讀書報(bào)告5增二氧化碳濃度增氮供應(yīng)對(duì)減少一枝黃花屬葉片疾病和光合作用的影響

1、elevated co2 and increased n supply reduce leaf disease and related photosynthetic impacts on solidago rigida 提高提高co2濃度和增加濃度和增加n供應(yīng)對(duì)減少一枝黃花屬供應(yīng)對(duì)減少一枝黃花屬 葉片疾病和光合作用的影響葉片疾病和光合作用的影響 joachim strengbom peter b. reich oecologia (2006) 149:519525 期刊介紹 生態(tài)學(xué)（oecologia）,國(guó)際生態(tài)學(xué)會(huì)出版，在isi科技引文生態(tài)學(xué)類期刊中位于前 列，此刊物主要登載關(guān)于生理生態(tài)學(xué)、

2、種群生態(tài)學(xué)、植物動(dòng)物相互關(guān)系、生態(tài) 系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)、群落生態(tài)學(xué)、生態(tài)保護(hù)方面的文章，也刊登一些評(píng)論性文章及生態(tài) 學(xué)研究方法進(jìn)展方面的學(xué)術(shù)論文。 主編：j.r.ehleringer (salt lake city), c.h.peterson (morehead city), m.schaefer ( gottingen), e.d.schulze (bayreuth) 作者介紹 my gains and thinking introduction discussion results materials and methods outline introduction 1 2 why? evalu

3、ated whether leaf spot disease and related effects on photosynthesis are influenced by increased nitrogen (n) input and elevated atmospheric co2 concentration (co2). introduction 評(píng)估增加氮供給和提高大氣co2濃度對(duì)葉斑病和光合 作用的影響 pathogenic fungi may have a profound impact on plant communities by influencing various ec

4、osystem processes such as primary productivity and plant community structure. 引起疾病的真菌在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)程中對(duì)植物群落有深刻的影響，比 如，主要生產(chǎn)力和植物群落結(jié)構(gòu) human related activities are known to increase atmospheric co2 concentration co2and the rate of nitrogen (n) deposition, which independently or in combination are likely to have

5、large effects on structure and function in terrestrial plant communities. 與人類相關(guān)的活動(dòng)被認(rèn)為是大氣co2 濃度的增加和n素儲(chǔ)存速率 的增加，不論是其單獨(dú)的或是相聯(lián)合的活動(dòng)，都可能很大程度上 影響到地球植物群落的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能 introduction increased knowledge of how interactions between plants and pathogens may vary with changes in these abiotic global change factors may be

6、required to accurately predict their effects on plant ecosystem functioning and structure in the future. 增加一些了解，在全球非生命因素改變下植物和病原體是如何進(jìn)行 相互作用的，也許可以精確的預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)它們對(duì)植物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能和 結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。 although it is well established that leaf diseases reduce the photosynthetic capacity of plants and that elevated co2 and increa

7、sed n input may influence the photosynthetic rates of plants. 盡管葉片疾病會(huì)減少植物光合作用能力，但是提高co2 濃度和增加n的輸入 會(huì)影響植物的光合速率。 introduction we do not know of any studies that have examined how negative effects on photosynthetic rates from pathogenic fungi are affected by simultaneous increase in co2 and n supply. 我們

8、不知道有哪一個(gè)研究調(diào)查過(guò)同時(shí)存在增加 co2 濃度和供應(yīng)n的情況下引起疾病的真菌對(duì)光 合速率有怎樣的消極影響 introduction introduction fungi co2 n we examined disease incidence and photosynthetic rate of solidago rigida grown in monoculture under ambient or elevated (560mol/mol-1) co2 and ambient or elevated(+4 g n m-2year-1) n conditions in a field ex

9、periment in minnesota, usa. 我們檢測(cè)了美國(guó)明尼蘇達(dá)州生長(zhǎng)在環(huán)境單作下 的一枝黃花屬和生長(zhǎng)在增加co2濃度和提高n 的條件下一枝黃花屬的發(fā)病率和光合速率。 study site and experimental design disease incidence and severity gas exchange and relative photosynthetic rate plant biomass, n content, and chemical analyses statistical analyses materials and methods materi

10、als and methods biocon : biodiversity, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen effects on ecosystem functioning /biocon/ materials and methods co2 (560mol/mol-1) co2 (368mol/mol-1) n：fertilized with nh4no3at a rate of 4gn/m-2year-1 . experimental design 10m in the present study, we used a

11、 subset of plots (monocultures of s. rigida ) within this experiment. 在這次研究中，我們用單作的一枝黃花屬作為本次 試驗(yàn)小區(qū)的子集。 materials and methods for the s. rigida plots, each treatment is replicated twice ( n=2, eight plots in total) 對(duì)于小區(qū)來(lái)說(shuō)，每一個(gè)處理設(shè)兩次重復(fù)，一共八個(gè) 小區(qū)。 disease incidence and severity in mid-june 2003, we estimate

