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Renaissance Flowering 1 PoetrySirPhilipSidney EdmundSpenser JohnLyly SonnetfromShakespeare2 ProseFrancisBacon3 DramaChristopherMarlowe WilliamShakespeare BenJohnson EarlyPlaysinMiddleAges 1 TheMystery MiraclePlays神秘劇 圣跡劇2 TheMoralityPlays道德劇3 TheClassicalPlays古典劇 Question Whatarethesignificancesof3kindsofplays I TheMiraclePlays圣跡劇 1 Choosetherightanswer TheMiracleplayswereatfirstperformedinthe A churchesB marketplaceC wagonD theatreA2 TrueorFalseTheMiracleplayswerenotforbiddentoperforminchurchesaftertheactorsintroducedsecularandevencomicalelementsintotheperformance T 在1599年歌劇誕生之前 戲劇就已經(jīng)存在了 中世紀(jì)的神秘劇 mysteryplay 就是其中最主要的形式之一 其內(nèi)容主要取材自 圣經(jīng) 中的故事 包含獨(dú)唱 重唱 合唱等表達(dá)方式 例如著名的 但以理神秘劇 在同時(shí)代 還有一種以圣徒殉道為題材的圣跡劇 miracleplay 但流傳不如神秘劇廣泛 II TheMoralityPlay道德劇 1 Moralityplaysappearedafter A miracleplaysB mysteryplaysC interludeD ClassicalplaysA2 Amoralityplaypresentedthe ofgoodand with personages conflict evil allegorical 道德劇 moralplay 的題材不像前兩者那樣取自宗教 而是比較世俗化 介于宗教劇與世俗劇之間 這類劇的主人公往往是抽象化的角色 諸如 善 惡 美德 慈悲 真理 死亡 等等 采用擬人的方式來加以表現(xiàn) 主要功用是教化民眾 教人拋棄欲望 一心向善 到十六世紀(jì) 道德劇越來越世俗化 最終發(fā)展成世俗劇 形式也更加多樣化 包括世俗插劇 secularinterlude 鬧劇 farce 民俗劇 folkplay 和寓言劇 allegoricaldrama 其中鬧劇是完全世俗化的戲劇 沒有任何宗教成分 民俗劇主要以羅賓漢等家喻戶曉的人物為主角 世俗插劇用于節(jié)慶演出 寓言劇主要流行于荷蘭 比利時(shí)等國家 II TheMoralityPlay道德劇 3 isusedtosayanddogoodthings A MercyB FollyC ViceD PeaceA4 Oneofthepopularmoralityplayswas A TheShepherdsB EverymanC ThePlayoftheWeatherD GammerGurton sNeedleB III TheClassicalDrama 1 Throughtherevivalofclassicalliterature Englishplaywrightscameintocontactwith and drama 2 FromthecontactwithGreekandLatindrama Englishplaywrightslearnedalltheimportantrulesin and themoreexactconceptionof and Greek Latin structure style comedy tragedy III TheClassicalDrama 4 ThefirstEnglishcomedyisandthefirstEnglishtragedyis Miracleplays moralityplays interludesandclassicalplayspavedthewayfortheflourishingofdrama Besides advancedLondonTheatresystemandincreasingnumbersofaudienceserveforthedevelopmentofdrama Otherchangesindrama 1 TheInterlude插曲 幕間插入的表演Whatisthepurposeof Interlude Toenliven cheerup theaudienceafterasolemn serious scene Theinterestinginterludeis 2 LondontheatrePlaysproducedforthegeneralpublicRoofless openairNoartificiallightingCourtyardsurroundedby3levelsofgalleries3 Theaudience ThePlayoftheWeather ChritopherMarlowe UniversityWits大學(xué)才子派ItwasagroupofElizabethanplaywrightsandpamphleteerswhooncestudiedattheuniversitiesofOxfordorCambridge Latertheysetupasprofessionalwriters sellingtheirlearningandtheirwitstotheLondonpublicofplaygoersandtothepublicaswell ThemostimportantfiguresincludeRobertGreene ThomasKyd JohnLyly ChristopherMarloweandThomasLodge AndthemostgiftedisMarlowe 1564 1593 thegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishDrama whofirstmadeblankversetheprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama 大學(xué)才子派 即 莎士比亞之前英國人文主義戲劇家的總稱 馬洛 1564 1593 是 大學(xué)才子 中最有才華 成就最大的一個(gè) 在文學(xué)史上享有 詩劇的晨星 英國悲劇之父 的美譽(yù) 他是莎士比亞以前英國戲劇界最重要的人物 也是英國文藝復(fù)興戲劇的真正創(chuàng)始人 首先將無韻詩節(jié)運(yùn)用于戲劇創(chuàng)作中 blankverse 無韻詩 素體詩 Refertop 