chapter1whatisGIS

1、Chapter 1 Introduction,What is GIS,Contents,GIS : A brief history,?,Components of a GIS,?,Functions of a GIS,?,GIS and Related Subjects,?,GIS Characters,GIS Definition,?,Discuss:,what is GIS in your opinion ?,what can we do using GIS?,Which fields can GIS be used? give the,example,一,GIS Definition,M

2、any,definitions,of,GIS,have,been,suggested,over,the,years,such,as,a,container,of,maps,in,digital,form,a,computerized,tool,for,solving,geographic,problems,a,tool,for,performing,operations,on,geographic,data,that,are,too,tedious,or,expensive,or,inaccurate,if,performed,by,慨摮,GIS definition,?,A Geograph

3、ical Information,System (GIS) is a computer-based,information system that enables,capture, modelling, manipulation,retrieval, analysis and presentation,of geographically referenced data.,_FICCDC,USGS,(United,States,Geological,Survey):,In,the,strictest,sense,a,GIS,is,a,computer,system,capable,of,asse

4、mbling,storing,manipulating,and,displaying,geographically,referenced,information,i.e.,data,identified,according,to,their,locations.,ESRI,(Earth,Science,Research,Institute):,GIS,is,a,system,of,computer,software,hardware,and,data,and,personal,to,help,manipulate,analyze,and,present,information,that,is,

5、tided,to,spatial,data,.,INHS,(,Illinois,Natural,History,Survey,):,A,Geographic,Information,System,(GIS),is,an,organized,collection,of,computer,hardware,software,geographic,data,and,personnel,designed,to,capture,store,update,manipulate,analyze,and,display,all,forms,of,geographically,referenced,inform

6、ation.,This,System,allows,users,to,perform,very,difficult,time,consuming,or,otherwise,impractical,spatial,analyses.,In,general,we,could,derive,the,practical,definition,of,GIS,as,a,computerized,system,designed,to,dealing,with,the,collection,storage,manipulation,analysis,visualization,and,displaying,g

7、eographic,information.,GIS,is,a,tool,to,perform,the,spatial,analysis,which,will,put,insight,to,the,activities,and,phenomena,carrying,out,everyday.,Types of GIS definition,?,Types of GIS definition,?,Data process based definition,?,Thematic based definition,?,Tool box based definition,?,Database base

8、d definition,?,Functions of GIS,?,Map: Presentation geographically referred,data,?,Data base: Computer,?,Analysis: Application,Common GIS terms,?,Geographical Information System (NA Europe),?,Geomatique (Canada),?,Resource and Environmental Information System(C),?,Geo-relational Information System (

9、Technology),?,Spatial Information System (Information),?,Natural Resources Information System (Application ),?,Land Information System,?,Transportation Geographical Information System,?,GeoScience,?,Geographical Information Science (England),?,Geo-Information System (Germany),GIS definition frame,Us

10、er,Interface,System and DBMS,Output,Data analysis,Input,Understand of GIS,?,GIS is a computer-based,information system.,?,GIS manages and analyses spatial,data.,?,Spatial analysis is GIS advantage,to other information system.,?,The base of GIS is Geography,Surveying and Mapping.,GIS definition,G,eog

11、raphical,I,nformation,S,ystem,S,cience,S,tudy,S,ervice,The role and types of GIS in information system,Information,system,Non-spatial,information system,Thematic GIS,GIS,Non-GIS,MIS,Synthetical GIS,CAD/CAM,Spatial,information system,Land GIS,Transportation GI,Resource and,Environmental,GI,Data model

12、,Vector GIS,Raster GIS,Vector-raster GIS,Research,area,Global GIS,Regional GIS,Research,contents,二,Components of a GIS:,Induction,soft-,ware,hard-,ware,Spatial,data,Users,Input,Special,equipment,General,equipment,GPS,DPS,Photo-,grammetry,RS,total station,Scanner,Digiter,Keyboard,and mouse,CPU,Workst

13、atiserver,server,Array-diskette,Storage,Hard-disc,Disc,Type,Output,Plotter,terminal,Printer,Components of a GIS: Hardware,Single model,Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.),單機(jī)模式,：,?,由基本外設(shè)、處理,設(shè)備和輸出設(shè)備構(gòu),成,?,適用于小型,GIS,建,設(shè),?,數(shù)據(jù)傳輸與資源共,享不方便,Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.),Intranet,Input,Group 1,Input

14、,GIS data base,Intranet,Group n,局域網(wǎng)模式,：,?,部門(mén)或單位內(nèi)部,GIS,建設(shè),?,專(zhuān)線(xiàn)連接,?,資源共享較方便,Components of a GIS: Hardware (cont.),Web,Input,server,Image,process,system,Intranet,group,Output,Multimedia,system,User,User,Main web,Internet,廣域網(wǎng)模式,：,?,用戶(hù)分布地域廣,泛，不適合專(zhuān)線(xiàn),連接,?,公共通訊連接,?,資源共享方便,?,局部范圍為局域,網(wǎng)，通過(guò)若干通,道與廣域網(wǎng)連接,Component

15、s of a GIS: Software,Operation system,System base,Standard software,GIS basic software,GIS application,software,User interface,GIS,software,Platform,software,System,software,GIS,Components of a GIS: Software (cont.),Input and,verification,Storage and,data base,management,Transformation and,manipulat

16、ion,Output and,presentation,Query,GIS,Components of a GIS: Data,?,GIS operation objects:,spatial data,?,Spatial data characters:,position, attribute and,temporal,?,Spatial data model: vector,and raster,?,Spatial data management,?,Position: file,?,Attribute: relation,database,Components of a GIS: Peo

17、ple,Data,gathering,Information,management,Management,Consultation,三,Functions of a GIS: Basic,?,Locations,?,Conditions,?,Trends,?,Patterns,?,Models,GIS Functions,1,）,Locations,2,）,Conditions,3,）,Trends,4,）,Patterns,5,）,Models,四,How to realize functions of a,GIS,Table map,file,Data,collecting,Raw dat

18、a,Retrieval,Spatial query,and analysis,Preprocessing,Output,Mapping and,tables,Interface,Structured,data,Spatial data,base,Data capture,Data process,Data,acquisition,Data base,Methods : format convert scale convert,projection convert,Data management,?,Data integration,position, attribute,?,Data stru

19、cture,vector, raster,?,spatial data base,Hierarchy model, Network model, Relation,model,Hybird model,Data retrieval and analysis,Spatial data,retrieval and,analysis,Spatial analysis,Terrain analysis,Network analysis,Buffer analysis,Geometry analysis,Map analysis,Overlay analysis,Statistic analysis,D

20、ecision analysis,Position query,Attribute query,Topology query,Spatial query,Presentation,?,Data exchange,?,Statistic table,?,Map such as thematic, image, etc.,GIS interface,GIS development,?,Necessity of GIS development,?,To customize menu, interface and,application program,?,Tools:,?,special: such

21、 as AML in Arc/Info,；,?,general: such as VC+,、,VB,、,Delphi,?,component: such as MapX in,MapInfo,；,五,GIS and Related subjects,Geography,Remote sensing,Cartography,Computer,science,Photogrammetry,Surveying and,mapping,制圖學(xué),攝影,測(cè)量,六,Characters of GIS,?,GIS and CAD,、,CAM,?,GIS and MIS,?,GIS and RS,?,GIS and computer,assist mapping,data b