現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成

1、1）現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則：(前提只有動(dòng)詞才有現(xiàn)在分詞)1 一般情況下直接加ing think-thinking sleep-sleeping study-studying speak-speaking say-saying carry-carrying2 以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞，去掉字母e，再加ing wake-wakingmake-making come-coming take-taking leave-leaving have-having3以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，呈現(xiàn)“輔，元，輔”結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ing stop-stopping sit-sitting run-run

2、ning forget-forgetting begin-beginning4 以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，把ie改為y ，再加ing die-dying lie-lying5以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，呈現(xiàn)“輔，元，輔”結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ing 。初中學(xué)過的這類詞有：bigin，cut, get, hit, run, set, sit, spit, stop, swim, beg, drop, fit, nod, dig, forget, regret, rid, 等。travel雖然重讀第一音節(jié)，詞尾音節(jié)不重讀，但是現(xiàn)在分詞仍要雙寫末尾輔音字母，然后再加ing ，如：travel-trav

3、elling.初中階段此類詞只有這一個(gè)。2）構(gòu)成規(guī)則：構(gòu)成：主語+have/has+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(done) 1規(guī)則動(dòng)詞：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則： (1)、一般動(dòng)詞，在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。（然而要注意的是，過去分詞并不是過去式） work-worked-worked,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived (3)、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，將 y 變?yōu)?i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied,cry-cried-cr

4、ied, (4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，見不規(guī)則表一、當(dāng)過去分詞作為表語The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 這座城市三面環(huán)山。 【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語，主要是表示主語的狀態(tài)，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。 (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，

5、表示動(dòng)作) (2) The library is now closed. 圖書館關(guān)門了。(過去分詞作表語) 【注意】過去分詞表示被動(dòng)或完成，V-ing 形式表示主動(dòng)或進(jìn)行.有些動(dòng)詞如 interest,bore,worry,surprise,frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人，用 -ing 形式來修飾物.。 (3) The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 這本書很有趣，我對(duì)它很感興趣。二、當(dāng)過去分詞作為定語作定語的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞.及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語，既表被動(dòng)又表完成；不及物動(dòng)詞的過

6、去分詞作定語，只表完成。 1 過去分詞用作定語，如果是單個(gè)的，常置于其所修飾的名詞之前。 We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適應(yīng)改變了的情況。 2 過去分詞短語用作定語時(shí)，一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后，其意義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句,但較從句簡(jiǎn)潔，多用于書面語中。 The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會(huì)大為成功。 3過去分詞短語有時(shí)也可用作非限制性定語，前后常有逗號(hào)。 The meeting,attended by over fi

7、ve thousand people,welcomed the great hero. 他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會(huì)，到會(huì)的有五千多人。 4 用來修飾人的過去分詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物，這種過去分詞在形式上雖不直接修飾人，但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接有關(guān)。 The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視。三、當(dāng)過去分詞作為狀語1 過去分詞作狀語表示被動(dòng)的和完成的動(dòng)作。 (1) Written in a hurry,this article was not so good! 因?yàn)閷懙么颐Γ@篇文章不是很好。 【注意】writt

8、en 為過去分詞作狀語，表示這篇文章是被寫的，而且已經(jīng)被寫. 值得注意的是，有些過去分詞因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語時(shí)不表被動(dòng)而表主動(dòng).這樣的過去分詞及短語常見的有： lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (駐扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩)。 (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought,he didnt hear the sound.因?yàn)槌聊缬谒伎贾校运麤]聽到那個(gè)聲音。 2 過去分詞作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語

9、為主句的主語，此時(shí)應(yīng)注意人稱一致； (1) Given another hour,I can also work out this problem. 再給我一個(gè)小時(shí)，我也能解這道題.(given 為過去分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語為主句主語 I,即 I 被再給一個(gè)小時(shí)。) (2)_ Seen from the top of the hill,the city looks more beautiful to us. 從山頂看城市，城市顯得更漂亮。(seen 為過去分詞作狀語，表被看,由語境可知，它的邏輯主語必須是城市，而不是我們,因?yàn)槲覀儜?yīng)主動(dòng)看城市。) 【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，前面再加邏輯主

