漢譯英實用技巧

1、漢譯英實用技巧 絕對有用,一、譯文必須符合英語語法 英語以謂語動詞為核心，共有三種軸心結(jié)構(gòu)。英語千變?nèi)f化的句式，都是從這三種軸心句式結(jié)構(gòu)中演變出來的。 1、主系表 2、主謂賓 3、There be 在 “there be” 句型中，動詞除 be 之外，還可以由 seem, appear, stand, lie, get, become, arise, come, seem/appear to be 等擔任。 In theory there seem to be no problem in supplying this amount of water. 從理論上講，供應(yīng)這么多水似乎不成問題,As

2、 our national economy and national defense develop, there arises a new demand for communication. 隨著國民經(jīng)濟和國防事業(yè)的發(fā)展，對通信提出了新的要求。 英語句子還有定語修飾(動詞不定式、分詞短語、定語從句、介詞短語等)、狀語修飾(動詞不定式，分詞短語，狀語從句，介詞短語，獨立主格成分等)以及時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、語序、強調(diào)、插入等變化。首先要確定這些變化，才能正確傳達原文意義,1、確定句型 昨天晚上我看見史密斯先生走進了實驗室。 (狀主謂賓賓補) Yesterday evening I saw Mr.

3、Smith enter the laboratory. 剛買的那臺機器似乎出了毛病。 (there be) There seems something wrong with the newly-bought machine. 牛奶變酸了。 (主系表) The milk turns sour,2、語態(tài)變化 Mr. Smith was seen to enter the laboratory yesterday evening. 3、語氣變化 不然，我昨天晚上就會看見史密斯先生走進實驗室。 Otherwise, I would have seen Mr. Smith enter the labor

4、atory yesterday evening. 4、增加定語、狀語、修飾成分 昨天晚上我路過教學大樓時，我看見史密斯先生身穿白衣服、頭戴白帽子，走進了實驗室,Passing by the classroom building yesterday evening, I saw Mr. Smith dressed in white, wearing a white hat, enter the laboratory. 5、句子組合 如果句子中出現(xiàn)了兩個或以上的“主-謂”結(jié)構(gòu)，要考慮譯為并列句、復(fù)合句、或獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。 昨天晚上我看見了那個據(jù)說已經(jīng)去了國外的史密斯先生走進了實驗室，但是我的同伴卻沒看見

5、。 Yesterday evening I saw Mr. Smith enter the laboratory, who was said to have gone abroad, but my companion didnt,二、譯文必須符合英語的習慣表達 有的譯文從語法看是沒什么錯誤的，但外國人看不懂，毛病出在不符合英語的表達習慣，所以不是地道的英語，而是“中國式英語”(Chinglish)。 我的心和你在一起。 X My heart is together with you. I shall be with you in spirit. 只要我們堅持改革開放政策，就一定能把我國建設(shè)成為

6、強大的社會主義國家。 So long as we stick to the reform and opening-up policy, we will be able to turn/transform China into a powerful socialist country,同時，市場自身的弱點和消極方面也會反映到人們的精神生活中來。 Meanwhile, the weak points and negative factors involved in market operation will find expression in peoples cultural life. 互相借

7、鑒對方的經(jīng)驗。 To profitably share experience. 這些原則一直是我們民族的精神支柱。 These principles have nourished the soul of our nation,他廢寢忘食地工作。 He eats,drinks and sleeps his work. 我們每時每刻都在關(guān)心人質(zhì)的命運。 We carry the fate of the hostages with us every single day. 幾天工夫，由于搶購，商場的貨物銷售一空。 Within days, panic buying emptied the store

8、 shelves. 他們的婚姻是“老夫少妻”式的婚姻，最后炒得一塌糊涂，以離婚而告終。 Their “May-December” marriage ended in a stormy divorce,句子主干的確立 1、主語的確立 漢語的主語非常靈活，幾乎可以由各種類型的詞匯和語言單位來擔任；而英語的主語語法要求則非常嚴格，只能由名詞、代詞或具有名詞語法功能的語言單位（動詞不定式、動名詞、從句）來充當。所以，英譯的主語確立首先要考慮它是否符合英語主句和英語主語角色的邏輯。許多情況下，漢、英主語不能“對等”照譯,那個地方 明年五月以前 1000萬元 調(diào)查研究 快 (用)這種方法 能解決這個問題。

9、 巧干 從王教授那里 把技術(shù)人員的積極性調(diào)動起來 如果用科學的方法 人人動手,This problem can be solved,at that place,before next May,if with care,in) this way,through investigation and study,with 10 million yuan,This problem can be solved,by working ingeniously,with the help of Professor Wang,by bring into play the positive factor of t

