicalconceptandObamaisusingthisconcepttoappealtothosewhowerelistening 13 Butforallthose inonewayoranother bydiscrimination Para 32 1 scratchedandclawed dugwithone snailsandclaws struggledhard2 makeit tosucceedinaparticularactivityParaphrase3Despiteallthosewhoworkedorstruggledveryhardtoclimbthesocialladder manydidnotsucceed Theyweredefeatedinlife sstruggle asaresultofracialdiscrimination 14 Thatlegacyofdefeat withouthopeorprojectsforthefuture Para 32 Thefactofdefeatandthecauseofdefeatmadetheyoungergenerationsfeeltheyweredoomed nomatterhowhardtheyworked theycouldnotmoveaheadeconomicallyorsocially Thefateoftheirelderswasconvincingenough Thiscouldbeseeninunemployedmenandwomenonthestreetorcriminalsinprison 1 increasinglyyoungwomen moreandmoreyoungblackwomenadoptedsuchanattitudetowardlife towardsociety 1 increasinglyyoungwomen moreandmoreyoungblackwomenadoptedsuchanattitudetowardlife towardsociety2 languish toliveunderdistressingconditions toremaininadifficultorunpleasantsituationforalongtime pineaway無精打采 萎靡不振3 prospects thepossibilitythatsomethingwillhappen especiallysomethinggood theapparentchanceforsuccess Maxismdefinedtheworldviewofmanyrevolutionaries AtheoismdefinestheworldviewofmanyChinese 15 Evenforthoseblackswhodidmakeit infundamentalways Para 32 Evenforthoseblackswhoweresuccessful theystillviewedthingsthroughthelensofraceandracismordeterminedtheirattitudestowardissuesfromthepointofviewofraceandracism 16 Butitdoesfindvoice kitchentable Para32 Paraphrase4 Viewscoloredbyracemaycomeupatinformalconversationsatthebarbershopwheremenmaymeetoroverdinneramongfamilymembers findvoice tobeexpressed 17 Attimes apolitician sownfailings Para 32 Sometimes whenapoliticianwantsblackvotesorwantstousetheissueofracetocompensateforhisdefects hewouldmakeuseofsuchangerinordertobenefitfromit 1 attimes occasionally sometimes2 exploit touseasituationsothatyougetbenefitfromit evenifitiswrongorunfairtodothis3 makeupfor toprovidesomethmggood sothatsomethingbadseemslessimportant tocompensatefor4 failing slightfaultordefect weakness 18 Paraphrase5AndoccasionallyitfindsvoiceinthechurchonSundaymorninginthepulpitandinthepews Para 33 Andonceinawhilesuchsentimentsareexpressedinsermonsandamongchurchcongregations atSundaymorningblackchurchservices inthepulpitandinthepews thepastorandchurchcongregationsrhetoricaldevicesofmetonymyandalliteration pulpitandpew standingforthepriestandthechurchcongregationsandthetwowordsbothstartwith p 19 Thefactthat onSundaymorning Para 33 1 truism astatementthetruthofwhichisobviousorwellknowntruism tru z m n 自明之理 老生常談2 Whyisthestatementanoldtruism Theplacewherethewhiteandtheblackaremostsegregatedisthechurch whenChristianityissupposedtosaythatallpeopleareequalbeforeGod Evenwhenthechurchesareofthesamedenomination教派 blackandwhitewouldgotoseparatechurches denomination名詞n 1 名稱 C 2 命名 U 3 宗派 教派 C AmongChristianstherearemanydenominations 基督教中有許多教派 4 貨幣等的 面額 度量衡等的 單位 C stampsofdifferentdenominations面額不同的郵票 20 Thatangerisnotalwaysproductive tobringaboutrealchange Para 33 1 HowdoesObamaviewsuchanger Whydoeshethinkthisangerharmfultothemovementforrealchange Hethinkssuchangerisnoproductiveandpreventsrealchangebecauseitmovesourattentionawayfromconcentratingonsolvingrealproblems makesusunabletoseeourfaultinthetenseracerelationsandpreventstheblackcommunityfromformingaunitedfrontwiththewhitepeopleinbringingaboutrealchange 2 distract todraw attention awayinanotherdirection3 squarely honestly directly4 complicity partnershipinwrongdoing合謀5 forge todevelopssuccessfulrelationship especiallyinbusinessorpolitics toworkhardtoachievesomething Buttheangerisreal betweentheraces pa 33 1 Whatisthewrongattitudetowardblackanger