10、語，主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語，這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1) The signal given,the bus started. 信號(hào)一發(fā)出，汽車就開動(dòng)了。(the signal 是 given 的邏輯主語，因此主句主語 the bus 就不是given 的邏輯主語。 (2) Her head held high,she went by. 她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去。(her head 是 held high 的邏輯主語，因此主句主語 she 就不再是held high 的邏輯主語。) 3 過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句. (1) Caught in a

11、 heavy rain,he was all wet. 因?yàn)榱芰艘粓?chǎng)大雨，所以他全身濕透了。 (caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語，它來源于原因狀語從句Because he was caught in a heavy rain.) (2)_Grown in rich soil,these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長得很快。( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從句If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞

12、作狀語時(shí)有時(shí)還可保留連詞，構(gòu)成連詞+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。 When given a medical examination,you should keep calm. 當(dāng)你做體格檢查時(shí)要保持鎮(zhèn)定。 4 過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語，后面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗號(hào)與主句隔開。 He stood there silently,moved to tears. = Moved to tears,he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那里，被感動(dòng)得熱淚盈眶。四、當(dāng)過去分詞作為賓語補(bǔ)足語(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有以下四類： 1 表

13、示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.如：see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think等。 (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌。(過去分詞sung的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作heard;) (2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。(過去分詞changed的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語動(dòng)作found) 2 表示致使意義的動(dòng)詞.如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。 (1) Ill have my hai

14、r cut tomorrow. 明天我要理發(fā)。 (2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。 (3) Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完。 3 表示思維活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞如consider， know， think等后。如： (1) I consider the matter settled. 我認(rèn)為這件事解決了。 (2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我認(rèn)為自己在這場(chǎng)交易中有受愚弄了。 4 表示愛憎?意愿的動(dòng)詞如want， wis

15、h， like， hate等后。如： (1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要預(yù)定兩張機(jī)票。 (2) He didnt wish it mentioned. 他不愿這事被提起。 【注意】過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 (二)使役動(dòng)詞have接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況。 1 過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人完成。 He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了。(被別人偷去了) 2 過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷.如： He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了。 (自己的經(jīng)歷)3)with +賓語+過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)

16、：此結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞用作介詞with的賓語補(bǔ)足語.這一結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時(shí)間，方式，條件，原因等狀語。 (1) The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進(jìn)來了，他的雙手被綁在背后。(表方式) (2) With water heated,we can see the steam. 水一被加熱，我們就會(huì)看到水蒸氣。(表?xiàng)l件) (3) With the matter settled,we all went home. 事情得到解決，我們都回家了。(表原因) (4)_She stood in front o

17、f him,with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注視著他。 (5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會(huì)兒。過去分詞不規(guī)則變化表4)過去分詞不規(guī)則變化表:一、AAA型，即原形、過去式和過去分詞三者都相同。（共7個(gè)） costcostcost cutcutcut hithithit hurthurthurt letletlet putputput readreadread 二、ABB型，即過去式、過去分詞相同。（共41個(gè)） 1過去式和過去分詞都含有 -ought

18、。（4個(gè)） bringbroughtbrought buyboughtbought thinkthoughtthought fight-fought-fought 2詞尾有-ild，-end時(shí)，只需把d變?yōu)閠。（4個(gè)） buildbuiltbuilt lendlent lent sendsentsent spendspent spent 3過去式、過去分詞都含有 -aught。（2個(gè)） catchcaughtcaught teachtaughttaught 4把-eep、-eel變?yōu)?ept、-elt。（4個(gè)） keepkeptkept sleepsleptslept sweep swepts

19、wept 5把-ell變?yōu)?old。（2個(gè)） telltoldtold sellsoldsold 6把-ell、-ill變?yōu)?elt或-ilt。（4個(gè)） smellsmeltsmelt spellspeltspelt feelfelt felt spillspiltspilt 7把-eed、-ead、-eet變?yōu)?ed或-et。（4個(gè)） feed-fed-fed lead-led-led speed-sped-sped meet-met-met 7過去式、過去分詞都在原形詞尾加t。（3個(gè)） learnlearntlearnt meanmeantmeant spoilspoiltspoilt 8

20、過去式、過去分詞詞尾去y變-id（4個(gè)） saysaidsaid paypaidpaid laylaidlaid hearheardheard 9改變?cè)糇帜浮＃?1個(gè)） meetmetmet getgotgot sitsatsat findfoundfound holdheldheld spitspatspat shineshoneshone winwonwon hanghunghung dig dugdugloselostlost 10改變輔音字母。（1個(gè)） makemademade 11改變?cè)⑤o音字母。（4個(gè)） leaveleftleft standstoodstood have（ha

21、s） hadhad understandunderstoodunderstood 三、ABC型，即原形、過去式、過去分詞都不相同。（共37個(gè)） 1iau變化。（7個(gè)） beginbeganbegun drinkdrankdrunk sing sangsung ringrangrung swimswamswum sink sanksunk spring-sprang-sprung 2詞尾為-ow，-aw時(shí)，過去式將其變?yōu)?ew，過去分詞在其原形后加n。（5個(gè)） blowblewblown drawdrewdrawn grow grewgrown knowknewknown throwthrewt

22、hrown（show除外） 3詞尾為“i+輔（1個(gè)）+e”，過去式將i變?yōu)閛，過去分詞多在原形后加n，若那個(gè)輔音字母為d或t，須雙寫d或t后加n。（4個(gè)）（give，hide除外） drivedrovedriven writewrotewritten ride roderidden riseroserisen 4過去分詞在過去式后加n。（1個(gè)） wakewoke woken 5過去分詞由過去式加-ten構(gòu)成。（2個(gè)） get-got-gotten forgetforgotforgotten 6過去分詞由原形加（e）n構(gòu)成。（6個(gè)） bewas（were）been eatateeaten fal

23、lfellfallen givegavegiven seesawseen hidehidhidden（hid） 7詞尾為-ake時(shí)，過去式將其變?yōu)?ook，過去分詞在原形詞后加-n。（2個(gè)） taketooktaken mistakemistookmistaken 8原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同。（6個(gè)） dodiddone flyflewflown gowentgone lielaylain showshowedshown wearworeworn 9詞尾為-eak時(shí)，過去式將其變?yōu)?oke，過去分詞在原形詞后加-n。（2個(gè)） breakbrokebroken speakspokespok

24、en 10詞中間為“oo+輔（1個(gè)）+e”或“ee+輔（1個(gè)）+e”，過去式將oo、ee變?yōu)閛，過去分詞在原形詞后加-n。（2個(gè)） choosechosechosen freezefrozefrozen 四、AAB型，即過去式和原形相同。（1個(gè)） beatbeatbeaten 五、ABA型，即過去分詞和原形相同。（3個(gè)） 1.詞中間為“o+輔（1個(gè)）+e”時(shí)，過去式將o變?yōu)閍。（2個(gè)） comecamecome becomebecamebecome 2.uau變化。（1個(gè)） run ranrun 六、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞型，只有原形和過去式，沒有過去分詞。（4個(gè)） cancould maymight wi

25、llwould shallshould 動(dòng)詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 動(dòng)詞原形 過去式 過去分詞arise arose arisen awake awoke/awaked awoken be was/were been bear bore borne(攜帶)/born(出生) beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun befall befell befallen bend bent bent bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten/bit bleed bled bled ble

26、nd blended blent bless blessed blest blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast/broadcasted broadcast/broadcasted build built built burn burnt/burned burnt/burned burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose cho

27、sen cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cling clung clung clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept crow crowed/crew crowed cut cut cut dare dared/durst dared deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank d

28、runk drive drove driven dwell dwelt dwelt eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade/forbad forbidden forecast forecast/forecasted forecast/forecasted forget forgot forgotten forgive f

29、orgave forgiven freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got gotten gild gilded/gilt gilded gird girded/girt girded/girt give gave given go went gone grave graved graven/graved grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung/hanged hung/hanged have had had hear heard heard heave heaved/hove h

30、esved/hove hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lade laded laden lay laid laid lead led led lean lesnt/leaned lesnt/leaned leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lend lent lent let let l

31、et lie lay lain light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met melt melted meited/molten mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood outgrow outgrew outgrown overcome overcame overcome oversee oversaw overseen pay paid paid prove prov

32、ed proved/proven put put put quit quitted/quit quitted/quit read read read rend rent rent ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen rive rived riven/rived run ran run saw sawed sawn/sawed say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved/shaven shear sheared sheared/shorn shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shod shod shoot shot shot show showed shown/showed shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken shrive shrove/s