10、he technical staff,by adopting scientific method,when/if all bear a hand,你的英語講得很好。 X You speak English is very good. You speak good/excellent English. 你每月的消費是比我多兩倍。 X Your spending of money is twice more than mine. You spend twice more money than I every month. 漢語主語有時有隱蔽性，難以一眼看清楚。那就需要細心觀察，逐步縮小視點，找出合

11、乎英美人思維方式的主語,健康情況不佳就無法有效地工作。 X Ones poor health will prevent him from working efficiently. You can not work efficiently if you are in poor health. 在歷史上，由于長江不斷改道，在武漢地區(qū)形成了眾多的湖泊。 The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan

12、 a city in central China,英美人強調(diào)事物的客觀性，常以物或客觀事實作主語，而人則退到次要的位置。 我看當然像這么回事。 It certainly seems so to me. 你從來沒有想到過他的故事可能是捏造的嗎？ Has it downed on you that his story may be fabrication? 我一時想不起他的名字。 His name just escaped me. 我激動得說不出話來。 Words failed me here,如果漢語句子中主語是地點（個別情況下是時間)，謂語動詞是狀態(tài)動詞或者“有”、“發(fā)生”、“出現(xiàn)”等詞時，譯

13、成英語時多用 there be 句型，這種情況下就應(yīng)把漢語句子中的賓語譯成主語。 好像有點不大對頭。 There seems something wrong about it. 街角躺著一個病重的老人。 There lies at the corner of the street an old man who is seriously ill. 在這部小說里看來沒有更有趣的東西了。 There appears to be nothing more interesting in this novel,2. 謂語的確立 漢語的謂語同主語相似，幾乎所有的詞匯和語言單位都可以充當謂語。此外，漢語的謂語

14、可以橫排式地連用幾個動詞。而英語的謂語只能由動詞來擔任，而且多數(shù)情況下只由一個主要動詞來擔任，其他動詞往往以非謂語的形態(tài)出現(xiàn)（如不定式、動名詞、分詞,真大。 一千多平方公里。 在中國的北部。 買東西方便。 名勝古跡很多。 北京 外來人口逐年增多。 在秋天最美麗。 乘車到上海只需要十幾個小時。 交通狀況不太好。 民風淳樸,Beijing is really big/in the North of China/at its best in fall. Beijing has an area of over 10 million square kilos. It is convenient to g

15、o shopping in Beijing. There are many many historical sites in Beijing. The population of migrants in Beijing is enlarging each year. It takes less than twenty hours by train from Beijing to Shanghai. Traffic system in Beijing is not reliable. People in Beijing are simple and honest,漢語的聯(lián)動式謂語譯成英語時，只能

16、保留一個主要動詞(并列動詞除外)，而把其它的動詞譯為名詞、介詞短語、分詞或者不定式等。 總統(tǒng)準備明天乘專機前往上海參觀訪問。 The president is going to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit. 晚上過來跟我們一塊兒去打保齡球好嗎？ Would you come to join us in playing Bowling this evening,某些動詞的固定搭配 1、在具有“奪去、除去、減輕、發(fā)表”等意義的他動詞后面，先接對象，而后用of 引出內(nèi)容。 發(fā)表意見： deliver oneself of an opinion

17、戒掉習慣： rid/break oneself of sth. 清除某地的東西：clear a place of sth.(snow) 使某人喪失希望： bereave sb. of his hope 使某人耗盡資源： drain sb. of his resources 解除某人的職務(wù)： relieve sb. of his duty 剝奪某人的財產(chǎn)： strip sb. of sth. 治好了某人的?。?cure sb. of his disease,2.在具有“供給”意義的他動詞，往往先接對象，后把內(nèi)容用with引出來。 供給某人某物: supply/ provide/arm/ furn

18、ish sb. with sth. 往上裝東西：load sth. with sth. 往到東西： fill sth. with sth. 給某人頒獎： present sb. with an award 把東西托給某人：trust sb. with sth. 為某人獻歌： favor sb. with a song,3. 具有“打、抓、拍、拉”等意義的他動詞，先接對象，后用適當?shù)慕樵~引出內(nèi)容。 抓的胳膊： seize sb. by the arm 扯住的袖子：pull sb. by the leaves 揪住的耳朵：grab sb. by the ear 拍的肩膀： slap/pat sb.

