英語虛擬語句

1、.虛擬語氣在文法中，虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood)(有時(shí)稱為連接語氣(conjunctive mood)是很多語言都有的動(dòng)詞語氣。它典型的用在從屬子句中表達(dá)希望、命令、情緒、可能性、判斷、必然性、或與當(dāng)前事實(shí)相反的陳述。虛擬語氣的詳情隨語言而不同。1 應(yīng)用條件在 表 示 虛 假 的 、 與 事 實(shí) 相 反 的 或 難 以 實(shí) 現(xiàn) 的 情 況 時(shí) 用 虛 擬 語 氣 ，表示主觀愿望或某種強(qiáng)烈情感時(shí)，也用虛擬語氣。即當(dāng)一個(gè)人說話時(shí)欲強(qiáng)調(diào)其所說的話是基于自己的主觀想法，愿望，假想，猜測， 懷疑或建議，而不是根據(jù)客觀實(shí)際，就用虛擬語氣。2 條件狀語從句2.1 條件狀語從句分類條件句可分為

2、兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語氣。英語：.下載可編輯.If he doesnt hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快點(diǎn)，他將錯(cuò)過巴士。( 真實(shí))If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空閑的，他會(huì)要求我講故事。（真實(shí)）If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你，我馬上就會(huì)去。（我不可能是你。非真實(shí)，虛擬語氣）If there were no air,people would die.如果沒有空氣，

3、人就會(huì)死亡。（不可能沒有空氣。非真實(shí)，虛擬語氣）2.2 用法及動(dòng)詞形式1、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況：從句：If 主語+過去時(shí)(Be 動(dòng)詞用 were)主句：主語+should/would/could/might+do eg：1If I were you,I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我會(huì)帶把傘。（事實(shí)：我不可能是你）2If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. 如果我知道他的電話號(hào)碼，我就會(huì)告訴你。（事實(shí)：不知道）3If there were no air or water,there would be n

4、o living things on the earth. 如果沒有水和空氣，地球上就不會(huì)有生物。(事實(shí)：地球上既有空氣也有水)4If I had any money with me,I could lend you some. 如果我?guī)уX了，我就會(huì)借給你些。（事實(shí)：沒有帶錢） 5If he studied harder,he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通過考試了。（事實(shí)：沒有努力） 2、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況從句：If 主語+had+done主句：主語+should/would/could/might+have done eg：1 If I had got

5、 there earlier,I should/could have met her.如果我早到那兒， 我就會(huì)見到她。（事實(shí)：去晚了）2If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他聽我的勸告的話，就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。（事實(shí)：沒有聽我的話）.下載可編輯.3she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.她看我的樣子好像我是一個(gè)陌生人。（事實(shí)：我并非陌生人） 3、表示對(duì)將來情況的主觀推測主句：主語+should+do從句：if+主語+were to doif+主語

6、+should/would/could/might+doif+主語+did（動(dòng)詞過去式）/were eg：1If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.如果他明天來這兒的話，我就跟他談?wù)?。（事?shí)：來的可能性很?。?If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我們就不能去滑冰了。（事實(shí)：下雪可能性很?。?If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matte

7、r. 如果她下周一來這兒的話，我就會(huì)告訴她這件事的始末。（事實(shí)：來的可能性很?。?、 有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，結(jié)果主句和條件從句的謂語動(dòng)作若不是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，虛擬語氣的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。這種條件句叫錯(cuò)綜條件句。從句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)不符。eg：If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too. 如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會(huì)成為一個(gè)工程師了If they had informed us,we would not come here now. 如果他們通知過我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)來這里

8、了。從句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與過去事實(shí)不符。如：If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的話，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)派他去北京了。If he knew her,he would have greeted her. 要是他認(rèn)識(shí)她的話，他肯定會(huì)去問候她了。5、 當(dāng)虛擬條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞含有 were,should,had 時(shí)，if 可以省略，這時(shí)條件從句要用倒裝語序，即把 were,should,had 等詞置于句首，這種多用于書面語。eg：Should he agree to go there,we woul

9、d send him there. 要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。Were she here,she would agree with us. 如果她在這兒的話，她會(huì)同意我們的。Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些電腦知識(shí)的話，我們已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。6、非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表達(dá)出來，只暗含在副詞、介詞短語、上下文或其他方式表示出來，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句，在多數(shù)情況下，條件會(huì)暗含在短語中，如.下載可編輯.without，but for等eg：But for his

10、help,we would be working now. 要不是他的幫助，我們還會(huì)在工作呢。Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress. 要是沒有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會(huì)取得如此大的進(jìn)步。We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我們不知道他的電話號(hào)碼，否則我們就會(huì)給他打電話。7、 有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個(gè)，來表示說話人的一種強(qiáng)烈的感情。省略從句He would have finis

