生態(tài)旅游的追求外文翻譯

1、生態(tài)旅游的追求 外文翻譯 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目 : In pursuit of ecotourism出 處 : Biodiversity and Conservation, 1996, Volume 5,Number 3, Pages 277-291作 者 : Harold Goodwin原文:In pursuit of ecotourismHarold GoodwinCompeting definitions of ecotourismThe word ecotourism has been coined relatively recently and there remains n

2、o consensus about its meaning. Ecotourism has spread rapidly first because it has a number of different meanings and second because it has been extensively used opportunistically in marketing, 3 where the tag eco- has come to be synonymous with responsible consumerism. The tourism industry has been

3、quick to exploit the marketing value of ecotourism, the more so since its meaning is unclear and there is no requirement for the operator to do more than alter the packaging. The ecotourist has been variously defined in terms of visitor behaviour and philosophy.The advertising appeals to and promote

4、s these approaches. Ecotourism is a niche market for environmentally aware tourists who are interested in observing nature (Wheat, 1994), described by Steele (1993) as an economic process where rare and beautiful ecosystems are marketed internationally to attract visitors. Kelman put it bluntly a to

5、ur advertised as environmentally friendly can be just as suspect as many of the products tarted up with green packaging at your grocery store (Wight, 1994).The World Travel and Tourism Environment Research Centre in its 1993 World Travel and Environment Review defined ecotourism as tourism with the

6、specific motive of enjoying wildlife or undeveloped natural areas (WTIERC, 1993), making no distinction between nature tourism and ecotourism. Others have also used ecotourism and nature tourism synonymously (Lindberg, 1991; Aylward and Freedman, 1992). Ceballos- Lascurains, 1987 definition has been

7、 used by others (Boo, 1990: Stewart and Sekartjakrarini, 1994):travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations (both past

8、and present) found in these areas. In these terms, nature-oriented tourism implies a scientific, aesthetic or philosophical approach to travel although the ecological tourist need notbe a professional scientist, artist or philosopher. The main point is that the person who practices ecotourism has th

9、e opportunity of immersing himself/herself in nature in a manner generally not available in the urban environment. (quoted in Boo, 1990).Ziffer (1989) offered a definition which combined motivation, philosophy, conduct and economic benefit to conservation:Ecotourism: a form of tourism inspired prima

10、rily by the natural history of an area,including its indigenous cultures. The ecotourist visits relatively undevelopedareas in the spirit of appreciation, participation and sensitivity.The ecotouristpractices a non-consumptive use of wildlife and natural resources and contributesto the visited area

11、through labor or financial means aimed at directly benefiting theconservation of the site and the economic well-being of the local residents.The American based Ecotourism Society was founded in 1990 as a center for research,information and policies on developing ecologically sound tourism in natural

12、 areas around the world. The Ecotourism Society defines ecotourism as: purposeful travel to natural areas to understand the culture and natural history oftheenvironment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, whileproducing economicopportunities that make the conservation of natura

13、l resourcesbeneficial to local people( Wood,1991 ).These definitions are broadly drawn, seeking to combine ecological and cultural tourism activities, often within frameworks which address philosophy and motivation.The US Office of Technology Assessment of the American Congress concluded that:While

14、some ecotour operators are out simply to make a profit with little consideration of environmental and social issues, others are sensitive to these issues and may actively contribute to conservation projects/goals (U S OTA, 1993).They pointed out that there is a:wealth of literature . .which. address

15、es the nature and growth of ecotourism, itspotential environmental and sociological impacts and planning and managementissues . no definition of ecotourism has been universally accepted, data arecommonly questionable, and much information and study is needed to assess theimpact of nature travel (US

16、OTA, 1993).Ecotourism is often defined prescriptively. Consider for example the National Eco-tourism Strategy published in 1994 by the Mexican Secretariat of Tourism in cooperation with the World Conservation Union (Table 2). It has developed a long list of characteristics of ecotourism which consti