Thewrongattitudeistothinkitwilldisappearsometimeinthefuturewithoutdoinganythingtosolvetheproblemortocriticizesuchanger sayingitiswrong withoutunderstandinghowitwasformed Emptywishingwithoutactionandblindcondemnationarebothwrong becausetheywillonlymakeexistingmisunderstandingevenstronger 2 wishaway tomakesomethingstopordisappearjustbyexpressingawish3 chasm averybigdifferencethatseparatesonepersonorgroupfromanother 峽谷 裂縫 分歧 22 Paragraphs27to33 Obamaoutlinesthehistoricaldevelopmentofracialdiscriminationandthesufferingsoftheoldergeneration Thenhepointedoutthattheangerisrealthoughitmaynotbeshownsooften Oneoftheplacesitisshownisinblackchurchservices inthesermonsandintheresponseofthecongregations ObamaisputtingWright sremarksinabroaderpicture blackexperience theblacksituationtodayandthehiddenorsuppressedanger 23 Infact asimilarangerexistswithinsegmentsofthewhitecommunity Para 34 Thisstatementservesasatransition leadingtotheanalysisoftheangeramongcertainsegmentsofwhiteAmerica 24 Most bytheirrace Para 34 AmajorityofwhiteAmericansofworkingclassormiddleclassoriginfeelthattheirwhiteskinhasnotbroughtthemanybenefit Theimplicationisthatracialdiscriminationdoesnotexist 25 Theirexperienceis theybuiltitfromscratch Para 34 1 WheredothesewhiteAmericanscomefrom Theyaremainlyimmigrantsordescendantsofimmigrantssotheyareviewingtheissuefromtheexperienceofimmigrants 2 fromscratch fromapointwherenothinghasbeendone soyouhavetodoeverythingyourself從零開始3 they vebuiltitfromscratch Notetheuseof it here it doesnotrefertoanythingparticular maybelife livingingeneral TheysucceedinestablishingthemselvesinAmericansocietyallthroughtheirowneffort 26 They veworkedhard afteralifetimeoflabor Para 34 Obamaherementionstwocases Oneisoutsourcing外包byacorporation theotheristhesuddencollapseofacorporation makingthelossofpensionsorcompanystockinthehandsofworkersworthless Theseareallacuteconcernofworkersandthemiddleclass ThisisalsothepositionofCIO CongressofIndustrialOrganizations andindependenttradeunionsandthemassbaseforprotectionismintrade dump togetridofinanabrupt rough orcarelessmanner 27 Theyareanxious atmyexpense Para 34 1 anxious uneasyinmind worried2 future whatwillhappen whatisgoingtobe3 slipaway tomovequicklywithoutattractingnotice4 zerosumgame aspecificcontestinwhichagainforonemustresultinanequallossforanotherorothers 5 atmyexpense withthelossbornebyme Paraphrase6 AsaresultwhiteAmericansareverymuchworriedaboutthefuture feelingthattheirAmericandreamiscomingtoanend feelinghopelessandhelpless Sotheyhaveahostileattitudetowardtheirsupposedcompetitors 28 Sowhentheyaretold resentmentbuildsovertime Para 34Busing affirmativeactionandsecurityareraisedhere Thisiswhymanywhitescallreversediscrimination Theyfeeltheyaremaderesponsibleforslaverywhichhadnothingtodowiththem whichtheyneverpracticed 1 land informal toget winorsecure2 spot informal position situation job3 build Comparethewordintwosentences They ve builtitfromscratchandresentmentbuildsovertime Thefirst build l 74 means tocreateordevelop andthesecond l 86 means toincreaseinamount force etc 4 resentmentbuildsovertime Afeelingofindignationfromasenseofbeingharmedgraduallygrowsinamountandintensity 29 Liketheanger inpolitecompany Para 35 politecompany peopleyoushouldbehavepolitelytowards pany peopleyouarewith30 Buttheyhavehelpedshapethepoliticallandscapeforatleastageneration Para 35 Bytheendofthe1970s liberalismhadrunitscourseandpeoplefeltthatitcouldnolongersolvedomesticandforeignpolicyissues Peopleblamedthisonaffirmativeactionandonsocialwelfareandtheywereworriedaboutcrimeandrefusedtodiscussracialinequality Peopledemandedchange ThisledtotheelectionofReaganandthedominanceofconservatismformorethan25years Thisisthe politicallandscape thatObamarefersto 1 shape