55Versewritteninunrhymediambicpentameter 不押韻的五音步詩行theprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama alivingthing vigorous fluidandprecise Works Tamburlaine 1587 帖木兒大帝 TheJewofMalta 1592 馬耳他的猶太人 TheTragicHistoryofDoctorFaustus 1588 浮士德博士的悲劇 P52 53 ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove after classreading Marlowe sLearningandWorks learnedandknowledgeable astronomy geography medicalscience history GreekepicsandLatin andespecialinterestindrama 3bestplays Tamburlaine 鐵木兒 in1587 TheJewofMalta 馬耳他島的猶太人 in1592 Dr Faustus 浮士德博士的悲劇 in1588 ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove after classreading Marlowe sWorks Tamburlaine 鐵木兒 thesubject matter ThecareerofTamburlainetheMongolconqueror ashepherd aKhanfinally Fortune slord Refertotheexcerptsonp 51 cruel inhuman cold blooded heartless Bydepictingagreatherowithhighambitionandsheerbrutalforceinconqueringoneenemyafteranother MarlowevoicedthesupremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceforinfinitepowerandauthority Marlowe sWorks TheJewofMalta 馬耳他的猶太人 TheheroofTheJewofMaltaisBarabas arichmerchantandaTamburlaineinthenarrowersphereoffinance Multiplechoices isMarlowe smasterpiece A TamburlaineB TheJewofMaltaC TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusD ThePassionateShepherdtoHisLoveC Marlowe sDoctorFaustus p 52 53 Germanlegend withmorestrikinghumanistcolor 1 Hero DoctorFaustus chieffeature aninsatiablethirstforknowledge 不能滿足的 渴望 DoctorFaustussoldhissoultotheDevilsoastogainmagicalpowers Story FaustusisascholaratWittenbergUniversity HeordershisservantWagnertogettwopractitionersofblackmagic Faustuswantstobehisowngod WhenWagnerisaway theGoodAngelandEvilAngelappearandtrytowinFaustusfortheircause Faustusistaughtthebasicsofblackmagic andconjuresup 用魔法召喚 thedevil smessenger Mephistophilis MephistophiliswantstoclaimFaustus soul FaustusandMephistophilismakeadeal 24yearsofservicefromM inexchangeforFaustus oul MephistophilishastoletFaustusinondarkmysteriesoflife Lucifer princeofthedevils tellsMephistophilisthatFaustusmustsignacontractinblood Faustusdoesn tbelieveinhell eventhoughMephistophilistellshimwhatit slike Inthe25yearstocome Faustussometimeswishestorepent 后悔 butittalkedoutofitbyMephistophilis Faustusbecomesfamousforhispowers Onthenightwhenthedealends Faustusconfesseshispacttosomescholarfriends whourgehimtorepentbeforeGod Buthecan t Atmidnight devilscometotakehimaway Faustusgoestohell becausehedesiredmorethanwhatGodpermitsforaman HowisDr FaustusrepresentativeofthespiritoftheRenaissance ThemeItcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge powerandhappiness italsorevealsman sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorder Andtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman scondition Theplay sdominantmoralishumanratherthanreligious 劇本充分肯定了知識(shí)可以征服自然和實(shí)現(xiàn)理想的偉大力量 它贊揚(yáng)了人對(duì)知識(shí) 力量與歡樂的熱愛 揭示了人們?cè)诋?dāng)時(shí)嚴(yán)酷的道德秩序中意識(shí)到這些渴求要付出的代價(jià) 而時(shí)間的限制則是人類面臨的最嚴(yán)酷的現(xiàn)實(shí) 劇本主導(dǎo)的道德精神是人文的而非宗教的 SocialSignificanceofMarlowe sPlays ReflectionofHumanistspirit 1 Thepraiseofindividuality2 Theconvictionoftheboundlesspossibilityofhumanefforts