17、tute a highly prescriptive definition, one which has been taken-up by the World Tourism Organization (WTO, 1995). It is interesting to note that there is only one reference to protected areas and that where ecotourism is identified as a suitable mechanism for improving links between local communitie

18、s and protected area managers. Definitions of this nature are difficult to use analytically.The World Tourism Organization (WTO) definition of ecotourism will be the one which is used to determine the volume of ecotourism and to measure its value world-wide. The emerging definition of ecotourism wit

19、hin the WTO and the one which will therefore prevail is derived from Australia. Australias NationalEcotourism Strategy defined ecotourism as Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable (Commonwealth Departme

20、nt of Tourism, 1994). The report recognizes that the natural cnvironment includes cultural components and that to be ecologically sustainable there must be an appropriate return to the local community and a contribution to the hmg-term conservation of the resource (WTO, 1995).Ecotourism rediscovered

21、Ecotourism is no panacea. A critical approach to ecotourism is essential if it is to be harnessed for the conservation of habitats and species. Ecotourism will not be significantly different from conventional tourism unless it is carefully managed and controlled (Cater,1993). Protected area managers

22、 and conservationists need to take more control over thedefinition and use of the concept and over the supervision of its practise.There is an urgent need to put the ecology back into ecotourism (Valentine, 1993) in order to establish a symbiotic relationship between nature based tourism and conserv

23、ation. For governments and development agencies ecotourism has much to offer in diversifying rural economies in LDCs in urgent need of foreign exchange. Tour operators will continue to use ecotourism as a marketing tool. It is difficult for consumers to get accurate information about the tours which

24、 they are offered and about the operators who claim the mantle of ecotourism.If ecotourism is to become a means of harnessing part of the tourism industry for conservation of habitats and species, it is essential to focus on the activity rather than the motivation of the ecotourists. It is what they

25、 do, rather than what they say (or think) they do that impacts on conservation and ecosystems. It is easier to determine whether individual activities and tours meet ecotourism criteria, by contributing directly or indirectly to conservation, than it is to determine whether or not individuals are ec

26、otourists or not.Only conservationists and protected area managers are in a position, or have the expertise, to credibly assert a more useful definition of ecotourism. Ecologists and conservationists need to take control of the language being used in the name of ecotourism (Valentine, 1993) and to u

27、se it to benefit conservation and the maintenance of protected areas. It is protected area managers and conservationists, working with local people, who are best placed to manage nature tourism to ensure that its environmental impact does not jeopardise the integrity of the ecosystem and that both l

28、ocal people and the park gain significantly from ecotourism.Nature tourism and ecotourism need to be distinguished. Nature tourism is concernedwith the enjoyment of nature, ecotourism additionally requires a contribution to conservation. Hence the following definition of ecotourism is offered:low im

29、pact nature tourism which contributes to the maintenance of species andhabitats eitherdirectly through a contribution to conservation and/or indirectly byproviding revenue to thelocal community sufficient for local people to value, andtherefore protect, their wildlife heritagearea as a source of inc

30、ome.According to this definition ecotourism makes a direct or indirect measurable contribution to the continued protection and management of natural habitats and their species.Generally this contribution is likely to be financial but the work of commercial and not-for-profit organizations which enab

31、le tourists to make a practical contribution should not be ignored. However, their claims too need to be carefully and openly assessed by conservationists.Ecotourism is too powerful a force, driven by producers and consumers in the worlds largest industry, for conservationists andprotected area mana

32、gers to allow it to bc controlled and developed by that industry. It is the form and impact of the nature tourism which must be managed to fulfil ecotourism criteria, it is essential that ecotourism is low impact and that this is ensured through careful extensive and intensive visitor management. Pr

33、otected area managers and conservationists have an opportunity to manage nature tourism and turn it into ecotourism at the point of consumption, whatever the motivation of the tourist. It is the activity which needs to be controlled and used for conservation. If control is inadequate, pollution, hab

34、itat destruction, wildlife disturbance and a host of other negative impacts will result. Carrying capacity analysis and limits of acceptable change (LAC) management tools will need to be applied if tourism is to be harnessed for conservation.Ecotourism can demonstrate that good conservation is good

