6 電氣工程概論_第六章_電工新技術(shù)（課堂PPT）

電,1,第六章電工新技術(shù),一、電工新技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢二、超導(dǎo)電工技術(shù)三、聚變電工技術(shù)四、磁流體發(fā)電技術(shù)五、磁流體推進技術(shù)六、可再生能源發(fā)電七、磁懸浮列車技術(shù)八、燃料電池技術(shù)九、飛輪儲能系統(tǒng)十、脈沖功率技術(shù)十一、微機電系統(tǒng),電,2,圖6-1電工新技術(shù)的分類,一、電工新技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢,電,3,二、超導(dǎo)電工技術(shù),圖6-2液氦溫區(qū)低溫超導(dǎo)材料NbTi導(dǎo)線,電,4,二、超導(dǎo)電工技術(shù)（續(xù)）,圖6-3液氮溫區(qū)高溫超導(dǎo)材料Bi系帶材,電,5,超導(dǎo)現(xiàn)象1911年荷蘭科學(xué)家昂納斯（H.KamerlinghOnnes）在測量低溫下水銀電阻率的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)溫度降到-269附近，水銀的電阻突然消失。超導(dǎo)態(tài)的兩個基本性質(zhì)：一是零電阻效應(yīng)；二是完全抗磁性，又稱邁斯納（Meissner）效應(yīng)，即在磁場中超導(dǎo)體只要處于超導(dǎo)態(tài)，則它內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的磁化強度與外磁場完全抵消，從而內(nèi)部的磁感應(yīng)強度為零，即磁力線完全被排斥在超導(dǎo)體外面。,二、超導(dǎo)電工技術(shù)（續(xù)）,電,6,二、超導(dǎo)電工技術(shù)（續(xù)）,圖6-4超導(dǎo)體的完全抗磁性現(xiàn)象,電,7,二、超導(dǎo)電工技術(shù)（續(xù)）,2.超導(dǎo)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,超導(dǎo)電機,圖6-583MW超導(dǎo)發(fā)電機超導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)子（左）與試驗車間（日本）,電,8,圖6-65MW船用高溫超導(dǎo)推進電動機,電,9,圖6-75MW船用高溫推進電動機結(jié)構(gòu)圖,電,10,圖6-8300kW超導(dǎo)單極電動機（武漢712所等）,圖6-9由超導(dǎo)電動機作動力的吊艙式螺旋推進器（圖片來源：ABB公司）,電,11,超導(dǎo)變壓器,圖6-10500kW,6600/3300V高溫超導(dǎo)變壓器（日本）,圖6-1126kW高溫超導(dǎo)變壓器（中國科學(xué)院電工研究所等）,電,12,超導(dǎo)輸電,圖6-122000A高溫超導(dǎo)電纜結(jié)構(gòu)云電英納超導(dǎo)電纜公司,電,13,圖6-1330m長、35kV、2kA高溫超導(dǎo)電纜云電英納超導(dǎo)電纜公司,電,14,超導(dǎo)儲能,圖6-14超導(dǎo)儲能裝置的儲能線圈,圖6-152MJ超導(dǎo)儲能設(shè)備（德國）,電,15,超導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車,圖6-16日本超導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車,電,16,超導(dǎo)在電氣工程領(lǐng)域的其他應(yīng)用超導(dǎo)電磁線圈：應(yīng)用于托克馬克裝置、磁流體發(fā)電機等；超導(dǎo)磁懸浮軸承：無機械摩擦，穩(wěn)定好?？傊?，超導(dǎo)電工已由最初的超導(dǎo)磁體技術(shù)擴展到了包括超導(dǎo)電力應(yīng)用與強磁場應(yīng)用等領(lǐng)域，隨著低溫超導(dǎo)技術(shù)和高溫超導(dǎo)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，特別是如果實現(xiàn)了臨界溫度達到室溫的實用超導(dǎo)體，將帶來革命性的改觀。,電,17,三、聚變電工技術(shù),與裂變反應(yīng)堆主要依靠核工技術(shù)與熱工技術(shù)的結(jié)合而發(fā)展起來的歷史不同，聚變反應(yīng)堆的發(fā)展主要依賴于核工技術(shù)與電工新技術(shù)的結(jié)合，因為需要的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)超導(dǎo)技術(shù)、大體積強磁場技術(shù)、大能量脈沖電源技術(shù)、輔助加熱技術(shù)、等離子體控制技術(shù)都屬于電工新技術(shù)。,電,18,圖6-17托克馬克裝置原理（環(huán)形核聚變反應(yīng)裝置）,電,19,圖6-18基于托克馬克的核聚變電站原理,電,20,四、磁流體發(fā)電技術(shù),當(dāng)前，世界各國的電力主要來源仍舊是火力發(fā)電，但這種發(fā)電方式的熱效率很低，最高只有40%。磁流體發(fā)電的熱效率可以從火力發(fā)電的30-40%提高到50-60%甚至更高。磁流體發(fā)電是將高溫導(dǎo)電燃?xì)饣蛞后w與磁場相互作用而將熱能直接轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的新型發(fā)電方式。