toinfluencethewayaperson idea orsituationdevelops2 landscape themainfeaturesofthesituation 31 Politiciansroutinelyexploitedfearsofcrimefortheirownelectoralends Para 35 Howcouldpoliticianslinkcrimeupwiththeblacks Sincetheunemploymentrateandschooldropoutswerehigheramongblackyouthandtherewerebiasedmediareportsaboutthecrimerateamongblackyouth itwouldbeeasyforpoliticianstoputtheblameonblacksandappealtowhitepeoplewithpent up郁積resentment 32Talkshowhosts orreverseracism Para 35 1 talkshowhost 訪談節(jié)目主持人2 bogus notgenuine verycarefulimitationandalwaysimpliesintenttodeceive3 unmask todiscovertherealtruthaboutsomebodyorsomethingespeciallywhenitisbad todiscoverthetruenatureof toexpose4 politicalcorrectness statementsconformingoradheringtowhatregardedasorthodoxliberalopiniononmattersofsexuality race etc usuallyuseddisparagingly denigratingly toconnotedogmatism excessivesensibilitytominoritycauses etc 5 reverseracism Hereitmeansracismagainstthewhites Paraphrase7 Talkshowhostsandconservativecommentatorsbecamefamousthroughexposingso calledunrealincidentsofracismandlabeledreasonablediscussionofunfairtreatmentofminoritiesascateringtoexcessivesensibilitytominoritycausesorasracismagainstthewhites 33 Justasblackangeroftenprovedcounterproductive thatfavorafewoverthemany Para 36 InParagraph33 intalkingaboutblackanger Obamasays Thatangerisnotalwaysproductive indeed toooftenitdistractsattentionfromsolvingrealproblems Buthealsopointsoutthatifyouhandleitinawrongwayitwouldwiden thechasm gap ofmisunderstanding Translation3 黑人的憤怒常常產(chǎn)生不了什么作用 與此相同 這些白人的忿恨也把注意力從擠壓中產(chǎn)階級的真正罪魁禍?zhǔn)咨砩弦崎_ 真正的罪人是充滿內(nèi)幕交易的企業(yè)文化 很成問題的的會計慣例 只顧眼前的貪婪心態(tài) 被院外集團(tuán)和特殊利益集團(tuán)把持的政府 以及關(guān)注少數(shù)而不顧多數(shù)人的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策 chasm k z m averybigdifferencethatseparatepeoplefromoneanother峽谷 裂縫 斷層 裂口 感情等的 分歧Butnoneofthesecanfillthechasmcreatedbyourdeepsenseofseparation 但是 這一切都無法填補(bǔ)由我們強(qiáng)烈的分離意識造成的鴻溝 ThenObamamovesontodiscusswhiteangerandpointsouttheproblem thesewhiteresentmentdistractedattentionfromtherealculpritsofthemiddleclasssqueeze Buthealsosaysthatifyouhandleitwrongly itwouldblockthepathtounderstanding culprit k lpr ts criminalapersonguiltyofacrimeoroffencesomeonewhoisresponsiblefordoingsomethingbadorillegal犯過錯者 罪犯 肇事者 引起問題的事物Desperatetofindculprits IraqisaccuseSyriaandIranofcomplicity 迫切地希望找到罪犯 伊拉克人指責(zé)Syria和Iran合謀 Theargumentisthatblackangerandwhiteangerarerealandpowerful Ifpeoplefailtounderstandthecauseofsuchangerandtohandlethisangerproperly misunderstandingwillincreaseandwillplayintothehandsofselfish biasedpoliticians 1 counterproductive bringingabouteffectsorresultsregardedasContrarytothoseintended havingtheoppositeresulttotheoneyouintended適得其反2 squeeze aperiodorsituationmarkedbyscarcity hardship insecurity etc 4 rife abundant5 lobbyist apersonactingforaspecialinterestgroup whotriestoinfluencetheintroductionoforvotingonlegislationorthedecisionsofgovernmentadministrators游說 AccordingtoObama whataretherealculpritsthatputthemiddleclassinadifficultsituation Theyarethewrongpracticesofbigcorporations agovernmentfollowingtheurgeofspecialinterestsandaneconomicpolicywhichfavorstherich 34 Andyet blocksthepathtounderstanding Para 36 Ifyouthinksuchangerwilldisappearbygoodwishes ifyouregardsuchangerasbeingracistwithoutacknowledgingthattheconcernbehindtheangerisjustifiable thenmisunderstandingwillincreaseandthedivisionbetweenthewhitesandtheblackswillgrow 1 label toclassifyas todescribe2 ground tobase aclaim argument onsomethingspecified3 block tocreatedifficultyforprogress toobstruct譯 前面的人擋了我的視線 35 Thisiswherewearerightnow It saracialstalematewe vebeenstuckinforyears Para 37 Thisisasumming upoftheracialsituationin