高頻壓控振蕩器外文翻譯

1、 Voltage control design of high frequency LC oscillatorsStudent : Pxxx, physics and information engineering collegesInstructor : xxx, Jianghan University In recent years,with the rapid development of wireless communication technology, make the market for rf integrated circuit has had a huge demand.

2、In the rf circuit, the voltage control oscillation (VCO) occupied a very important position.With a wide range of applications.In the early stages of the radio technology development,it is used to produce high-frequency in transmitter carrier voltage,As a specialized superheterodyne receivers in the

3、machine oscillator, be sending and receiving equipment basic components.Now the use of oscillator is more and more widely.For example: in radio communication, radio, and television equipment used to produce the need of the carrier and the machine oscillation signal;In the electronic measuring instru

4、ments used to produce all sorts of frequency sine signals, etc.DefinitionOscillator is simply stated a frequency source, usually in a phase lock loop.Detailed said is that a device dont need the signal to their own motivation, Dc power can be transformed into Ac power .Generally fall into the positi

5、ve feedback and negative resistance.The so-called oscillating,Its meaning is to allude to exchange,.Oscillator includes a never oscillation to process and function of oscillation.Can completion from dc to ac power transformation,This device can be called oscillator. Oscillator working principle LC c

6、ircuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, electric field and the conversion of magnetic energy production process free oscillation. To maintain the oscillation also has a positive feedback amplifier circuit, the LC oscillator is divided into a transformer coupled and three-point oscillator, man

7、y applications of quartz crystal quartz crystal oscillator, LC oscillator with an integrated operational amplifier. Exactly the same device can not be parameters in the state of the power the moment the two transistor occurs a change, this change due to increasingly strong role in the positive feedb

8、ack, leading to reach a temporary steady state. During the temporary steady state to another transistor by capacitance gradually charge conduction or closed state of the flip to another temporary steady state. This cycle of formation of oscillation.The classification of oscillator Oscillator are div

9、ided into RC, LC oscillators and crystal oscillator,1. The RC oscillator Use the RC network as frequency selective phase shifting network is called RC sinusoidal oscillator Belong to audio oscillator. 2. LC oscillators Use the LC oscillation loop as move and frequency selective network of Positive f

10、eedback oscillator is called LC oscillators. LC oscillators classification: (1) transformer coupling Single pipe LC sinusoidal oscillator difference to the LC sinusoidal oscillator (2) Three point pattern Condenser three point pattern oscillator, three point type oscillator (3)The improvement of thr

11、ee type Clapp oscillator, Seiler oscillator (4)The difference of tube oscillator 3.Crystal oscillator The oscillation frequency of the oscillator by quartz crystal controlled oscillator.The temperature coefficient oscillator Temperature coefficient oscillator refers to an oscillator, its oscillation

12、 frequency and temperature have a specific relationship between the different temperatures corresponding to different oscillation frequencies. Conversely, measuring the output frequency of the oscillator, we can measure the temperature. High temperature coefficient oscillator: its oscillation freque

13、ncy is affected by temperature, a slight change in temperature, the frequency will change a lot, that is temperature sensitive, and more for the temperature sensor. low temperature coefficient oscillator: the oscillation frequency temperature has little effect, even if the temperature varies greatly

14、, its frequency is essentially the same. Quartz crystal oscillator Quartz crystal oscillator and non-temperature compensated crystal oscillators, temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), voltage controlled crystal oscillator (VCXO), thermostatically controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) and

15、 digital / p compensated crystal oscillator (DCXO / MCXO) and other types. Among them, temperature compensated crystal oscillator is the simplest one, in the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), called the standard package crystal oscillator (SPXO). Now SPXO example, a brief overview of the structure

16、 and working principle of the quartz crystal oscillator.Quartz crystals, natural and artificial, is an important piezoelectric crystal materials. The quartz crystal itself is not an oscillator, it is only by means of the active encouragement and passive reactance network before oscillation. SPXO is

17、mainly composed of high crystal resonators (crystal oscillator) and feedback oscillation circuit of quality factor (Q). The quartz crystal oscillator is an important component in the oscillator, the frequency of the crystal (fundamental frequency or the n-th harmonic frequency) and its temperature c