19、 on the shoulder 摸某人的臉： touch sb. on the face 打某人的頭： strike sb. on the head,漢譯英表達五戒 一、力戒“虛假對等” 漢語的許多詞匯所要傳達的信息具有潛在性和隱蔽性，有的有深層的含義，有的有言外之意，有的有比喻意義。因此，漢譯英時如不弄清漢語詞匯所要傳達的真實信息而機械的對等翻譯，往往會造成“虛假對等”。 他有很強的事業(yè)心。 X He has a strong heart of career. He is a man of great enterprise. 應(yīng)大力發(fā)展“外向型經(jīng)濟”。 Great efforts shou

20、ld be made to develop “external-oriented economy,他多嘴多舌。 He has a loose tongue. 他是有名的“氣管炎”。 Almost everybody here knows he is hen-pecked. 他不想跟著老板的指揮棒轉(zhuǎn)。 He doesnt want to dance to his bosss tune. 現(xiàn)在很多人提倡民族化、科學化、大眾化。 Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a national, scientific and ma

21、ss style. 實現(xiàn)政府各級領(lǐng)導的年輕化、知識化、專業(yè)化。 To ensure that the leadership of government at all levels becomes younger, more educated professionally more competent,二、力戒搭配不當 英語不少都是有固定搭配的，不少譯者往往受漢語的影響而亂點鴛鴦譜，造成重大的語言錯誤。英語詞語的固定搭配屬于慣用法的范疇，沒什么道理可講，只能死記硬背。 To fulfil/complete/accomplete a task (not finish) Have/record/ s

22、core achievement (not make) Acquire/attain knowledge (not learn) Hail/greet the Asian Games (not congratulation,我們有過這樣的經(jīng)驗 It was our experience that(not: We had the experience that) 戰(zhàn)火擴大。The flames of war spread (not: the flames of war expand). 強硬政策 tough policy (not: strong policy) The price is hig

23、h/low. (not: The price expensive/cheap) The traffic is busy. (not: crowded) Beat sb. (not: win sb.,三、力戒角度單一 漢譯英時，如果從這個角度譯不通順，可以換另外一個角度。也就是說思路要開闊，方法要靈活，避免撞倒南墻不回頭。例如詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，語態(tài)變換，肯定與否定變換，詞序及敘事方式也可以變換。 她有內(nèi)在美的性格。 She is endowed with a lovely character. 警察提了警棍，遇到他不順耳，不順眼的，動手就打。 The cop carried a stick, ready

24、 to thwack anybody who offended his ear or eye,四、力戒用詞重復(fù) 重復(fù)用詞是漢譯英的一大忌。它所帶來的一個直接后果是，譯文顯得缺乏文采，讓人覺得單調(diào)乏味。如果多次提到一個人或東西，不能總用一個詞，而應(yīng)變換說法，用同義詞、近義詞或者用代詞指代。這樣才能使語言生動活潑。 不錯，我們研究所目前是正在進行基礎(chǔ)性的研究工作，但是，在基礎(chǔ)性的研究工作中，我們不能忽視應(yīng)用性的研究，也不能忽視開發(fā)性的研究。 You are right, our institute at present is carrying out basic research work. Ho

25、wever, in doing so, we must overlook neither applied research nor the research for development,中國科學院首批宣布了17個研究實驗室和研究所對國內(nèi)外開放。我們認為，這一措施對促進國內(nèi)外科技人員和學術(shù)思想的交流，對加強國內(nèi)外科研機構(gòu)和科學家之間的聯(lián)系，都是十分必要的。 The Chinese Academy of Science has announced the first batch of 17 laboratories and institutes opening up nationally an

26、d internationally. We are of the opinion this is an imperative measure adopted to facilitate the exchanges of scientific personal and academic ideas nationwide and overseas, and to strengthen the academic ties between the institutions and scientists both at home and abroad,這份辛苦的工作正在影響我的健康。 This hard

27、 work is telling my health. 科學知識要求完全不受個人情感影響。 Scientific knowledge aims at being wholly impersonal. 粗劣的食物影響兒童的自然生長。 Poor food arrests the natural growth of children. 他們在政治上缺乏影響力。 They lack political clout. 文藝對人的思想有很大的影響。 Literature and art have a great influence upon peoples ideology,離婚對兒童的不良影響已成為美國

28、社會普遍關(guān)注的問題。 The negative impact of divorce on children has become a matter of general concern of the public in America. 我說的話對他簡直沒有任何影響。 What I said made practically no impression on him. 一個偉大的人無論做什么都產(chǎn)生影響。 A great man leaves his mark on whatever he does. 身體過胖會影響一個人參加體育活動。 Being overweight will handica

29、p one in sports,五、力戒意義空缺 漢語中有很多建華和濃縮的詞匯以及反應(yīng)中國文化獨特色彩的詞匯，譯成英語時，往往需要加詞解釋以補償其中的意義空缺。如果機械地對等翻譯，外國讀者會莫名其妙，不知所云。 我是農(nóng)歷十月十五酉時生人。所以我的乳名叫“酉”，北京人的習慣愛用兒化韻，前面加個“小”，后面加個“兒”，就叫“小酉兒”。 I was born somewhere between 5:007:00P.M.(this period of the day is named “you” according to the Chinese traditional way of counting time) October 15 of the lunar calendar. So I was named “YOU”. Prefixed with “XIAO”yo