11、hed it. 他本該完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你本能通過這次考試的。省略主句If I were at home now. 要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。If only I had got it. 要是只有我得到它了該多好啊。8.注意，在虛擬語氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞be 的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用were，不用 was。eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。3 各類用法3.1 wish 后賓語從句a、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式eg. I wish I had your brai

12、ns.我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。(事實(shí)：我根本比不上你) b、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞：had+done eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我那時(shí)就知道這件事情的真相。（事實(shí)：那時(shí)還不知道） c、表示將來難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望謂語動(dòng)詞： should/woul（d 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）+ 動(dòng)詞原形eg. I wish I shouldhavea chanceagain.我希望我還能有一次這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。（事實(shí)：很難再有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)了）注：if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句和as if/as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句也有相同用法.下載可編輯.3.2 目

13、的狀語從句1、在for fear that,in case,les引t 導(dǎo)的從句中，若用虛擬語氣時(shí)，從句謂語為：should + do。并且 should能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief (should) come in. 她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。He started out earlier lest he (should) be late. 他早早的就出發(fā)了以防遲到。2、在 so that,inorderthat 所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為：can / could/ may / might / w

14、ill / would / should + d。oHe goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近說話的人以便能聽得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個(gè)字。3.3 其他用法1、一想要( desire) 一寧愿( prefer) 一堅(jiān)持( insist)二命令( order , command) 三建議( advise , suggest, propose/recomme

15、nd) 四要求( demand, require, request, ask)中，無論主句謂語動(dòng)詞為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都用： should + do。should 可以省略。eg：He suggested that we (should) take the teachers advice. He insisted that we (should) take the teachers advice.He demand that we (should) take the teachers advice. He ordered that we (should) take the teacher

16、s advice.insist 意為“堅(jiān)持某種動(dòng)作”才用虛擬語氣；意為“堅(jiān)持某種觀點(diǎn)，某個(gè)事實(shí)”則不用虛擬語氣。eg：He insists he is a student. 他堅(jiān)持說他是個(gè)學(xué)生。這個(gè)語句表示的是事實(shí)，因此在這個(gè)語句中不能使用虛擬語氣。suggest意為“建議”才用虛擬語氣，意為“暗示”則不用虛擬語氣。eg：His face suggests that he looks worried . 他的表情暗含著他很擔(dān)心。.下載可編輯.這個(gè)句子本身是事實(shí)，因此它就沒有用到虛擬語氣。2、表情緒 .觀點(diǎn)的形容詞或名詞也要用虛擬語氣 .如： necessary、important、imposs

17、ible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity,the shame ,no wonder,essential等。表示驚奇、不相信、理應(yīng)如此。句型：It is.that +主語從句，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用 should+原型或 只用動(dòng)詞原型。eg:Do you think it is necessary that he (should)not be sent to Lingbao. It is strange that such a person should be our friend.奇怪的是這樣一個(gè)人會(huì)成為我們的

18、朋友。lts a pity that Lucy (should) be so careless.注：這一點(diǎn)還沒有準(zhǔn)確的說法，希望善心人能把這點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充完全。3、 在 even if,even though 所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中用 may/might+動(dòng)詞原形， may/might 可以省略，表示與現(xiàn)在相反的情況；從句用過去完成時(shí)，表示與過去相反的情況，類似的詞有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as;主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與 if 所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。eg：Even if he were here himself,he should not

19、know what to do. 即使他親自來也不知該怎么辦。（事實(shí)：他沒來）Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使華佗在世也救不了他。（事實(shí)：華佗不在世）4、 在 whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,nomatterwh-等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，從句虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)為： 指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚簃ay +do。eg：We will finish it on time no matter what may happen. 不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時(shí)完成

20、。We will find him wherever he may be. 無論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他來的多么晚，我都會(huì)等他。指過去：may +have done。eg：You mustnt be proud whatever great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步，你也不能驕傲。.下載可編輯.We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯過什

21、么錯(cuò)誤，我們必須尊敬他。5、一般would rather,had rather,would soone等r 之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實(shí)不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： 過去 had + done現(xiàn)在 過去時(shí)(be 用were )將來 過去時(shí)(be 用were ) （would rather將來情況用一般過去時(shí)） eg：Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看過了這場電影。Id rather you were here now. 我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。Wed rather you went here tomorr