12、d the disease incidence by scoring leaves of s. rigida for leaf spot diseases in each study plot。 2003年6月中旬我們通過(guò)對(duì)一枝黃花屬具有 劃痕葉片的葉斑病的了解在每一個(gè)小區(qū)內(nèi) 評(píng)估了疾病的發(fā)生率。 materials and methods we used the uthscsa image tool program (version 3.00) to manually digitalize the leaf area and the area with visual lesions. 我們用

13、uthscsa圖像處理分析工具對(duì)葉片 區(qū)域和可以看見(jiàn)的有損傷的區(qū)域進(jìn)行處理。 materials and methods the majority of the lesions on diseased leaves were due to infection by cercospora sp. 在生病的葉上損傷的多數(shù)部分是由尾孢屬影響的。 on a few leaves, we also found a few conidia of septoria sp., indicating that this pathogen was also present. 在少數(shù)的葉片上，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)了少量的殼針

14、孢屬 的分生孢子，這標(biāo)志著這些病原體也出現(xiàn)。 materials and methods gas exchange and relative photosynthetic rate after scoring the plot level of disease, we marked and took digital images of a number of asymptomatic and diseased leaves in each plot. 我們?cè)诿恳粋€(gè)小區(qū)中對(duì)劃痕感病的和無(wú)病 癥的葉片進(jìn)行數(shù)字圖像處理。 materials and methods we used these lea

15、ves to measure the in situ rates of leaf net photosynthesis by using ciras- 1 portable infrared gas exchange systems (pp systems, hitchin, uk) operated in open configuration with controlled temperature, co2 concentration, and vapor pressure. 我們通過(guò)手提式紅外氣體交換儀對(duì)原地的葉片進(jìn) 行凈光合速率的測(cè)定，在布局的地方控制好溫度， co2濃度和水蒸汽壓。 m

16、aterials and methods the average net photosynthesis over the three measurements was used as an estimate of the photosynthetic rate for an individual leaf。 對(duì)所取的葉片，我們對(duì)其所測(cè)的凈光合速 率均測(cè)定三次以上。 materials and methods materials and methods 生物量 n含量和化學(xué)分析 statistical analyses to analyze for differences in disease

17、severity and incidence between the treatments we used anova.(感病的嚴(yán)重 性和發(fā)生率) differences in biomass accumulation（積 累）, n accumulation and n and c concentration（n和c的濃度） were analyzed by anova. materials and methods we also used anova with the absolute photosynthetic（完全光合速率） rate for each leaf measured a

18、s dependent variable and disease status (symptomatic or asymtomatic) of the leaf, levels co2 and n as factors. materials and methods fig. 1 abundance of foliar disease on s. rigida showing the average proportion of diseased leaves (disease incidence) and the average proportion of leaf area diseased

19、(disease severity). plants were grown under ambient or elevated co2 and n supply or a combination of both. the majority of the lesions on diseased leaves were due to infection by cercospora sp. on a few leaves, we also found a few conidia of septoria sp. error bars represent se （感病的比例） results s. ri

20、gida grown under elevated co2 (anova:f1,2=594.43, p =0.002) and increased n supply ( f1,2=24.89, p=0.038) showed lower disease incidence (proportion diseased leaves) than plants grown under ambient conditions。 增加co2 濃度和n供應(yīng)的要比環(huán)境發(fā)病率低 results disease incidence was on average more than twice as high und

21、er ambient as under elevated co2, whereas under increased n sup-ply the incidence was about 30% lower compared to ambient conditions。 環(huán)境co2濃度的發(fā)病率比增加co2濃度的發(fā)病率 高2倍多。 we found no interaction between the two treatments ( f1,2=0.947, p=0.433), and the effects of co2 and n on disease incidence were simila

22、r at both levels of the other treatment。 （相似性） results fig. 2 nitrogen concentration in 2003 in aboveground parts of s.rigida grown under ambient or elevated co2 and n conditions or a combination of both. error bars represent+- se results the n addition treatment had a marginally significant effect

23、on tissue n (anova: f1,4=4.71, p =0.096),and elevated co2 resulted in significantly lower (by13%) tissue n (f1,4=16.04, p =0.016). 增加n供應(yīng)條件下的發(fā)病率要比環(huán)境條件下 的發(fā)病率大約低13%。 results a the n fertilization treatment was 4gn m2 year -1 in anova analyses of co2, n, and year and their interactions, n treatment was

24、the only significant ( p 0.05) effect on biomass (f1,8=10.18, p =0.013) and total n (f1,8=19.29, p =0.002). 在方差分析co2與n的相互作用中，只有n 處理顯著影響生物量和總n overall, the absolute photosynthetic rate was lower on diseased leaves than on asymptomatic leaves (anova:f1,76=37.80, p0.001). 總體上感病的葉片凈光合速率要比無(wú)癥狀的低。 since the measurements were taken on asymptomatic areas of the leaves regardless of disease status, our data show that the ev ect of the foliar disease extends beyond the visual area of the lesions. 通過(guò)對(duì)感