【實(shí)例講解】托福綜合寫作備考練習(xí)題-老美的四天工作制

1、 【實(shí)例講解】托福綜合寫作備考練習(xí)題-老美的四天工作制 托福綜合寫作(Integrated Writi ng)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)都是托福考試的難點(diǎn)之一，全面考察考生快速閱讀、聽(tīng)取關(guān)鍵信息和原文復(fù)述的能 力。由于閱讀和聽(tīng)力實(shí)力較弱導(dǎo)致綜合寫作失分嚴(yán)重，想要提升卻不得其法。從傳統(tǒng)備考思路看提升閱讀 和聽(tīng)力固然沒(méi)錯(cuò)，但如何在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)加強(qiáng)針對(duì)性、高效提分才是關(guān)鍵。下面就為大家?guī)?lái)托福綜合寫 作的閱讀材料，希望在練習(xí)中能不斷提升大家的托福綜合寫作能力。 托福綜合寫作閱讀材料： In the Un ited States, employees typicallywork five days a week for

2、 eight hours each day. However, many employees want towork a four-day week and are willi ng to accept less pay in order to do so. Aman datory policy requiri ng compa nies to offer their employees the opti on of work inga four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 perce nt) of their no rmal pay wouldbe ne

3、fit the economy as a whole as well as the in dividual compa nies and the employeeswho decided to take the optio n. 在美國(guó)，職員一般執(zhí)行的一周五天，每天八小時(shí)工作制。然而，很多職員希望能夠改為四天工作制， 如果能夠滿足需要可以接受薪水降低。要求企業(yè)提供薪水八成工作四天的工作方式供員工選擇對(duì)于國(guó)家整 個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)都是有好處的，同時(shí)獲益的還有個(gè)人，以及執(zhí)行這個(gè)政策的公司。 The shorte ned workweek would in creasecompa ny profits beca

4、use employees would feel more rested and alert, and as aresult, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff toensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additi onal payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80perce nt of t

5、he no rmal rate. In the end, compa nies would have fewer overworkeda nd error-pr one employees for the same mon ey, which would in crease compa nyprofits. 減少工作日會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)，因?yàn)閱T工們會(huì)感到很輕松和精神，這樣他們就會(huì)在工作中較少犯那些 可能會(huì)帶來(lái)?yè)p失的錯(cuò)誤。為了完成同樣的工作量將需要雇傭更多的人手，但是這不意味著需要支付更多的 薪水，這是因?yàn)樗奶旃ぷ魅罩恍柚Ц督o每個(gè)員工80%勺工資。這樣，公司花同樣的錢，員工這會(huì)過(guò)于勞累和 失誤連連

6、了，這樣將會(huì)提高公司的利潤(rùn)。 For the country as a whole, one of theprimary ben efits of offeri ng this option to employees is that it would reduceunemployment rates. If many full-time employees started worki ng fewer hours, someof their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every fouremployees wh

7、o went on an 80 perce nt week, a new employee could be hired at the80 perce nt rate. 對(duì)于國(guó)家整體來(lái)說(shuō)，給職員提供這樣的選擇選擇的好處就是可以降低失業(yè)率。如果原來(lái)全職工作的人 縮短了工作時(shí)間之后，他們的部分工作就需要轉(zhuǎn)給其他的員工。這樣，如果每個(gè)員工每周都只工作80%勺時(shí) 間，這樣就可以以同樣的工作時(shí)間來(lái)雇傭新員工了。 Fin ally, the opti on of a four-day workweekwould be better for in dividual employees. Employees

8、who could afford a lowersalary in excha nge for more free time could improve the quality of their livesby spending the extra time with their families, purs uing private in terests, orenjoying leisure activities. 最后，這種四天工作日的選擇對(duì)于員工個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)也是有利的。那些可以接受用降低薪水來(lái)增加休息時(shí) 間的員工可以提高他們的生活質(zhì)量，因?yàn)樗麄冇懈嗟臅r(shí)間陪家人、追求自己的興趣、以及享受一

9、些休閑 生活。 托福綜合寫作閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是： -Main point: A man datory policy requiri ngcompa nies to offer their employees the opti on of worki ng a four-day workweekfor four-fifths (80 perce nt) of their no rmal pay would ben efit the economy as awhole as well as the in dividual compa nies and the employees who de

10、cided to takethe opti on. -Sub point 1: The shorte ned workweek wouldi ncrease compa ny profits. -Sub point 2: the country as a whole willbe nefits. -Sub point 3: the opti on of a four-dayworkweek would be better for in dividual employees. 托福綜合寫作閱讀觀點(diǎn)抽出方法： -這篇文章沒(méi)有在觀點(diǎn)抽取的時(shí)候?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)O(shè)置障礙，Main point就乖乖地出現(xiàn)在首段段尾

11、， sub points都是在段首出現(xiàn)的。但是需要提醒的是千萬(wàn)不要把support和detail作為point提取出來(lái)。在 獨(dú)立寫作的時(shí)候，大家常犯的一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤就是把support和detail作為point放在段首，在閱讀部分也還是 難以壓抑對(duì)support和detail的重視。在提取point的時(shí)候不要把細(xì)節(jié)攪和進(jìn)來(lái)。比如就不能說(shuō)第一個(gè)sub point是員工效率更高；第二個(gè)sub point 是可以降低失業(yè)率，第三個(gè) sub point是可以提高生活質(zhì)量。如果用細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)point，就會(huì)在聽(tīng)力部分發(fā)現(xiàn)點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)對(duì)不上了，因?yàn)椴皇撬?有題目都是會(huì)反駁閱讀部分的細(xì)節(jié)的。即便是，你貌似對(duì)上了，但是邏輯層