22、ow. 我們倒想你明天去那兒注：注意 would rather，had rather，would sooner 的細(xì)微差別，可以百度一下查查。6、虛擬語氣還可用在定語從句中，表示：“早該做某事了”時(shí)，定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞須用虛擬語氣，其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is (high / about) time that主+語+ 動(dòng)詞的過去式/ should + do（優(yōu)先使用動(dòng)詞過去式），即從句用虛擬過去式。It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了。It is high time you should g

23、o to work. 你早該上班了。7、 簡單句中的虛擬語氣（1） 說話時(shí)，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語常使用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)形式常為：would / could / might / should +d。oeg：Would you mind me shutting the door? 你介意我把門關(guān)起來嗎？You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把這個(gè)教訓(xùn)牢記于心。I should agree with you.我本該同意你的觀點(diǎn)。（委婉的不同意）（2）表示“祝愿”時(shí)，常用may + 主語+ do。eg：May you

24、 have a good journey! 祝你一路順風(fēng)。.下載可編輯.May your youth last forever! 祝你青春永駐。（3）表示強(qiáng)烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”時(shí)，常用do。eg：God bless us. 上帝保佑。（4）習(xí)慣表達(dá)中常用的虛擬語氣。 提出請(qǐng)求或邀請(qǐng)。eg：Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上來跟我們聊天好嗎？Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的單車嗎？ 陳述自己的觀點(diǎn)或看法。eg： I should be glad to meet you. 見到你我

25、會(huì)很高興。I would try my best to help you. 我會(huì)盡力幫助你。提出勸告或建議。eg：Youd better ask your father first. 你最好先問一問你的父親。You should make a full investigation of it first. 你應(yīng)該先全面調(diào)查一番。 提出問題。eg：Do you think he could get here on time 你認(rèn)為他能按時(shí)來嗎？Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他會(huì)告訴我們真相嗎？表示對(duì)過去情況的責(zé)備時(shí)，常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬

26、語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have done。eg：You should have got here earlier. 你早該到這里了。You should have returned it to him. 你早該把它還給他了。8、虛擬語氣在方式狀語從句的應(yīng)用。詳見百度百科之方式狀語從句詞條。4 虛擬語氣誤區(qū)1.混合條件句的主從句時(shí)態(tài)不會(huì)靈活變化；2.省略if 時(shí)，句子調(diào)整不正確；.下載可編輯.3.不會(huì)去找意思中的“應(yīng)該”含義；4.陷在虛擬中出不來，把真實(shí)條件句當(dāng)成虛擬條件句?！镜湫屠}】1） If I had seen the movie, Iyou all about it now.A

27、would tell B will tell C have told D would have told解析：錯(cuò)選 D。此題考查混合條件句。從句表對(duì)過去的虛擬，主句表對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬， 所以正確答案為A。2）The volleyball match will be put off if it.Awill rain B rains C rained D is rained解析：答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。3）to do the work, I should do it some other day.A If were I B I were C Were I D Was I解析：

28、答案C 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had 這三個(gè)詞，通常將if 省略，主語提前, 變成 were, should, had +主語的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Werent I to do.4). My suggestion is that shemore exercise, which will do a lot of good to her.A takes B must take C take D took解析：錯(cuò)選 A。本題要表達(dá)“我的建議是她（應(yīng)該

29、）多鍛煉，這對(duì)她會(huì)有很大好處。” 符合虛擬的條件，所以正確答案為C?？涨懊媸÷粤藄hould.5 省略虛擬條件5.1 省略連詞if有時(shí)可將條件從句的連詞 if 省略， 但此時(shí)應(yīng)用倒裝句型， 即把從句中的were,should,had 等提到句首：Were I Tom,I would refuse. 如果我是湯姆，我會(huì)拒絕。Should it be necessary,I would go. 假若有必要，我會(huì)去的。Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time. 若不是天氣壞，我們就準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)了?！咀ⅰ?若條件從句

30、為否定句，否定詞 not 應(yīng)置于主語之后，而不能與 were,should,had 等縮略成Werent,Shouldnt,Hadnt 而置于句首。.下載可編輯. 有時(shí)省略if 后提前的had 不是助動(dòng)詞：Had I time,I would come. 假若我有時(shí)間，我會(huì)來的。(=If I had time)5.2 省略主語和動(dòng)詞be若主從句主語一致，且謂語部分包含有動(dòng)詞be，通常可將主語和動(dòng)詞be 省略： If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.要是早點(diǎn)兒修一下，拖拉機(jī)就不會(huì)拋錨了。(=If it had been repaired earlier)5.3 省略“it+be”If necessary,I would send more farmhands to help you.如果需要的話，我會(huì)派更多的人去幫你。(=If it was necessary,)5.4 省略條件從句這樣的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略條件從句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的：I might see her personally