18、haracteristics depend largely on the cutting orientation.Pole on the crystal oscillator board to impose an alternating voltage, it will cause the chip to produce mechanical deformation vibration, this phenomenon is the so-called inverse piezoelectric effect. When the applied voltage frequency is equ

19、al to the natural frequency of the crystal resonator, piezoelectric resonator, resulting in mechanical deformation amplitude increases suddenly. With the metal plate between the electrostatic capacitance; L, and C is the piezoelectric resonator equivalent parameters; R is the equivalent resistance o

20、f the vibration friction loss. Quartz crystal resonators, there is a series resonant frequency fos (1/2), there is also a parallel resonant frequency fop (1/2). Due to a very small difference between the Co. C, fop and fos, and the R OL, the R 1/OC resonant circuit quality factor Q is very high (up

21、to several millions), so that of the quartz crystal resonator the oscillator frequency stability is very high, up to 10-12 / day. Quartz crystal oscillation frequency can approximate in fos Department, can also work around the in fop, a quartz crystal oscillator can be divided into two kinds of the

22、series and shunt. Quartz crystal resonator and its equivalent circuit, replace the components of the LC oscillator constitutes a resonant circuit inductance (L) and capacitance (C), it is easy to understand the working principle of the crystal oscillator.SPXO the total accuracy (including initial ac

23、curacy and temperature, voltage, and load changes) can be up to 25ppm. SPXO neither temperature compensated temperature control measures, and its frequency-temperature characteristics almost entirely determined by the frequency-temperature characteristics of quartz crystal oscillator. Within the ran

24、ge of 0 70 SPXO frequency stability is typically 20 1000ppm, SPXO can be used as a clock frequency oscillator.Temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO)TCXO is generated by the ambient temperature change of a quartz crystal oscillator oscillation frequency change reduction through additional

25、temperature compensation circuitry.1.TCXO temperature compensationIn TCXO quartz crystal oscillator frequency temperature drift compensation method of direct compensation and indirect compensation are two types:directly compensatedDirect compensation TCXO by the thermistor and the temperature compen

26、sation circuit composed of resistive and capacitive components in the oscillator in series with the quartz crystal oscillator. Changes in temperature, the thermistor resistance and crystal equivalent series corresponding changes in the value of the capacitor, in order to offset or reduce the tempera

27、ture drift of the oscillation frequency. The compensation circuit is simple, lower cost, saving the printed circuit board (PCB) size and space for small and low-voltage current occasion. However, when the crystal oscillator accuracy of less than 1pmm, direct compensation is not appropriate.Indirect

28、Compensation Indirect compensation type is divided into analog and digital two types. Analog Indirect temperature compensation thermistor temperature sensing element composed of the temperature - voltage conversion circuit and the voltage applied to the crystal oscillator series on a crystal oscilla

29、tor connected in series varactor capacitance changes nonlinear crystal oscillator frequency drift compensation. The method of compensation to achieve high accuracy of 0.5ppm, but restricted in the case of low voltage below 3V. Indirect temperature compensation of the digital plus a temperature in th

30、e analog compensation circuit - voltage conversion circuit analog / digital (A / D) converter, analog convert digital. The Act enables the automatic temperature compensation crystal oscillator frequency stability is very high, but the specific compensation circuit is more complex and higher cost app

31、lies only to the precision of base stations and radio stations requirements.2. TCXO development statusTCXO by leaps and bounds in the last decade, which in the research and development and production of precision TCXO, Japans leading and dominant position. Mainstream products in the late 1970s car p

32、hone TCXO volume of more than 20 reduced to 0.4 , TCXO devices of ultra-small volume of only 0.27 . In 30 years, the TCXO volume reduced by more than 50 times or even 100 times. Beijing ceramics company in Japan using the reflow soldering method of production of surface mount TCXO thickness from 4mm

33、 to 2mm, rated 90% of the oscillation amplitude in 4ms after the start of the oscillation can be achieved. Stone (KSS) Group TCXO frequency range of 2 80MHz stability when the temperature changes from -10 C to 60 C 1ppm or 2ppm; digital TCXO frequency coverage of 0.2 90MHz frequency stability 0.1ppm

