人類與社會(huì)電大期末復(fù)習(xí)匯總小抄參考

1、判斷戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)性質(zhì)的基本依據(jù)是什么？戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的正義性與非正義性是判斷戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)性質(zhì)的基本依據(jù)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，正義的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)有助于人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步，非正義戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)通常起反動(dòng)作用。因?yàn)椋磺袘?zhàn)爭(zhēng)都是政治通過(guò)另一種手段(即暴力)的繼續(xù)。政治決定戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的目的和性質(zhì)，并且通過(guò)戰(zhàn)略這個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)計(jì)劃和軍事行動(dòng)產(chǎn)生影響。區(qū)分戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的正義與非正義性，首先必須確定戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)行為主體的政治目的?？偟恼f(shuō)來(lái)，一切反抗統(tǒng)治階級(jí)的壓迫、抵御外來(lái)侵略、促進(jìn)社會(huì)進(jìn)步的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)都是正義的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)；反之，一切鎮(zhèn)壓革命、對(duì)外進(jìn)行侵略擴(kuò)張、阻礙社會(huì)進(jìn)步的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，都是非正義的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。支持正義的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，反對(duì)非正義的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是我們對(duì)待戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的基本態(tài)度。因此，實(shí)事求是地區(qū)分戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的正義性與非正義性

2、是確定我們對(duì)待戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的態(tài)度的基本依據(jù)。雅爾塔體制”對(duì)于世界政治有何意義？雅爾塔體制是戰(zhàn)后大國(guó)之間達(dá)成的對(duì)世界政治秩序重新安排的協(xié)議和諒解，這一體制雖然奠定了不同社會(huì)制度和意識(shí)形態(tài)國(guó)家之間的和平共處的基礎(chǔ)，客觀上減弱了美蘇之間激烈對(duì)抗的程度，使戰(zhàn)后的世界政治秩序獲得了相對(duì)穩(wěn)定，但是，這一體制又是大國(guó)強(qiáng)權(quán)政治的產(chǎn)物，它嚴(yán)重地侵犯了廣大中小國(guó)家的主權(quán)，損害了中小國(guó)家的利益，成為戰(zhàn)后世界政治局勢(shì)緊張和動(dòng)蕩的根源。如何認(rèn)識(shí)文化沖突的意義？文化沖突是人類文化發(fā)展過(guò)程中的普遍現(xiàn)象。文化沖突是文化發(fā)展的重要?jiǎng)恿?。它促成了文化的分化，打破了舊的文化體系，誕生出新的文化體系；它導(dǎo)致了文化的整合，使不同的文化系統(tǒng)之間

3、在矛盾沖突過(guò)程中相互吸收、融合，以至于逐步趨于一體化。因此，在一定程度上我們可以說(shuō)，文化沖突是文化發(fā)展的必經(jīng)階段，對(duì)于推動(dòng)文化的發(fā)展具有積極意義。社會(huì)發(fā)展與自然資源的關(guān)系人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展是一個(gè)不斷利用各種資源，創(chuàng)造物質(zhì)財(cái)富和精神財(cái)富的過(guò)程。其中，自然資源提供著社會(huì)發(fā)展所需的物質(zhì)和能量，而社會(huì)資源則提供著加速社會(huì)發(fā)展的勞力、技術(shù)、知識(shí)及各種思想等。 （一）社會(huì)發(fā)展對(duì)自然資源的依賴 人類社會(huì)建立在各種自然資源基礎(chǔ)之上，沒(méi)有豐富的自然資源，沒(méi)有人類長(zhǎng)期對(duì)各種資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用，人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展是不可能的。歷史進(jìn)程充分說(shuō)明自然資源是影響人類社會(huì)發(fā)展的基本力量。因此，無(wú)論人類社會(huì)發(fā)展到什么階段，自然資源是發(fā)展的

4、根據(jù)這一真理亙古不變，科學(xué)的進(jìn)步只能起到加快社會(huì)發(fā)展步伐的作用。 （二）自然對(duì)人類社會(huì)的報(bào)復(fù) 由于自然資源的有限性，人類的不斷使用會(huì)導(dǎo)致其減少甚至枯竭，從而產(chǎn)生資源危機(jī)；而且，在利用自然資源的過(guò)程中，一般都有殘余物回流自然或干擾自然資源的自我更新過(guò)程，這將對(duì)自然環(huán)境或自然資源產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的破壞作用，并導(dǎo)致自然對(duì)人類的報(bào)復(fù)。在農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)里，生產(chǎn)力水平不高，人類對(duì)資源的利用是有限的，人類社會(huì)與自然的關(guān)系是融洽和諧的。自人類進(jìn)入工業(yè)化社會(huì)后，生產(chǎn)力水平獲得了持續(xù)提高，人類改造自然的能力空前增強(qiáng)。由于無(wú)知導(dǎo)致的盲目和貪婪產(chǎn)生的驅(qū)動(dòng)，人類只知一味地從自然中掠奪性索取各種資源，不愿對(duì)大自然的生命循環(huán)過(guò)程進(jìn)行維護(hù)