,電,21,圖6-19磁流體發(fā)電原理與試驗裝置（日本）,電,22,圖6-20磁流體發(fā)電用超導(dǎo)磁體（中國科學(xué)研究院電工研究所）,電,23,五、磁流體推進技術(shù),磁流體推進船,圖6-21日本超導(dǎo)磁流體推進船,電,24,等離子磁流體航天推進器,（a）（b）圖6-22等離子推進器（a）結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖（b）“SMART-1號”探測器等離子推進器的噴口,電,25,風(fēng)力發(fā)電,圖6-23風(fēng)力發(fā)電站與電力系統(tǒng)并網(wǎng),六、可再生能源發(fā)電,電,26,圖6-24海上風(fēng)力發(fā)電機正在安裝（丹麥）,電,27,太陽能發(fā)電主要有三種：一是使太陽能直接轉(zhuǎn)變成熱能，即光熱轉(zhuǎn)換，如太陽能熱水器；二是使太陽能直接轉(zhuǎn)換成電能，即光電轉(zhuǎn)換，如太陽能電池；三是使太陽能直接轉(zhuǎn)變成化學(xué)能，即光化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)換，如太陽能發(fā)電機。1945年，美國貝爾電話實驗室制造除了世界上第一塊實用的硅太陽能電池，開創(chuàng)了現(xiàn)代人類利用太陽能的新紀(jì)元。,電,28,圖6-25太陽能發(fā)電的四種方式（a）槽型拋物面（b）菲涅耳透鏡（c）盤形拋物面-中心接受器（d）分布平面塔式接收器,電,29,圖6-26太陽能熱發(fā)電站,圖6-27塔式太陽能熱電站原理示意圖,電,30,圖6-28太陽能光伏電池陣,電,31,七、磁懸浮列車技術(shù),圖6-29磁懸浮列車分類,電,32,日本超導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車,圖6-30日本超導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車的轉(zhuǎn)向架,圖6-31日本超導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車的導(dǎo)軌結(jié)構(gòu),電,33,德國常導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車Transrapid,圖6-32Transrapid原理,電,34,日本常導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車HSST,圖6-33日本名古屋常導(dǎo)磁懸浮列車（Linimo）,電,35,永磁磁懸浮列車,圖6-34德國柏林永磁半懸浮列車,電,36,八、燃料電池技術(shù),燃料電池的雛形是1839年由英國科學(xué)家格羅夫（WilliamRobertGrove，1811-1896）提出的（當(dāng)時稱為“氣體伏打電池”）。,圖6-35燃料電池的外部結(jié)構(gòu)圖,電,37,圖6-36為計算機供電的燃料電池,電,38,第一代燃料電池，堿性燃料電池，效率最高，但成本昂貴；第二代燃料電池，磷酸型燃料電池，技術(shù)先進，實用；第三代燃料電池，熔融碳酸鹽型（MCFC）電池，效率比磷酸型高，燃料也不僅僅限于氫氣，是一種大容量發(fā)電燃料電池；第四代燃料電池，固體電解質(zhì)型燃料電池（SOFV），性能優(yōu)良，電解是固體，因此免去了腐蝕和溢漏的危險；第五代燃料電池，聚合物電解質(zhì)型薄膜燃料電池（PEMFC），與氫能源關(guān)系十分密切；最近又出現(xiàn)了生物燃料電池，具有功率大，體積小，效率高，成本低等優(yōu)點。,電,39,九、飛輪儲能系統(tǒng),圖6-37瑞士1955年試制的飛輪儲能軌道試驗車,圖6-38飛輪儲能系統(tǒng),電,40,飛輪儲能的應(yīng)用,電力調(diào)峰,電動車輛飛輪電池,飛輪儲能-再生制動系統(tǒng),風(fēng)力發(fā)電系統(tǒng)不間斷供電,衛(wèi)星姿態(tài)控制,大功率脈沖放電電源,其他應(yīng)用,電,41,圖6-39電力系統(tǒng)中的飛輪儲能裝置,電力調(diào)峰,電,42,電動車輛飛輪電池,圖6-40英國Bristol的新型純飛輪供電有軌車,電,43,飛輪儲能-再生制動系統(tǒng),圖6-41德國采用飛輪儲能裝置的LIREX混合動力輕軌列車,圖6-42美國內(nèi)燃機發(fā)電機-飛輪儲能混合動力公交車ATTB,電,44,圖6-43軌旁飛輪儲能再生制動系統(tǒng),電,45,衛(wèi)星姿態(tài)控制,圖6-44衛(wèi)星姿態(tài)控制用飛輪系統(tǒng),電,46,大功率脈沖放電電源,圖6-45航天飛機電磁發(fā)射示意圖,電,47,十、脈沖功率技術(shù),脈沖功率技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)是沖擊電壓發(fā)生器，也叫馬克斯發(fā)生器或沖擊機，是德國人馬克斯（E.Marx）在1924年發(fā)明的。,圖6-46馬克斯發(fā)生器,電,48,目前，脈沖功率技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向是提高功率水平，具體的主攻方向是：提高儲能密度，研制大功率和高重復(fù)率的轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)，向著高電壓、大電流、窄脈沖、高重復(fù)率的方向發(fā)展。