34、 (-30 C +85 C). Japan Donze communication equipment production the type TCO-935/937 chip directly Warming TCXO, frequency-temperature characteristics (point frequency 15.36MHz) 1ppm/-20 to +70 C 5V 5% supply voltage frequency voltage characteristic 0.3ppm, sine wave output waveform (amplitude 1VPP),

35、 current consumption of less than 2mA, weighs just 1g. PiezoTechnology production X3080 type TCXO using surface mount and perforation in two packages, sine wave or logic output can reach -55 C 85 C within 0.25 to 1ppm accuracy. The level of domestic products is quite high, such as TCXO, Beijing Ruih

36、ua Xin Technology Development Co., Ltd. launched (32-40MHz) at room temperature accuracy of better than 1ppm frequency aging rate of 1ppm frequency (mechanical) tuning 3ppm 120mw power consumption. High stability TCXO devices, accuracy up to 0.05ppm.High-precision, low power consumption and miniatur

37、ization, TCXO research topics. Facing many difficulties in the miniaturization of the chip type, which has two points: First, miniaturization makes quartz crystal oscillator frequency variable magnitude smaller, temperature compensation is more difficult; chip package in the reflux welding operation

38、s, welding temperature is much higher than the maximum allowable temperature of TCXO, make crystal oscillator frequency change, if adopted to limit local thermal cooling measures, it is difficult to control TCXO frequency variation 0.5 10 - 6 below. However, the the TCXO raise the level of no access

39、 to the limit, innovative content and the potential is still large.3.TCXO the application TCXO as a reference oscillator frequency reference for the transmit channel at the same time as the first level of local oscillator receiving channel; other TCXO as the two local oscillator, the oscillation sig

40、nal input to the two inverter. The frequency stability of mobile telephone calls for 0.1 2.5ppm (-30 to +75 C), but for cost reasons, usually optional specifications of 1.5 2.5ppm. The mobile phone 12 20MHz TCXO representative one of the products is the VC-TCXO-201C1, using the direct method of comp

41、ensation, the appearance shown in Figure 2 (b) below, produced by the Japanese stone (KSS).Development historySince Edwin Armstrong put forward the heterodyne principle, the oscillator has become the most basic element. He later found that generate oscillation can be configured through Audion (an ea

42、rly vacuum tube ) .He invented the first electronic oscillator. From nineteen tens of Armstrong s invention to today, The progress of VCO technology through the vacuum tube, transistor oscillator, oscillator module, solution until today based on the RFIC oscillator stages.Vacuum tube oscillator in c

43、ommercial and military radio receiver has been widely used for many years,For example, AM and FM radio, television ( FM ) as well as military voice communication. However, the invention of semiconductor amplifier device, such as a transistor and a variable capacitance diode, trigger VCO technology f

44、or another round of revolution.The first bipolar transistor was invented by Bell Labs (Bell Laboratories; Holmdel, NJ) in the late 1940s, followed by transistors in the 1950s began to replace the vacuum tube. The new transistor is smaller than the tube volume lower power consumption, as the required

45、 operating voltage lower final cost becomes lower. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube as the active element in oscillators, which greatly changed the technology of the oscillator and the oscillator topology has been established.The form of a module with the volume reduction of the varactor diod

46、es, capacitors and inductors, the VCO possible. VCO module is essentially a build installed in a metal enclosure in a substrate and a miniature version of discrete components oscillator. The modules are independent, only the external, the power, the tuning voltage and output load. This module first

47、appeared in the 1960s primarily for military applications. They were fairly large (up to several square inches) and more expensive commercial products still use discrete transistors, varactor VCO. Until the emergence of mobile telephony, the market of commercial VCO module developed.Today, these tec

48、hnological advances reached its culmination .In the late 1990s, a smaller and lower cost VCO technology, monolithic VCO IC technology. Monolithic IC VCO technology is LC (inductor - capacitor) VCO circuit components, including transistors, capacitors, resistors, inductors, and varactor diodes are in