35、economics, to local people and to governments. Re-investment in the maintenance of ecosystems and the species which inhabit them is at the core of ecotourism. Ecotourism can bring money and jobs to local people and increased revenues to national treasuries to enable them to fund park management. Eco

36、tourism serves conservation objectives only if it demonstrates to local people and to governments that they should stop poaching, logging, slash-and-burn agriculture and other forms of encroachment and habitat disturbance to maintain the protected area for tourism.生態(tài)旅游的追求生態(tài)旅游定義的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)“生態(tài)旅游”這個(gè)詞，關(guān)于它的定義相對(duì)于

37、已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造的含義，近期仍沒有達(dá)成 共識(shí)。生態(tài)旅游的迅速蔓延，首先是因?yàn)樗写罅坎煌暮x，第二是因?yàn)樗呀?jīng) 被廣泛應(yīng)用于市場(chǎng)投機(jī)，其中“生態(tài)”的標(biāo)記已經(jīng)成了消費(fèi)與責(zé)任的代名詞。旅游 業(yè)已經(jīng)迅速開拓了市場(chǎng)價(jià)值，更何況生態(tài)旅游因?yàn)槠浜x不明確，也沒有任何規(guī)定 的，因此運(yùn)營(yíng)商可以隨意的做多改變的包裝。生態(tài)旅游的各種不同的定義主要從游客的行為和哲學(xué)家的思考幾個(gè)方面來訴 說。從廣告來訴求和推廣這些方法。生態(tài)旅游是“對(duì)環(huán)保有興趣并且知道觀察自然 環(huán)境的游客的一個(gè)小的市場(chǎng)?！?(Wheat, 1994) 。根據(jù) Steele(1993) 的描述“生 態(tài)旅游是以其中稀有和美麗的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)來吸引游客，并在國(guó)際上被銷

38、售的經(jīng)濟(jì)過 程。” Kelman說“作為一個(gè)旅游廣告，環(huán)?？梢詾槟愕馁?gòu)物商店里的許多可疑的 產(chǎn)品提供綠色包裝 (Wight, 1994) ?！笔澜缏眯泻吐糜苇h(huán)境研究中心在 1993年世界旅游和環(huán)境審查中定義生態(tài)旅游為“生態(tài)旅游的具體動(dòng)機(jī)是享受自然的野生動(dòng)物或者幫助欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)?！?(WTIERC,1993) ，不在生態(tài)旅游與自然之間作區(qū)別。其他人也用生態(tài)旅游與自然旅游業(yè)的同 義詞(Lindberg, 1991; Aylward and Freedman, 1992)。Ceballos -Lascurain1987 年下的定義已被他人使用 (Boo, 1990: Stewart andSekart

39、jakrarini,1994) :“ 前往特定的和相對(duì)未受干擾或未受污染的自然區(qū)域客觀的研究和欣賞，并享受風(fēng)景和野生動(dòng)植物，以及在這些地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)任何現(xiàn)有的文化表現(xiàn)形式 (包括過 去和現(xiàn)在 )。在這些條件中，自然為導(dǎo)向的旅游意味著科學(xué)，以美學(xué)和哲學(xué)的方法 去旅行的生態(tài)旅游不必是一個(gè)專業(yè)的科學(xué)家，藝術(shù)家或哲學(xué)家。主要的一點(diǎn)是，這些人對(duì)生態(tài)旅游的想法是，在城市環(huán)境中有浸泡他 / 她自己和展示自己的機(jī)會(huì)，而 在自然環(huán)境中一般不會(huì)有?！?(quoted in Boo, 19 90) 。Ziffer(1989) 提供了一個(gè)定義，合并了動(dòng)機(jī)，理念，行為和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的保護(hù) “生態(tài)旅游 : 主要由一個(gè)地區(qū)的自然歷史