Man sreasonandpoweriseverything SocialSignificanceofMarlowe sPlays 2 thespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie eagercuriosityforknowledgeinsatiableappetiteforpower Resolute 堅(jiān)決的 characterscornoforthodoxcreed信條skepticism 懷疑 towardChristian Tamburlaine DoctorFaustus TheJewofMalta ambition desireforknowledge greedforwealth typicalimagesoftheeraoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital 原始資本積累 SocialSignificanceofMarlowe sPlays 3 yetseethedefectsbeyondthegloriesandsatiresuchdesire Theheroesareindividualistswhoseambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandsometimestothemselves WilliamShakespeare威廉 莎士比亞 Overview 1 Hislife2 Divisionsofhisliterarycareerandhisworks a thefirstperiod 1590 1600 b thesecondperiod 1601 1608 c thethirdperiod 1609 1612 3 Analysisofsomefamousworkssuchas hamlet Othello theMerchantofVenice andsoon 4 IntroductionofShakespeare ssonnets Whowashe WidelyregardedasthegreatestwriterinEnglishliteraturePoetanddramatistWrote37plays comedies histories tragediesComposedabout154sonnetsandafewpoemsStartedoutasanactorCommentbyhiscontemporaries Hislife BornApril23 1564inStratford on AvonParentsJohnandMaryArdenShakespeare7brothersandsistersGrammarschoolfromage7to13 Nofurtherformaleducationknown1582atage18marriedAnneHathaway1582 1592 Stratford on Avon埃文河畔斯特拉特福 1592 28yearsold wenttoLondonbecominganactorandplaywright1598beginhistheatrecareer builtGlobeTheatre ownedsharesinit 1610retiredfromtheatre1611diedonApril23atage52 TheTheatreGlobe Itwasbuiltin1599andShakespeareandagroupofactorsputmoneytogethertobuildthetheatre ItwasthefirsttimeeverinEnglandactorshadpaidtobuildatheatre Sothatwasveryspecial AnditbecamethenumberonetheatreinLondonasShakespeare scompanybecamethenumberoneactingcompanyofLondon Soitbecamefrom1599asthenumberonevenuefortheatreandcertainlythenumberonevenueforShakespeare splaysuntil1613 Andin1613theyputonaplayaboutHenryVIIIandtheyhadacannon 火炮 effecttoannouncethearrivalofthekingonstage Butitwasaspecialeffectthatwentbadlywrongbecauseasparkfromthecannonflewupandhittheroofwhichismadeof Thatch 茅草屋頂 Itcaughtfireandthetheatreburnttothegroundduringaperformance Luckilyforallofustoday thetheatrehasbeenrebuiltanditisawonderfulplacetobe literarycareer Shakespeare sliterarycareercanberoughlydividedinto4periods 1 Periodofearlyexperimentation 1590 1594 2 Periodofrapidgrowthanddevelopment 1595 1600 3 Periodofgloomanddepression 1601 1607 4 Periodofcalmafterstorm 1608 1612 AChronologicalListofShakespeare sPlays thefirst Thefirstperiodofearlyapprenticeship 1590 1594 1 HenryVI PartII III I2 RichardIII3 TheComedyofErrors 錯(cuò)誤的喜劇 錯(cuò)中錯(cuò) 4 TitusAndronicus 泰特斯 安莊尼克斯 AChronologicalListofShakespeare sPlays thefirst 5 TheTamingoftheShrew 馴悍婦 6 TheTwoGentlemenofVerona 維洛那二紳士 7 Love sLabor sLost 愛的徒勞 空愛一場 8 RomeoandJuliet 羅密歐與朱麗葉 Thefirstperiodofearlyapprenticeship Experimentsinanumberofdramaticform 1 Thehistoricalplay 2 Varietiesofcomedy 3 Therevengetragedy 4 Theromantictragedy 5 Narrativepoems VenusandAdonis 維納斯和阿道尼斯 2 TheRapeofLucrece 露克麗絲受辱記 TheFirstPeriodofApprenticeship 1590 1594 Shakespeare