49、tegrated into a VCO on a single chip implementation technology. VCO module, the devices are configured to form a complete VCO, requiring only connection to the power supply, the output of the tuner input, and digital control line.Status quo Japanese stone, NibonDempaKogyo company was founded in 1948

50、, and the United States Motorola bit, Korea, Sunny-Emi, are the production of the larger manufacturers of quartz crystal devices. The production of quartz crystal oscillators and other components of the unit the 10th Research Institute of the former Ministry of Electronics Industry, Beijing 707 Fact

51、ory, the state-owned No. 875 Factory, and a number of joint ventures and so on. An early start in research and development of synthetic quartz crystal and its components have the production capacity. Quartz crystal oscillator, compared with foreign advanced level, mainly in the chip, miniaturization

52、, high-frequency and frequency temperature characteristics there is a gap. To close these gaps as soon as possible to further expand production scale, improve product cost, is the only way to improve competitiveness in the international market. At the same time, but also to track new trends in the d

53、evice, such as research and application of the video generator oscillator.壓控高頻LC振蕩器的設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生：xxx，物理與信息工程學(xué)院指導(dǎo)老師：xxx，xx大學(xué)近年來(lái)，隨著無(wú)線通信技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，使市場(chǎng)對(duì)射頻集成電路產(chǎn)生了巨大的需求。在射頻電路中，壓控振蕩器(VCO)占有非常重要的地位。振蕩器自其誕生以來(lái)就一直在通信、電子、航海航空航天及醫(yī)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域扮演重要的角色，具有廣泛的用途。在無(wú)線電技術(shù)發(fā)展的初期，它就在發(fā)射機(jī)中用來(lái)產(chǎn)生高頻載波電壓，在超外差接收機(jī)中用作本機(jī)振蕩器，成為發(fā)射和接收設(shè)備的基本部件。而今振蕩器的用途也越來(lái)越廣

54、泛。例如：在無(wú)線電通信，廣播，電視設(shè)備中用來(lái)產(chǎn)生所需要的載波和本機(jī)振蕩信號(hào)；在電子測(cè)量?jī)x器中用來(lái)產(chǎn)生各種頻段的正弦信號(hào)等。 定義 振蕩器簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)就是一個(gè)頻率源，一般用在鎖相環(huán)中。詳細(xì)說(shuō)就是一個(gè)不需要外信號(hào)激勵(lì)、自身就可以將直流電能轉(zhuǎn)化為交流電能的裝置。一般分為正反饋和負(fù)阻型兩種。所謂“振蕩”，其涵義就暗指交流，振蕩器包含了一個(gè)從不振蕩到振蕩的過(guò)程和功能。能夠完成從直流電能到交流電能的轉(zhuǎn)化，這樣的裝置就可以稱為“振蕩器”。 振蕩器工作原理主要有由電容器和電感器組成的LC回路，通過(guò)電場(chǎng)能和磁場(chǎng)能的相互轉(zhuǎn)換產(chǎn)程自由振蕩。要維持振蕩還要有具有正反饋的放大電路，LC振蕩器又分為變壓器耦合式和三點(diǎn)式振蕩器

55、，很多應(yīng)用石英晶體的石英晶體振蕩器，還有用集成運(yùn)放組成的LC振蕩器。 由于器件不可能參數(shù)完全一致，因此在上電的瞬間兩個(gè)三極管的狀態(tài)就發(fā)生了變化，這個(gè)變化由于正反饋的作用越來(lái)越強(qiáng)烈，導(dǎo)致到達(dá)一個(gè)暫穩(wěn)態(tài)。暫穩(wěn)態(tài)期間另一個(gè)三極管經(jīng)電容逐步充電后導(dǎo)通或者截止，狀態(tài)發(fā)生翻轉(zhuǎn)，到達(dá)另一個(gè)暫穩(wěn)態(tài)。這樣周而復(fù)始形成振蕩。 振蕩器的分類振蕩器主要分為RC，LC振蕩器和晶體振蕩器 1RC振蕩器采用RC網(wǎng)絡(luò)作為選頻移相網(wǎng)絡(luò)的振蕩器統(tǒng)稱為RC正弦振蕩器，屬音頻振蕩器。 2LC振蕩器采用LC振蕩回路作為移相和選頻網(wǎng)絡(luò)的正反饋振蕩器稱為L(zhǎng)C振蕩器。 LC振蕩器的分類： 變壓器耦合 單管LC正弦振蕩器 差分對(duì)管LC正弦振蕩