脈沖功率技術(shù)的應(yīng)用：強激光的研究強脈沖X射線核電磁脈沖高功率微波武器電磁炮,電,49,圖6-47電磁發(fā)射裝置,電,50,圖6-48國外研制的電磁炮,電,51,十一、微機電系統(tǒng),微機電系統(tǒng)（MicroElectro-MechanicalSystems，MEMS），是融合了硅微加工、光刻鑄造成型和精密機械加工等多種微加工技術(shù)制作的集微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號處理和控制電路、接口電路、通信和電源于一體的微米（10e-6m）尺寸微型機電系統(tǒng)。,電,52,圖6-49微機電系統(tǒng)電機和一根頭發(fā)的對比（顯微圖）,圖6-50微機電系統(tǒng)繼電器（放大圖）,電,53,圖6-51微機電系統(tǒng)陀螺儀,電,54,圖6-52封裝好的微機電系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品,電,55,圖6-52微機電系統(tǒng)衛(wèi)星（概念圖）,電,56,謝謝!,電,57,Chapter6NewTechnologyofelectrotechnics,電,58,1.DevelopmentsofElectrotechnics,1.TendenciesofElectrotechnics2.SuperconductorElectrotechnics3.NuclearFusionElectrotechnics4.MagnetohydrodynamicPowerGeneration5.MagnetohydrodynamicPropulsionTechnology6.RenewablePowerGeneration7.MagneticLevitationTrain8.FuelCells9.FlywheelEnergyStorageSystems10.PulsedPowerTechnology11.MicroElectro-MechanicalSystems,電,59,2.SuperconductorElectrotechnics,LiquidHeliumregionlowtemperaturesuperconductivematerialNbTiwire,電,60,LiquidNitrogenregionhightemperaturesuperconductivematerial-Biseriestapes,電,61,SuperconductingPhenomenonAmomentousdiscoverybyDutchscientistH.KamerlinghOnnesin1911,thattheresistanceofthemercuryturnedtozerowhenthetemperaturebelow-269.Itisaphenomenondisplayedbysomematerialswhentheyarecooledbelowacertaintemperature,knownasthesuperconductingcriticaltemperature,Tc.HTS:highTcsuperconductorBelowTc,superconductingmaterialsexhibittwocharacteristicproperties:Zeroelectricalresistance;Fulldiamagnetism(MeissnerEffect).Whenthesuperconductorbelowitscriticaltemperature，andamagnetisbroughtneartoit,theinnermagneticfieldintensityofthesuperconductoriscompletelyexpelledtozero,behavingasafulldiamagnet.,電,62,MeissnerEffectAsuperconductivediskonthebottom,cooledbyliquidnitrogen,causesthemagnetabovetolevitate.Thefloatingmagnetinducesacurrent,andthereforeamagneticfield,inthesuperconductor,andthetwomagneticfieldsrepeltolevitatethemagnet.,電,63,Applications,Superconductingmotor,83MWsuperconductingrotoranditstestplant(Japan),電,64,5MWHTSshippropulsionmotor,電,65,5MWHTSshippropulsionmotorstructures,電,66,300kWsuperconductinghomopolarmotor（712instituteofWuHan,China）,Superconductingmotorpoddedpropeller,電,67,Superconductingtransformer,500kW,6600/3300VJapanHTStransformer,26kWHTStransformer(InstituteofelectricalengineeringChineseacademyofscience),電,68,Superconductingpowertransmission,2000AHTScableInnopowersuperconductorcableCo.,Ltd.,Beijing,電,69,30mlength、35kV、2kAHTScablessystem,電,70,Superconductingmagneticenergystorage(SMES),SMEScoil,Germany2MJSMES,電,71,Superconductingmagneticlevitatingtrain(Maglev),JapansuperconductingMaglevtrain,電,72,ApplicationsinelectricalengineeringSuperconductingcoil:Tokamakdevice,MagnetohydrodynamicPowerGenerationSuperconductingMaglevbearing:Nomechanicalfriction,SteadyInshort,superconductingelectrotechnicshasgainedadvanceddevelopmentfromsuperconductingmagnettosuperconductingpowerapplicationsfields.WiththedevelopmentofLTSandHTStechnology,somebadlyexpectedpracticalhouseTcsuperconductorswillbefounded.Oncethishappens,thewholeworldofelectronics,powerandtransportationwillberevolutionized.,電,73,3.Nuclearfusionelectrotechnics,Incontrasttonuclearfissionreactor,whichbasedontheintegratingwithNuclearandheatengineeringtechnology,thecombinationwithnewtechnologyofelectrotechnicsisthemainstreamtoresearchfusionreactor,suchassuperconducting,strongmagneticfield,highpulsedpower,assistantheating,plasmatechnology.,電,74,PrincipleofTokamakdevice(Toroidalnuclearfusiondevice)Deuterium-Tritium-Helium,電,75,Tokamakfusionreactorpowerplant,電,76,4.Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)PowerGeneration,Atpresent,theefficiencyofcoal-firedpowergeneratingispoorabout30-40percent,whileMHDpowergenerationcouldreaches50-60percentorevenhigher.MHDpowergenerationisthatanewmethodtogenerateelectricpowerfromheatenergybyinteractionsbetweenhotgasorliquidandmagneticfield.,電,77,PrinciplediagramofMHDpowergeneratorandtestdevices,電,78,SuperconductingmagnetofMHDpowergenerator(InstituteofelectricalengineeringChineseacademyofscience),電,79,5.MagnetohydrodynamicPropulsionTechnology,Magnetohydrodynamicpropulsionship,JapansuperconductingMHDpropulsionship,電,80,PlasmaMagnetohydrodynamicspaceflightpropeller,（a）（b）PlasmaMHDpropeller（a）Structuresketchmap（b）Propellerspoutof“SMART-1”detector,電,81,Windpowergeneration,Windpowerplantandgridconnected,6.RenewablePowerGeneration,電,82,Offshorewindpowergenerationbeinginstalled（Denmark）,電,83,SolarpowergenerationThreeprinciples：1）Photothermalconversion,usingthesuntoheatwaterandproducesteamtorunelectricalturbines,suchassolarwaterheater;2）Photoelectricconversion,convertingsolarenergytoDCelectricity,suchassolarcells;3）Photochemicalconversion,chemicalenergybeinggeneratedfromsolarenergy.Fourmethodstocollectsolarenergy,showedinthefiguresasfollows:,電,84,Fourmethodsofsolargeneration(a)Parabolictrough(b)Fresnellens(c)Solardishes(d)Solarpowertowers,電,85,Solarthermalpowerstation,Solarpowertowersketchmap,電,86,Solarphotovoltaicarrays(PVarrays),電,87,7.Magneticlevitatingtrain(Maglev)technology,Maglevtrainsclassification,電,88,TherearetwotypesofMaglevs:onesthatuselikemagnetswhichrepeleachotherandonesthatuseopposingmagnetsthatattractwitheachother.OnesthatuserepellingmagnetsarecalledSuperconductingMaglevs,whileElectromagneticMaglevsuseopposingmagnets.,HowdoesaMaglevTrainwork?EachprojectisdevelopingitsownversionofMaglevbutthemaindifferencerestsonthewaythemagneticfieldisgenerated.TheGermanmodelandtheJapaneseHSST(HighSpeedSurfaceTransport)useElectromagneticSuspension(EMS).ChinainitsShanghaiMaglevusesGermantechnology.EMSusestheattractivemagneticforceofamagnetbeneatharailtoliftthetrainup.TheYamanashiMaglev(Japan)andtheprojectedFloridaMaglevuseElectrodynamicSuspension(EDS).EDSusesarepulsiveforcegeneratedbytheinteractionbetweenthemagneticfieldsinthetrainandtherailtopushthetrainawayfromthetrack.TheprojectinLosAngeles(Indutrack)usesPermanentMagnetEDS.,電,89,JapansuperconductingMaglevtrains,SuperconductingMaglevbogie,SuperconductingMaglevtrack,電,90,Germanynormal-conductingmaglev:Transrapid,PrincipleofTransrapid,電,91,Japannormal-conductingHSSTMaglev,Normalconductingmaglev-LinimoinNagoya,JapanHSST:HighSpeedSurfaceTransport,電,92,PermanentMaglev(PM),Berlinpermanentmagnethalflevitatingtrain,Germany,電,93,8.Fuelcells,BritishphysicistWilliamRobertGrove,1811-1896,producedthefirstfuelcellin1839(called“GasVoltaicbattery”atthattime).,Fuelcellexteriorstructure,電,94,FuelcellasComputerpowersupply,電,95,Maintypesoffuelcells:Firstgeneration,alkalinefuelcell(AFC),highefficiencybutcostmuch;Second,phosphoricacidfuelcell(PAFC),advancedandverypractical;Third,moltencarbonatefuelcell(MCFC),higherefficiencythanPAFC,usedtogeneratestrongpower;Fourth,solidoxidefuelcell(SOFC),usedsolidelectrolyte,avoidsthedangerofelectrolytescorrosionandleakage;Fifth,protonexchangemembranefuelcell(PEMFC),closelyrelatedtohydrogenenergy;Inrecently,thereappearedanewtypefuelcellcalledmicrobialfuelcell(MFC),largepower,smallsize,andhighefficiency.,電,96,9.FlywheelEnergyStorage,Switzerlandflywheelenergystoragetracktestvehiclein1955,Flywheelenergystoragesystem,電,97,Applications,Powergridpeakshaving,Electricvehiclesflywheelbattery,Flywheelenergystorage-regenerativebrakingsystem,Windpowergenerationsystemsuninterruptedpowersupply,Satelliteattitudecontrol,Dischargingpulsedhighpowersupply,Otherapplications,電,98,Flywheelenergystoragedeviceinpowersystem,Powergridpeakshaving,電,99,Electricvehiclesflywheelbattery,Bristolnewtramcarswithflywheelpowersupply,電,100,Flywheelenergystorage-regenerativebrakingsystem,Germanyhybridpowerlightrailtrain“LIREX”withflywheelenergystorage,Americainternalcombustionenginegeneratorflywheelenergystoragehybridpublictransit“ATTB”,電,101,Flywheelenergystorage-regenerativebrakingsystembesidethetrack,電,102,Satelliteattitudecontrol,FlywheelsystemofSatelliteattitudecontrol,電,103,Disc