sfirsttheatricalsuccess HenryVI inthreeacts HenryVI PartIHenryVI PartIIHenryVI PartIII RichardIII firsthistoricaltetralogy 四部曲 historyoftheWaroftheRoses recenthistoryofEngland FourComediesintheFirstPeriod TheComedyofErrorsTheTwoGentlemenofVeronaTheTamingoftheShrewLove sLabor sLost comicconfusionsinthesamecity inoneday twinbrotherswiththeirtwinservants Valentine ProteusSilvia Julia Katharine Petruchio彼得魯喬 KingofNavarreandhisthreelordsPrincessofFranceandthreeofherattendantladies Earliestsuccessfultragedy RomeoandJuliet TwofamiliesinVerona bitterenmity仇恨theCapuletsandtheMontagues afeast Romeo love secretmarriage kill banishment 流放 marryParis ayoungnobleman sleepingpotion profoundsleep poison die stabwithdagger Thoughatragedy thereisnotinge hint ofpessimismintheplay Itisasongofyouthandtruelove WritingFeaturesoftheFirstPeriod 1 concernedwiththeaffairsofyouthandfullofromanticsentiment2 earlyhistoryplays handlepoliticalthemesandgivehistoricallessons3 extraordinaryfacility 熟練 inexpressionandafelicity 恰當(dāng) inthechoiceofphrasesandepithets 表示性質(zhì) 特征的形容詞 FeaturesoftheFirstPeriod 4 notsomuchoncharacterasonfineorwittyspeechandsituationatfirst5 mistakenidentity thebestsourceoffun6 historicalaccuracy notsostrictlyregarded7 anincreasinginsightintocharacterandmind agoodcommandofcharacterizationinRomeoandJuliet FeaturesintheFirstPeriod 8 poeticaldramas importantdialoguesandsoliloquies 獨(dú)白 assume 采取 形式 theformofpoetry9 theinfluenceofMarlowe blankverseindramawhichdevelopedintoahappyvehicle means toexpressallkindsofthoughtandemotionfreely AChronologicalListofShakespeare sPlays the2nd 2 thesecondperiodofrapidgrowthandmaturity 1595 1600 1 RichardII 里查德二世 2 AMidsummerNight sDream 仲夏夜之夢(mèng) 3 KingJohn 約翰王 4 TheMerchantofVenice 威尼斯商人 AChronologicalListofShakespeare sPlays the2nd 5 HenryIV PartI HenryIV PartII 亨利四世 6 MuchAdoaboutNothing 無事自擾 無事生非 7 HenryV 亨利五世 8 TheMerryWivesofWindsor 溫莎的風(fēng)流女人 AChronologicalListofShakespeare sPlays the2nd 9 JuliusCaesar 凱撒大帝 10 AsYouLikeIt 如愿 皆大歡喜 11 TwelfthNight 第十二夜 TheSecondPeriodofRapidGrowthandMaturity 1594 1600 Aperiodofgreatcomediesandmaturehistoricalplays 6comedies 5historicalplays aRomantragedy andsomesonnets advanceineveryway knowledgewisdompoliticalinsightdramaticskillcreativepowercharacterizationversification 作詩 Writingfeaturesofthe2ndPeriodofRapidGrowthandMaturity ontheme Incomedies thegeneralspiritisoptimism Althoughtherearesorrow sinandguilty virtueshallhaveitsrewardandtriumphandthewrongshalldisappearbeforetheforcesofgood Inthehistoricalplaysofthesecondperiod differentphases stage period ofEnglishlifeareshownbeforeus ThesecondperiodisShakespeare ssweetandjoyfultime portrayingamagnificentpanorama view ofthemanifold various pursuitsofpeopleinreallife FourGreatComedies TwelfthNight TwinbrotherandsisterSebastianandViolaOliviaOrsino AMidsummerNight sDream Abeautifulfairytale thestruggleforhappinessof2pairsoflovers AsYouLikeit Romantic pastoral TheMerchantofVenice royaltyofBassanio wisdomofPortia greedofShylock Thegreatcomedies 1 Theme Hesangoftheyouth loveandidealofhappiness 2 Characters Heportrayedyoungpeoplefreedfromthefeudalfetters