56、器 三點(diǎn)式 電容三點(diǎn)式(考畢茲)振蕩器 電感三點(diǎn)式(哈特萊)振蕩器 改進(jìn)三點(diǎn)式 克拉潑振蕩器 西勒振蕩器 差分對(duì)管振蕩器 3晶體振蕩器 振蕩器的振蕩頻率受石英晶體控制的振蕩器。 溫度系數(shù)振蕩器1.溫度系數(shù)振蕩器是指一種振蕩器，它的振蕩頻率與溫度之間有一個(gè)特定的關(guān)系，即不同的溫度對(duì)應(yīng)不同的振蕩頻率。反之，測(cè)量出振蕩器的輸出頻率，就可測(cè)量出溫度值。2.高溫度系數(shù)振蕩器：它的振蕩頻率受溫度的影響很大，溫度稍有變化，頻率就會(huì)變化很多，即對(duì)溫度敏感，多用于溫度傳感器。3.低溫度系數(shù)振蕩器：它的振蕩頻率受溫度的影響很小，即使溫度變化很大，它的頻率也基本不變。 石英晶體振蕩器石英晶體振蕩器分非溫度補(bǔ)償式晶體

57、振蕩器、溫度補(bǔ)償晶體振蕩器（TCXO）、電壓控制晶體振蕩器（VCXO）、恒溫控制式晶體振蕩器（OCXO）和數(shù)字化/p補(bǔ)償式晶體振蕩器（DCXO/MCXO）等幾種類型。其中，無(wú)溫度補(bǔ)償式晶體振蕩器是最簡(jiǎn)單的一種，在日本工業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(JIS)中，稱其為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)封裝晶體振蕩器（SPXO）?，F(xiàn)以SPXO為例，簡(jiǎn)要介紹一下石英晶體振蕩器的結(jié)構(gòu)與工作原理。石英晶體，有天然的也有人造的，是一種重要的壓電晶體材料。石英晶體本身并非振蕩器，它只有借助于有源激勵(lì)和無(wú)源電抗網(wǎng)絡(luò)方可產(chǎn)生振蕩。SPXO主要是由品質(zhì)因數(shù)（Q）很高的晶體諧振器（即晶體振子）與反饋式振蕩電路組成的。石英晶體振子是振蕩器中的重要元件，晶體的頻率（基頻

58、或n次諧波頻率）及其溫度特性在很大程度上取決于其切割取向。只要在晶體振子板極上施加交變電壓，就會(huì)使晶片產(chǎn)生機(jī)械變形振動(dòng)，此現(xiàn)象即所謂逆壓電效應(yīng)。當(dāng)外加電壓頻率等于晶體諧振器的固有頻率時(shí)，就會(huì)發(fā)生壓電諧振，從而導(dǎo)致機(jī)械變形的振幅突然增大。與金屬板之間的靜電電容；L、C為壓電諧振的等效參量；R為振動(dòng)磨擦損耗的等效電阻。石英晶體諧振器存在一個(gè)串聯(lián)諧振頻率fos（1/2），同時(shí)也存在一個(gè)并聯(lián)諧振頻率fop（1/2)。由于CoC，fop與fos之間之差值很小，并且ROL，R1/OC，所以諧振電路的品質(zhì)因數(shù)Q非常高（可達(dá)數(shù)百萬(wàn)），從而使石英晶體諧振器組成的振蕩器頻率穩(wěn)定度十分高，可達(dá)1012/日。石英晶體振蕩器的振蕩頻率既可近似工作于fos處，也可工作在fop附近，因此石英晶體振蕩器可分串聯(lián)型和并聯(lián)型兩種。用石英晶體諧振器及其等效電路，取代LC振蕩器中構(gòu)成諧振回路的電感（L）和電容（C）元件，則很容易理解晶體振蕩器的工作原理。SPXO的總精度（包括起始精度和隨溫度、電壓及負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的變化）可以達(dá)到25ppm。SPXO既