40、，包括由它的土著文化來啟發(fā)的旅游 形式。相對(duì)欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)生態(tài)旅游參觀的具有欣賞，參與和靈敏度的精神。生態(tài)旅游實(shí)行對(duì)野生動(dòng)物和自然資源的非消費(fèi)性使用，并有助于參觀區(qū)通過勞動(dòng)或 直接受益于該地區(qū)旨在保護(hù)金融經(jīng)濟(jì)和當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦慕?jīng)濟(jì)福祉”。美國(guó)的生態(tài)旅游學(xué)會(huì)成立于 1990 年?！白鳛橐粋€(gè)研究，信息和生態(tài)健全的發(fā) 展在世界各地的自然區(qū)域的旅游政策的中心?！鄙鷳B(tài)旅游協(xié)會(huì)的生態(tài)旅游定義為:“有目的的前往自然地區(qū)了解當(dāng)?shù)氐奈幕妥匀粴v史環(huán)境，而且注意不改變生 態(tài)系統(tǒng)的完整性，同時(shí)產(chǎn)生使自然資源的保護(hù)有利于當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣竦慕?jīng)濟(jì)機(jī) 遇?！?( Wood,1991 ) 。從這些定義大致可以得出，生態(tài)旅游是往往尋求結(jié)合框架內(nèi)

41、解決理念和動(dòng)機(jī)的 生態(tài)和文化旅游活動(dòng)。美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)技術(shù)評(píng)估辦公室的結(jié)論是 :“雖然一些生態(tài)旅游經(jīng)營(yíng)者簡(jiǎn)單地進(jìn)行一個(gè)對(duì)環(huán)境和社會(huì)問題幾乎沒有利潤(rùn)的 活動(dòng)，然而其他人卻對(duì)這些問題很敏感，并可能作出積極保護(hù)項(xiàng)目 / 目標(biāo)的貢 獻(xiàn)。” (U S OTA, 1993) 。他們( 美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)技術(shù)評(píng)估辦公室 ) 指出:“財(cái)富文學(xué) 地域的性質(zhì)和生態(tài)旅游的增長(zhǎng)，其潛在的環(huán)境和社會(huì)影響，以 及規(guī)劃和管理問題沒有任何一個(gè)生態(tài)旅游的定義已被普遍接受，數(shù)據(jù)通常是值得 懷疑的，以及大量自然旅游的影響的信息和學(xué)習(xí)是需要評(píng)估的?！?(US OTA, 1993) ?？墒巧鷳B(tài)旅游的定義通常又是被規(guī)定了的。例如，國(guó)家考慮生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略 在

42、 1994 年由墨西哥旅游與世界自然保護(hù)聯(lián)盟秘書處出版。它已經(jīng)開發(fā)出了一長(zhǎng)串 的生態(tài)旅游特色，構(gòu)成一個(gè)高度規(guī)范，已被世界旅游組織采取的定義 (WTO,1995) 。有趣的是，如何讓保護(hù)區(qū)和生態(tài)旅游作為改善地方社區(qū)與保護(hù)區(qū)管理人員 的聯(lián)系機(jī)制是確定合適的，世界上卻只有一個(gè)參考。這種性質(zhì)的定義是很難用以解 析的。世貿(mào)組織認(rèn)為生態(tài)旅游的定義之一將是用它來確定生態(tài)旅游容量，并衡量其在 世界各地價(jià)值。在世貿(mào)組織內(nèi)一個(gè)將因此獲得勝利的是來自澳大利亞的新興生態(tài)旅 游的定義。澳大利亞的國(guó)家生態(tài)旅游戰(zhàn)略的生態(tài)旅游定義為“自然旅游，涉及教育 和自然環(huán)境的解釋，并設(shè)法將生態(tài)可持續(xù)?！?(Commonwealth Departmentof Tourism, 1994) 。報(bào)告指出，自然環(huán)境包括文化成分，同時(shí)又有“生態(tài)可 持續(xù)”，并且對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)必須有一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)幕貓?bào)和對(duì)資源長(zhǎng)期保存的貢獻(xiàn) (WT