5、，導(dǎo)致大自然不堪重負(fù)，以各種形式向人類表達(dá)著她的抗議。階層分化與社會(huì)進(jìn)步的關(guān)系社會(huì)階層的分化是社會(huì)進(jìn)化的一種途徑。通過(guò)必要的社會(huì)階層分化包括分工意義上的分化和貧富程度意義上的分化，能夠激起社會(huì)成員的勞動(dòng)積極性和創(chuàng)造性，激發(fā)社會(huì)成員發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力的內(nèi)在推動(dòng)性力量。 其社會(huì)作用主要表現(xiàn)在： 社會(huì)階層的分化是社會(huì)“從身份到契約”的轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程。它促使了人的解放，用法治取代人治，用自由流動(dòng)取代身份約束，用后天的奮斗取代對(duì)先賦資格的崇拜。 社會(huì)階層的分化是一種社會(huì)進(jìn)步，它是社會(huì)分工原則在社會(huì)成員構(gòu)成方面的體現(xiàn)，在一定程度上起到了對(duì)社會(huì)成員的“激勵(lì)”作用。 社會(huì)階層的分化造就了一個(gè)“公民社會(huì)”，它為社會(huì)的政治

6、經(jīng)濟(jì)生活增加了彈性因素，有利于社會(huì)張力的緩解，使社會(huì)秩序趨于穩(wěn)定。 社會(huì)階層的分化有助于社會(huì)等級(jí)體系從傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的“金字塔型”向現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會(huì)的“橄欖型”轉(zhuǎn)變，由此產(chǎn)生的龐大的社會(huì)“中間階層”，成為防止社會(huì)兩極分化，保持社會(huì)穩(wěn)定的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)性因素。宗教的本質(zhì)特征宗教的本質(zhì)是人們的幻覺(jué)通過(guò)超人間力量反映出來(lái)的一種形式。正如恩格斯所說(shuō)：“一切宗教都不過(guò)是支配著人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹耐獠苛α吭谌藗冾^腦中的幻想的反映，在這反映中，人間的力量采取了超人間的力量的形式?！钡谝唬且环N特殊的社會(huì)意識(shí)形態(tài)對(duì)客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的間接的、扭曲的反映。在人與自然力量的關(guān)系上，它把自然力量人格化；在人與社會(huì)力量的關(guān)系上，它把社會(huì)力量神

7、秘化；在人與人的本質(zhì)關(guān)系上，它把人的本質(zhì)異化，它是以一種非理性化的形式來(lái)反映客觀世界，心甘情愿地按照神的意志和命令行事的社會(huì)組織。第二，它是一種顛倒了的世界觀，反映了人們主觀世界對(duì)客觀世界的異化。它是一種唯心主義世界觀，是依靠信仰的非理性的情感力量建立的唯心主義體系。第三，它是一種精神麻醉劑。在承認(rèn)現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)制度合理性的前提下，它為人們?cè)O(shè)想了一個(gè)虛幻的天國(guó)世界，關(guān)注的是來(lái)世的幸福，要人們把幸福寄托在虛構(gòu)的天堂，用虛幻的自我安慰來(lái)充當(dāng)“人民的鴉片”。分析“白色人種優(yōu)越論”的謬誤種族是指在自然體質(zhì)特征上具有某些共同遺傳特征(如膚色、眼色、發(fā)色、發(fā)型、身長(zhǎng)、面型、鼻型、血型等)的人群。種族劃分的依據(jù)是

8、人的純自然特征差異,只具有相對(duì)的意義。種族的形成是自然選擇和社會(huì)文化共同作用的結(jié)果。種族差異是長(zhǎng)期自然選擇和環(huán)境適應(yīng)與變異的結(jié)果。因此，我們不能以這些外在的生理差異來(lái)說(shuō)明種族優(yōu)劣或高低,或試圖以這種純生理差異來(lái)作為文化差異的根據(jù)。種族主義者忽視這些科學(xué)事實(shí)，他們以人在自然形態(tài)方面的外在差異來(lái)解釋世界各種族之間的文化差異,并認(rèn)為白種人是高等種族,有權(quán)統(tǒng)治其它種族。這種荒謬的論調(diào)會(huì)對(duì)人類的發(fā)展與繁榮構(gòu)成威脅,并已在歷史上給人類造成極大的災(zāi)難，我們必須堅(jiān)決反對(duì)。winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-fin

9、al win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in

10、their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the

11、most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the lin

12、e this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match

13、tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, presi

14、dent of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news

15、: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached,

16、 will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the

17、stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when th

18、ey got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament

19、.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnot