科技英語翻譯-詞類轉(zhuǎn)換

1、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換,英語屬于印歐語系，漢語屬于漢藏語系。 同一意思在不同語言中可以用不同的詞類來表達。 所謂詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，是指把原文語言中的某一詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的另一詞類。,轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞,名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞 Global warming observed over the past century has focused attention on manmade greenhouse gas, presumed to be the likely cause. 在過去的一個世紀中發(fā)現(xiàn)的全球變暖趨勢據(jù)推測可能是由人為的溫室氣體造成的。 Law enforcement agencies went on a hunt

2、for hackers in the aftermath of the AT&T system crash of 15 January 1990. 執(zhí)法機構(gòu)繼續(xù)通緝導致1990年1月15日美國電話電報公司系統(tǒng)崩潰的黑客。 Attempts to program a computer to integrate gesture with speech began back in the 1970s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Architecture Machine Lab. 早在70年代，麻省理工學院建筑機械實驗室就開始嘗試在計算機中

3、將語言和手勢集成在一起。,The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity. 使用電子計算機可以大大提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。 Desertification is not a case of irreversible desert advance. 沙漠化并不意味著沙漠前進不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。 With the click of a mouse, information from the other end of the globe will be transported to yo

4、ur computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven-and-a-half times around the earth per second. 只要一點鼠標，來自世界另一端的信息便會以每秒繞地球七周半的驚人速度傳輸?shù)侥愕碾娔X屏幕上。 As we cross the threshold into the next century, human society is beginning its move from the industrial economy into the knowledge-based economy. 當我們步入下一世紀時，人

5、類社會也正由工業(yè)經(jīng)濟向知識經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變。,Can artificial fibers be used as substitutes for natural fibers? 人造纖維能代替天然纖維嗎？ Computers can provide analyses of every operation in a factory. 電子計算機能對工廠的每道工序進行分析。 We must place stress on the prevention of diseases. 我們應以預防疾病為主。,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞 Our river was dirty, our seas were polluted a

6、nd our natural environment was destroyed. 我們的河水被污染了，我們的海洋被污染了，我們的自然環(huán)境被破壞了。 The amount of work is dependent on the applied force and the distance the body is moved. 功的大小取決于所施加的力與物體所移動的距離。 Kerosene is not so volatile as gasoline. 煤油不象汽油那樣容易揮發(fā)。 When is the next earthquake due? 下次地震將在什么時候發(fā)生？ They are su

7、re that theyll be able to build the factory in a short period of time. 他們肯定能在短期內(nèi)建成那座工廠。,The amount of work is equal to the product of the force by the distance. 功的大小等于力和距離的乘積。 Copper wire is flexible. 銅線容易彎曲。 While the Chinese are eager to import modern medical technology from the West, increasing m

8、embers of Westerners are equally eager in adopting the traditional medical remedies of China. 現(xiàn)在中國人熱衷于從西方國家進口現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)療技術，而越來越多的西方人則熱衷于接受中醫(yī)療法。 The test piece shall be of length suitable for the apparatus being used. 試件的長度應與所使用的裝置相適應。 Heat is a form of energy into which all other forms are convertible. 熱是

9、能的一種形式，其他一切能的形式都能轉(zhuǎn)化為熱能。,副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞 The test was not over yet. 試驗還沒結(jié)束。 Open the valve to let air in. 打開閥門，讓空氣進入。 An exhibition of new products is on there. 那兒正在舉辦新產(chǎn)品展覽會。 Motor vehicles, already the main source of city air pollution in rich countries, will increasingly pollute poor cities, too. 在發(fā)達國家，機動車

10、輛是空氣污染的主要來源，在落后的城市，這種污染也將增加。 The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind. 這個化學試驗延誤了十分鐘。,The radio is on. 收音機在廣播。 The electric current flows through the circuit with the switch on. 如果開關接通，電流就流過線路。 The two bodies are so far apart that the attractive force between them is negligible. 這兩個物體相距很遠，它

11、們之間的吸引力可以忽略不計。 He took the machine apart yesterday. 他昨天把機器拆開了。 The force due to the motion of molecules tends to keep them apart. 由于分子運動而引起的力能使分子分離。,介詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動詞 The volume of a gas becomes smaller when the pressure upon it is increased. 當作用在氣體上的壓力增大時，氣體的體積就縮小。 The letter E is commonly used for electromo

12、tive force. 通常用字母 E 表示電動勢。 No body at rest can be set in motion without a force being acted upon it. 沒有力的作用，靜止的物體不可能開始運動。 It is clear that numerical control is the operation of machine tools by numbers. 很顯然，數(shù)控是指機床采用數(shù)字來操縱。 Many laboratories are developing medicines against AIDS. 許多實驗室正在研制治療愛滋病的藥物。,At

13、omic power for ocean-going vessels is already a reality. 原子能動力用于遠洋船只已經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實。 This is a kind of alloy with high strength. 這是一種具有高強度的合金。 The shaft turns about its axis. 軸圍繞軸線轉(zhuǎn)動。 So long as we have means of producing heat we can keep the steam engine at work. 只要能產(chǎn)生熱，就能使蒸汽機做功。 Usually the working parts o

14、f the machines are made from carbon steels. 通常，機器的工作部件是用碳素鋼制造的。,轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語名詞,動詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞 Neutrons act differently from protons. 中子的作用不同于質(zhì)子。 Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter. 氣體和固體的區(qū)別在于前者比后者有更大的可壓縮性。 The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by it

15、s accurate and rapid computations. 電子計算機的主要特點是計算準確而快速。 The Center is running a series of talks on the relationship between science and literature, in which poets and scientists discuss how scientific ideas over the past two centuries have influenced literature and social change. 這個中心正在舉辦關于科學與文學關系的系列

16、討論會。與會的詩人和科學家們的討論議題是：在過去兩個多世紀里科學思想對文學和社會變革的影響。,Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water. 水銀的重量約為水的十三倍。 The net and electronic commerce will foster a large number of free-fancers, and this will affect social structure in a big way. 網(wǎng)絡和電子商業(yè)將會造就一大批自由職業(yè)者，從而將對社會結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生深遠的影響。 PCs gave the world a

17、 whole new way to work, play and communicate. 個人計算機使整個世界更新了工作、娛樂和通訊方式。 He aims to become a computer expert. 他的目標是當一名計算機專家。 In the life process, the animal works in the opposite way to the plant. 在生命過程中，動物的活動方式與植物相反。 An electric current varies directly as the electromotive force and inversely as the

18、resistance. 電流的變化與電動勢成正比，與電阻成反比。,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞 Both the compounds are acids, the former is strong and the latter weak. 這兩種化合物都是酸，前者是強酸，后者是弱酸。 The atmosphere is only about eleven kilometers thick. 大氣的厚度約為11000米。 People are so much more flexible and inventive than robots. 人類比機器人更靈活而且更富有創(chuàng)造性。 In fission proc

19、esses the fission fragments are very radioactive. 在裂變過程中，裂變碎片的放射性很強。 The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is. 鋼含碳量越高，強度和硬度就越大。,The electrolytic process for producing hydrogen is not so efficient as the thermochemical process. 用電解法生產(chǎn)的效率不象熱化學法那樣高。 Ice is not as dense as water

20、 and it therefore floats. 冰的密度比水小，因而能浮在水面上。 The different production cost is closely associated with the sources of power. 生產(chǎn)成本的差異與能源密切相關。 Glass is more soluble than quartz. 玻璃的可溶性比石英大。 At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume. 溫度不變，則氣體壓力和體積成反比。,代詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞

21、Radio waves are similar to light waves except that their wave-length is much greater. 無線電波與光波相似，只不過無線電波的波長要長一些。 We need frequencies even higher than those we call very high frequency. 我們所需要的頻率，甚至比我們稱作高頻率的還要高。 Air density decreases as the temperature goes up and it increases when it gets colder. 氣溫升高

22、時，空氣密度就減?。豢諝庾兝鋾r，空氣密度就增大。 According to a growing body of evidence, the chemicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up in your body. 越來越多的證據(jù)表明，許多塑料制品的化學成分會移動到食物或流體上去，最終進入人體內(nèi)。,Though we cannot see it, there is air all around us. 雖然我們看不見空氣，可我們周圍

23、到處都有空氣。 One would fall all the way down to the center of the earth without gravity. 如果沒有引力，人們就會一直掉到地球的中心。 For nearly two thousand years it was mistakenly believed that all heavy objects fell faster than light ones. 在長達兩千年的時間里，人們都認為一切重物都比輕物落得快。這種觀念是錯誤的。 The volume of the sun is much larger than that

24、of the earth. 太陽的體積比地球的體積大得多。 The most common acceleration is that of free falling bodies. 最普通的加速度是自由落體加速度。 Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed, although its form can be changed. 盡管能量的形式可以轉(zhuǎn)換，但能量既不能被創(chuàng)造，有不能被消滅。,副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞 Such magnetism, because it is electrically produced, is called electromagn

25、etism. 由于這種磁性產(chǎn)生于電，所以稱為電磁。 Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very actively chemically. 氧是物質(zhì)世界的重要元素之一，其化學性能很活潑。 The quality of the operating system determines how useful the computer is. 操作系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量決定著計算機的應用效能。 The equations below are derived from those above. 下面的這些方程式是由

26、上面的那些方程式推導出來的。 The computer is shown schematically on this page. 這一頁是計算機的簡圖。,India has the software skills and thousands of software developers who are English-speaking and technically proficient. 印度擁有軟件設計方面的技術，而且擁有成千上萬能說英語、精通技術的軟件工程師。 A look ahead gives petroleum an exciting role in the world of to

27、morrow. 展望未來可以看到石油將在世界上起到令人鼓舞的作用。 The image must be dimensionally correct. 圖形的尺寸必須正確。 The only naturally occurring substance used as fuel for nuclear power is U-235. 在自然界所存在的物質(zhì)中，只有鈾-235可以用作獲得核能的材料。 It was not until early 40s that chemists began to use the technique analytically. 直到40年代初，化學家們才開始將這種技術

28、用于分析工作。,轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語形容詞,副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞 Nitric acid is an extremely reactive agent. 硝酸是一種強烈的反應劑。 The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology. 廣泛應用電子計算機，對科學技術的發(fā)展有極大的影響。 Amphibians and birds do differ significantly. 兩棲類和鳥類之間有顯著的差別。 While tallness is ev

29、idently a hereditary characteristic, any individuals actual height depends on the interaction between their genes and the environment. 雖然身高是一種明顯的遺傳特征，但是個體的實際身高則取決于基因和環(huán)境的相互作用。,This new electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure. 這種新型的電子計算機的主要特點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。 Robotics is so cl

30、osely associated with cybernetics that it is sometimes mistakenly considered to be synonymous. 機器人技術與控制論的聯(lián)系如此密切，以致兩者有時被錯誤地認為是同一回事。 The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design. 工程師為這次設計作了十分周密的準備。 Gases conduct best at low pressures. 氣體在低壓下導電性最佳。 The computer exhibition impressed us deeply.

31、計算機展覽會給我們留下了深刻的印象。 The universal lathe is most widely used and plays an important part in industry. 萬能車床得到了最廣泛的使用，所以在工業(yè)上起著重要的作用。,名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞 Electronic computers and microprocessors are of great importance to us. 電子計算機和微處理器對我們來說都十分重要。 The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision. 中國

32、設計的核動力系統(tǒng)十分精確。 The experiment was quite a success. 試驗很成功。 Most teenagers feel no difficulty in learning and operating computers. 絕大多數(shù)青少年在學習和操作電腦方面并不覺得困難。 In certain cases friction is an absolute necessity. 在一定場合下摩擦是絕對必要的。,Patients may have to take them for the rest of their lives, and the expense and

33、 complexity of the regimen keep them out of reach for the 9 out of 10 patients who live in developing nations. 服用新藥的病人也許終生都要服藥。但由于價格昂貴、療程復雜，對于那些發(fā)展中國家的病人來說，十有八九都不能享用這些藥物。 The doctors were operating on the patient, but the patients nerve was continually on the stretch. 醫(yī)生們正在給病人做手術，可病人的神經(jīng)一直十分緊張。 It is

34、no use employing radar to detect objects in water. 使用雷達探測水下目標是沒有用的。,轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語副詞,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞 Some employers are keen to encourage employees to go green, and switch to small cars. 一些老板們非常熱情地鼓勵雇員們增強環(huán)保意識，將汽車換成小一點的。 With slight repairs the old type of engine can be used. 只要稍微修理一下，這臺老式發(fā)動機就可使用。 The wide applicati

35、on of electronic machines in scientific work, in designing and in economic calculations will free man from the labor of complicated computations. 在科學研究、設計和經(jīng)濟計算方面廣泛地應用電子計算機可以使人們從繁重的計算勞動中解放出來。 The engine has given a constantly good performance. 這臺發(fā)動機一直運轉(zhuǎn)良好。,Very significant advances in lasers have bee

36、n make in the past several years that open the door to more rapid progress in optical communications systems. 在過去的幾年中，激光器件發(fā)展迅速，從而為通訊系統(tǒng)的快速進步打開了通路。 Continual smoking is harmful to health. 頻繁抽煙有害于健康。 With slight modifications each type can be used for all three systems. 每種型號只要稍加改動就能用于這三種系統(tǒng)。 When precis

37、e timing is necessary, care must be taken not to interrupt the timing wave. 如果需要精確定時，必須注意不要中斷定時波。 We have made a careful study of the properties of these chemical elements. 我們仔細地研究了這些化學元素的特性。 Below 4 water is continuous expansion instead of continuous contraction. 水在4以下不斷膨脹而不是不斷收縮。,其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞 In huma

38、n society activity in production develops step by step from a lower to a higher level. 人類社會的生產(chǎn)活動，由低級向高級逐步發(fā)展。 The added device will ensure accessibility for part loading and unloading. 增添這種裝置將保證工件裝卸方便。 They reported they had succeeded in turning normal human cells into cancerous one. 他們報告說已成功地把正常人類細胞

39、轉(zhuǎn)化為癌細胞。 Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet. 加熱面上的迅速蒸發(fā)，往往使蒸汽的濕度加大。 We shall develop the aircraft industry in a big way. 我們將大規(guī)模地發(fā)展航空工業(yè)。,試譯下列各句，注意將劃線詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動詞： By the use of ultrasonic waves, one can find out if there is a flaw in the metal. The positive charges being cro

40、wded upon a conductor results in the rise of the potential of the conductor. He made the assumption that the electronic charge is numerically equal to the charge on a hydrogen ion. Biochemistry is the study of the molecular basis of life. They are very familiar with the performance of this type of t

41、ransistor amplifier.,Key: 人們使用超聲波能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)金屬是否有裂縫。 正電荷聚集在導體上，使導體的電位增高。 他假設電子的電荷數(shù)與一個氫離子的電荷數(shù)相等。 生物學是在分子基礎上研究生命的科學。 他們非常熟悉這類晶體管放大器的性能。,試譯下列各句，注意將劃線詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞： The instrument is used to determine how fully the batteries are charged. My talk today is about Einsteins Law of Relativity. Mercury is appreciably volat

42、ile even at room temperature. Most isotopes produced artificially are radioactive. The crust of the earth may be only about 3 miles thick beneath parts of the ocean.,Key: 這種儀表用來測定電瓶的充電程度。 我今天的報告是關于愛因斯坦的相對論。 即使在室溫條件下，水銀的揮發(fā)性也很強。 大多數(shù)人造同位素都具有放射性。 地殼在海洋底下厚度只有大約3英里的地方。,試譯下列各句，注意將劃線詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞： The electrical

43、conductivity has great importance in selecting electrical materials. The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man. At ordinary temperature mercury is greatly stable in air. The engineer had prepared meticulously for his design. Contamination-proof is an absolute necessity in the main

44、tenance of fluidic devices.,Key: 導電性在選擇電氣材料時很重要。 太陽對人身體和精神都有極大的影響。 常溫下水銀在空氣中具有很大的穩(wěn)定性。 工程師為這次設計作了周密的準備。 防止污染對保養(yǎng)射流裝置是絕對必要的。,試譯下列各句，注意將劃線詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞： Only when we give full play to mans initiative can we make full use of machines to transform nature. China pays great attention to the environmental protectio

45、n. In our earlier study of light, attention was particularly directed toward the theory of operation of spectrographs. It is necessary for us to know how to convert energy. A continuous increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pr

46、essure within the gas.,Key: 我們只有充分發(fā)揮人的積極性，才能充分利用機器來改造自然。 中國十分重視環(huán)境保護。 我們以前討論光時曾特別注意說明攝譜儀的工作原理。 我們必須弄清楚能是怎樣轉(zhuǎn)換的。 不斷增加密閉容器內(nèi)的氣體溫度，會使氣體的內(nèi)壓力不斷增大。,句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換,主語與賓語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 漢語中很少用被動語態(tài)作謂語，而英語中卻很常見，為了符合漢語的表達習慣，英語中的被動語態(tài)常常譯成漢語的主動語態(tài)，因此英語中的主語譯成漢語中的賓語。例如： Trigonometric functions will be dealt with in the next chapter 下一章

47、講述三角函數(shù)。 Finally，the application of this method is illustrated with an example 最后舉例說明了這種方法的應用。,“have”句型用來表示尺寸、大小、比較、優(yōu)缺點等概念時。常將賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的主語。例如： Xrays have a shorter wavelength than light rays (do) X射線的波長比光線短。 An electron has about 11 840 the mass of the proton 電子的質(zhì)量大約是質(zhì)子的11840。 Some conductors have resi

48、stances which depend on the currents flowing through them 有些導體的電阻取決于流過它們的電流。,主語與謂語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 Extreme care must be taken when operating the computer 操作計算機時必須特別小心。 Their presence in germanium gives it the name of a p-type semiconductor 由于它們(指空穴)存在于鍺元素中，從而使鍺獲得了p型半導體的名稱。 Measurement of the adjusted voltage i

49、s performed by the meter(4) 用儀表(4)測量調(diào)節(jié)好的電壓。,The impedance of a parallel LC circuit varies opposite to that of the series LC circuit 并聯(lián)LC電路的阻抗變化情況與串聯(lián)LC電路正好相反。 Water with salt conducts electricity very well 鹽水的導電性能很好。 The new CPU features high speed and low voltage 新型CPU的特點是速度快且工作電壓低。,主語與表語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 Such

50、would be our printer in the future 我們未來的打印機就是這樣的。 An example is the fine strain of rice we have developed 我們培養(yǎng)的優(yōu)良稻種就是一例。 Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze. 黃銅和青銅是兩種廣泛使用的銅合金。 The first inventor of this precision instrument is Charles Babbage in 1847一the same man who is regarded as

51、 the father of the computer 計算機之父查爾斯巴貝奇在1847年首先發(fā)明了此精密儀器。,主語與狀語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 在漢語中主語大多是人(或其集合體或有生命的東西)，英語中把表示有生命的東西的名詞列為有靈名詞，把無生命的事物的名詞列為無靈名詞。在科技英語中，著力寫的是事物、物質(zhì)以及過程，不是動作的執(zhí)行者，因此常把無生命事物的名詞作為主語放在突出位置上。要不然，干脆沒有主語(或叫做省略主語)。這就涉及到翻譯中挑選適當?shù)脑~作主語的問題。有時可把作主語的無靈名詞短語轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的狀語或狀語從句。例如：,1990s saw the great advance in computer

52、industr5with emergence of multimedia 隨著多媒體的出現(xiàn)，計算機工業(yè)在90年代(上個世紀)取礙了巨大的發(fā)展。 The year 1959 saw the first appearance of a real flying ship in the world 1959年世界上首次出現(xiàn)了一種真正會飛的船。 The next decade will see almost a reinvention of television-not through improved programs，as many might wish，but through the meldin

53、g of TV，the computer and the telephone into something almost entirely new. 今后十年中將出現(xiàn)幾乎是電視的再發(fā)明一并不是像許多人希望的那樣通過改進電視節(jié)目，而是通過把電視、電腦和電話融為一體，成為一種幾乎全新的東西。,在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，see類似的詞還有witness，notice，find等。 The emphasis on efficiency leads to the large，complex operations which are characteristic of engineering 由干強調(diào)效率，因此引起工

54、程所特有的工序繁多而復雜的情況。 The knowledge of this nuclear fission process has made it possible to use uranium as fuel to obtain nuclear energy 由于知道了這種核裂變過程，人們就有可能用鈾作為燃料來取得核能。 The attachment of atoms of different kinds to each other is responsib!e for compounds having characteristic properties different from th

55、ose of the elements of which they are made 由于不同原子的相互結(jié)合，化合物才具有與組成該化合物的那些元素不同的特性。 Our mastery of the behavior of objects requires a study of motions。 為了掌握物體的性能，我們需要研究物體的各種運動。,In Chapter 8，a design procedure is developed which is the reverse process of the analytical technique 第八章講解設計步驟，它是分析方法的逆過程。 Com

56、puters are employed in most banks 大多數(shù)銀行已經(jīng)使用了計算機。 This circuit is similar in operation to the circuit of Fig1-10- 該電路的工作情況類似于圖1-10的電路。 Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics 不同物質(zhì)的磁性大不相同。 The digital computer。in its computation section，can do mainly two things-add or subtra

57、ct 數(shù)字計算機的運算部分主要有兩項功能：加和減。,主語與定語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 Mercury weighs about 1 4 times as much as water 水銀的重量大約是水的14倍。 This is possible because of our assumption that transistor is a linear amplifier over the range of voltages and currents of interest 之所以能這樣，是因為我們假設晶體管在我們感興趣的電壓、電流范圍內(nèi)是一個線性放大器。 Water has a variable effi

58、cient of expansion 水的膨脹系數(shù)是可變的。 The advance of science has been very great during the last fifty years 過去50年科學有了極大的發(fā)展。,In case of shortage of iron and steel，industry would undergo extreme difficulties in its development 要是缺少鋼鐵，工業(yè)的發(fā)展就會發(fā)生很大困難 。 The return of the light into the same medium in which it h

59、as been traveling is reflection 光線回到原來傳播的媒介物，就是反射。 The fetus develops lungs relatively late in the gestation period 在妊娠期胎兒的肺生長得相對緩慢些。,定語與狀語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換 主要是由于被修飾詞的詞性改變，起修飾作用的定語與狀語常常相互轉(zhuǎn)換。此外，其他狀語有時可譯成定語。 The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is，the more energy it radiates 物體越熱，其輻射的能量越多，這一理論極為重要。 The equations of science are a sort of universal language easily understood by scientists everywhere 科學上的各種方程式，是一種容易為各科地學家所理解的通用語言。,For nearly all substances the density gets smaller as the temperature is raised. 溫度升高時，幾乎所有物質(zhì)的密度都會變小。 Electronic mail enables one to establish conta