whoweresonsanddaughtersofRenaissance Healsoportrayedshrewdclownsandothercommonpeople Heplacedwomenataprominentplace anewtype TheSecondPeriodofRapidGrowthandMaturity 1594 1600 ThefirstperiodmadeShakespeare inthesecondperiod hispositionwassecuredasa andhighlysuccessful admired praisedandrevered respected byeveryone famous dramatist poet greattragediesanddarkcomedies aggravated 加重 tragicnote tone socialupheavalsillatease 不安定 theCrown absolutist專制主義者 risingsIntheatmosphereofgeneralunrest thatShakespeareexposedmercilesslythecomplicatedsocialcontradictions TheThirdPeriodofGloomandSadness 1601 1607 3 thethirdperiodofGloomandSadness 1601 1607 1 Hamlet 哈姆雷特 2 TroilusandCressida 特洛埃勒斯與克萊西達(dá) 3 All sWellThatEndsWell 終成眷屬 4 MeasureforMeasure 惡有惡報(bào) 一報(bào)還一報(bào) 5 Othello 奧塞羅 AChronologicalListofShakespeare sPlays thethird 6 KingLear 李爾王 7 Macbeth 麥克白 麥克佩斯 8 AntonyandCleopatra 安東尼與克莉奧佩特拉 9 Coriolanus 科利奧蘭納斯 10 TimonofAthens 雅典的泰蒙 FourGreatTragedies amassofevil murder lust 不純潔的欲望 treachery 背叛 ingratitude 忘恩負(fù)義 andcrime Hamlet hesitations suspences revenge Othello cheatsofIago埃古 deathofDesdemona Macbeth traitor couplemurder KingLear his3daughtersingratitudeofGoneril Rogan thedeathofCordelia Thegreattragedies 1 Histragedieswereassociatedwithaperiodofgloomandsorrowinhislife 2 Theyshowedthestruggleandconflictsbetweengoodandevil betweenjusticeandinjustice the4thperiodofcalmafterstorm 1608 1612 Henolongerhatedtheworldbutaccepteditwithasmileofresignationandagainturnedtocomedies romanticcomedies 動(dòng)蕩之后歸平靜的時(shí)期 面對(duì)社會(huì)上的種種不公和丑惡 寬恕仁愛是有望解決矛盾的手段 1 Pericles 波里克利斯 2 Cymbeline 辛柏林 3 TheWinter sTales 冬天的故事 4 TheTempest 暴風(fēng)雨 5 HenryVIII 亨利八世 FourthPeriodofRomanticDrama agreatpeacefulnessoflightandaharmonyofearthandheaven Allshouldbewellintheend Calmandreconciliation thechangeoflifeandmoodinthelateryearsofShakespeare Heplacedhishopesandaspiration 理想 目標(biāo) withthefutureofmankind Fourromancesor reconciliationplays 和諧劇 andonehistoricalplay Featuresofhisdrama P91 94 1 ShakespeareisarealistandoneofthefoundersofrealisminEnglishliterature 2 Hisdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadoptation 3 Hisdramasareelastic 靈活的 可改變的 theactiondevelopsfreelywithoutbeinghinderedbytheclassicalrules 4 Heisskilledinmanypoeticformsandhisplaysarepoeticaldramas 5 HeisagreatmasterofEnglishlanguage Shakespeare sRepresentativePlays 4comedies AMidsummerNight sDreamTheMerchantofVeniceAsYouLikeItTwelfthNight 4tragedies Hamlet OthelloMacbeth KingLear 2historicalplays HenryIVHenryV Taketwoplaysasexamples RomeoandJulietHamlet Hamlet plotsummary 1Hamletmeetshisfather sghost Hamlet plotsummary 2HamletlearnsthathisfatherwaskilledbyhisbrotherClaudiusandQueenGertrude Note Claudius TheKingofDenmark Hamlet suncle andtheplay santagonist Hamlet plotsummary 2Claudiushasquicklybecomeking Hamlet plotsummary 3Thisisratherupsetting Hamlet plotsummary 4Theghostdemandsrevenge Hamlet plotsummary 5Hamletagrees Hamlet plotsummary 6Hisfriendssweartokeepwhattheyhaveseenasecret Hamlet plotsummary 7Meanwhile theKing sadvisorPoloniusmeetshisdaughterOphelia Hamlethasupsether Hamlet plotsummary 8Hamletisactingmad