語(yǔ)用學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)：語(yǔ)言和文化 Introduction to LinguisticsLanguage and Culture

1、introduction to linguistics language and culture instructor: liu hongyong introduction 1. language and culture are intrinsically dependent, and have evolved together through the history. 2. language is related to cognition, and cognition is related to culture. what is culture? nin a broad sense, cul

2、ture means the total way of life of a people including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. what is culture? nin a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which

3、can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc. types of culture n1. material cultural: concrete, substantial and observable n2. spiritual culture: the products of mind (ideologies, beliefs, values, and concepts of time and space, for example), abstract, ambiguous, and h

4、idden the relationship between language and culture language and culture nevery language is part of a culture. people are identified via their use of language. in this sense, language expresses cultural reality. nlanguage embodies cultural identity. nit reinforces and preserves beliefs and customs,

5、and conditions their future course. sapir-whorf hypothesis nit is a hypothesis concerning the relationship between language and thought, proposed by whorf, under the influence of sapir, his teacher. n according to this hypothesis, the structure of the language people habitually use influences the wa

6、ys they think and behave. that is to say, different languages offer people different ways of express the world around, they think and speak differently. this hypothesis is also called “l(fā)inguistic relativity.” the strong and the weak version nstrong version: the language patterns determine peoples th

7、inking and behavior. nweak version: the language patterns influence peoples thinking and behavior. linguistic evidence of cultural differences greetings and terms of address 1. greetings a. how do you do?/how are you b. 您好您好/你好你好/have you eaten?/where are you heading for? 2. terms of address a. mr./

8、mrs./miss/ms.sir/ madam b. 同志同志/師傅師傅 thanks and compliments cultural difference are also evident in the ways gratitude and compliments are expressed. a. to thanks b. to compliments color words n1. berlin and kay (1969) 對(duì)顏色詞跨語(yǔ)言的研對(duì)顏色詞跨語(yǔ)言的研 究發(fā)現(xiàn)了其內(nèi)在規(guī)律。不同語(yǔ)言具有不同的基究發(fā)現(xiàn)了其內(nèi)在規(guī)律。不同語(yǔ)言具有不同的基 本顏色詞，最多的有十一個(gè)，如英語(yǔ)；最少的本

9、顏色詞，最多的有十一個(gè)，如英語(yǔ)；最少的 只有兩個(gè)。語(yǔ)言包含基本顏色詞的數(shù)量和種類只有兩個(gè)。語(yǔ)言包含基本顏色詞的數(shù)量和種類 選擇具有以下規(guī)律：選擇具有以下規(guī)律： n 黑黑/白白紅紅黃黃/藍(lán)藍(lán)/綠綠棕棕粉粉/橙橙/灰灰/紫紫 ndifferent languages entail different color related associations green: envy and jealousy privacy and taboos n1. privacy nage/family background/salary n2. taboo words and culture-specific c

10、onnotations 1. no counterparts 2. same on the surface 3. many more in another language 4. same primary meaning, different secondary meaning culture-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors 1. idioms 2. proverbs and sayings 3. metaphors examples: p.138 the significance of cultural teaching and learning

11、 nwe need to learn enough about the languages culture to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also communicative or pragmatic competence as well. cultural overlap and diffusion 1. cultural overlap 2. cultural diffusion 3. cultural imperialism 4. linguistic imperialism 5. linguistic nationalism p. 140 intercultural communication definition: cross-cultural communication is communication between people whose c