Hamlet plotsummary 9Atroupe 劇團(tuán) ofplayersarrive Hamlet Playwithinplay ThemurderofGonzago Hamlet plotsummary 10PlaycontainslineswhichHamletwritestoexposeClaudiusandGertrude Hamlet plotsummary 11Hamletrages 憤怒 athisinabilitytokillClaudius Hamlet plotsummary 12PoloniusaccidentallykilledbyHamlet Hamlet plotsummary 13ClaudiuswantsHamlettogotoEngland Hamlet plotsummary 14 wherehewillbeexecuted Hamlet plotsummary 15Opheliahasbeendrivenmadbyfather sdeathandHamlet srejectionofher Hamlet plotsummary 16Laertes Ophelia sbrother swearsrevengeonHamlet Hamlet plotsummary 17HamletreturnstoDanishcourt ClaudiussuggestsaduelbetweenLaertesandHamlet Hamlet plotsummary 18 wheretheKingwillofferHamletapoisonedgoblet 酒杯 Hamlet plotsummary 19Opheliadies Hamlet plotsummary 20Hamletmuses 深思 ondeathatYorick sgrave Hamlet executivesummary 21RosencrantzandGuildersternarekilled Note RosencrantzandGuildenstern Twoslightlybumblingcourtiers formerfriendsofHamletfromWittenberg whoaresummonedbyClaudiusandGertrudetodiscoverthecauseofHamlet sstrangebehavior Hamlet executivesummary 22Queenaccidentallypoisonsherself Hamlet executivesummary 23Bothduellistswoundedbypoisonedsword LaertesrevealsplotandHamletkillsking Hamlet executivesummary 24Laertesdies Hamlet executivesummary 25Hamletdies Questions WhatkindofpersondoyouthinkHamletis Ishemadeornotmad HowdidShakespeareshapethistitlecharacter plot Timeline Swiftnessofactioncanbestbeseenbyfollowingtheeventsofthesefivedays Sunday Astreetbrawl 爭吵 怒罵 occursintheearlymorningbetweentheCapuletsandMontagues RomeomeetsJulietattheCapuletfeastthatnight Theydeclaretheirloveforoneanother Monday RomeotalkstoFriar 男修道士 LaurenceabouthisloveforJuliet RomeoandJulietaremarried TybaltkillsMercutio RomeokillsTybalt RomeostaysthenightwithJuliet CapuletarrangesforJuliettomarryParisThursdaymorning Tuesday Atdawn RomeoleavesJuliettogotoMantua JulietistoldoftheplansforhertomarryParis JulietgoestoFriarLaurenceforadvice CapuletchangesweddingdatetoWednesday Juliettakesthepotion 藥劑 Wednesday Julietisdiscovered dead andistakentotheCapulettomb Thursday BalthasartellsRomeothatJulietisdead RomeobuyspoisonandreturnstoVerona RomeokillsParisandthendrinksthepoison Julietawakens findsRomeodead andstabsherself Everyonediscoverswhathashappened Question Whatareconflictsinthisplay Whatcanyougetfromthisplay Personvs self Thebalconysceneisoneofthemostfamousscenesinalloftheater owingtoitsbeautifulandevocativepoetry HereShakespeareplumbsthedepthsoftheyounglovers characters andcapturesthesubtletiesoftheirinteraction asinJuliet sstrugglebetweentheneedforcautionandanoverpoweringdesiretobewithRomeo SocialIdentityvs IndividualIdentity Julietbelievesthatlovestemsfromone sinneridentity andthatthefeudbetweentheMontaguesandtheCapuletsisaproductoftheouteridentity basedonlyonnames ShethinksofRomeoinindividualterms andthusherloveforhimoverridesherfamily shatredfortheMontaguename ShesaysthatifRomeowerenotcalled Romeo or Montague hewouldstillbethepersonsheloves What sinaname sheasks Thatwhichwecallarose Byanyotherwordwouldsmellassweet II i 85 86 FamousLines1

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