12、面不對(duì)還是錯(cuò)的。所以，真正 的理解point的含義是非常重要的，point的是觀點(diǎn)，不提煉出來(lái)的態(tài)度，而不應(yīng)該是一些起支撐作用的細(xì) 節(jié)。 -我們自查sub point的方法就是它是否是支持mainpoint。有的時(shí)候 sub point 是main point 的一部分，這段就是一個(gè)典型，有的時(shí)候sub poi nt從不同方面支持 main point。但是如果抓到的是細(xì)節(jié)，那么就沒(méi)有這樣直接的邏輯關(guān)系，則不可用。這樣的視角也可以用在 獨(dú)立寫作的自查上，看看自己找的 sub point到底對(duì)不對(duì)。 在聽(tīng)力部分，我們可以預(yù)測(cè)到的就是這個(gè)四天工作制是沒(méi)有哪個(gè)方面可以從中獲益的，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候我 們一定

13、要注意那些表原因的詞匯，這樣我們才能找到重點(diǎn)。 Offering employees the option of a four-dayworkweek won t affect the company profits, econo mic con diti ons or the lives ofemployees in the ways the readi ng suggests. 給雇員提供四天工作日的選擇不會(huì)像閱讀部分上所說(shuō)的對(duì)企業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和雇員個(gè)人的生活帶來(lái)積極 的影響的。 First, offeri ng a four-day workweek willprobably force

14、compa nies to spe nd more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workersmeans putting much more money into providi ng training and medical ben efits.Remember the costs of things like health ben efits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And havi ng more employees also requires more

15、office space and more computers. These additi onal costs would quickly cut in tocompa ny profits. 首先，采用四小時(shí)工作制可能會(huì)對(duì)導(dǎo)致企業(yè)支出增加，甚至大幅增加。增加新的員工以為這要再員工 培訓(xùn)和醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)上花費(fèi)更多的錢。別忘了，無(wú)論是四天工作制還是五天工作制，每個(gè)人在諸如保健福利金 方面的花費(fèi)是一樣的。而新增的員工統(tǒng)一也需要更多的工位和更多的電腦。這些額外的支出很快就會(huì)影響 到公司的利潤(rùn)。 Second, with respect to overall employment,it doesn t f

16、ollow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, manymore jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued amoment ago. And companies have other opti ons. They might just choose to asktheir employees to work overtime to make up the differe nee. Worse, compa ni esmight

17、raise expectati ons. They might start to expect that their four-dayemployees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If thishappe ns, the n no additi onal jobs will be created and curre nt jobs will becomemore un pleasa nt. 第二，至于整個(gè)社會(huì)的就業(yè)問(wèn)題，也不是像閱讀部分所說(shuō)的，只要有雇員選擇四天工作制，就會(huì)創(chuàng)造 們的員工加班已完成任

18、務(wù)差額。甚至公司可能會(huì)提高它們對(duì)員工效率的預(yù)期。它們可能會(huì)要求改成四天工 作制的員工完成過(guò)去他們五天完成的任務(wù)。如果這樣，不但沒(méi)有新的工作機(jī)會(huì)，而且現(xiàn)有的工作也變得不 那么令人愉快了。 Fin ally, while a four-day workweek offersemployees more free time to in vest in their pers on al lives, it also prese ntssome risks that could end up reduci ng their quality of life. Working a shorter weekc

19、an decrease employees job stability and harm their cha nces for adva ncin gtheir careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobsduring an economic downturin. They may also be passed over for promoti on sbecause compa nies might prefer to have five-day employees in man ageme

20、 nt positi ons to en surec on ti nu ous coverage and con siste nt supervisi on for the en tire workweek. 最后，雖然四天工作日給員工更多的空閑時(shí)間去安排他們的私人生活，但是他們也會(huì)冒有一定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)， 這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)甚至可能會(huì)降低他們的生活質(zhì)量。時(shí)間較短的工作制將會(huì)降低雇員工作的穩(wěn)定性同時(shí)阻礙他們 事業(yè)的發(fā)展。在面臨經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的時(shí)候，選擇四天工作制的員工將會(huì)首當(dāng)其沖地被裁掉。同時(shí)由于公司更傾 向于把管理崗給那些五天工作的員工，這樣四天工作制的員工將會(huì)錯(cuò)失進(jìn)行集會(huì)。企業(yè)正陽(yáng)的考慮是為了 保證在整個(gè)工作周期中

21、都有持續(xù)的管理覆蓋和持續(xù)的監(jiān)督機(jī)制。 托福綜合寫作閱讀詞匯補(bǔ)充：（歡迎補(bǔ)充） 閱讀部分表達(dá)方法：passage, material 聽(tīng)力部分表達(dá)方法：lecture, the professors says 同意：say, argue, claim, opinion, hold the view that, figure, deem,believe. reck on, con sider, opinion, propositi on, 反對(duì)：on con trary, by con trast, argue aga in st, refute, object, hold atotally di

22、ffere nt view, oppose, be aga in st. TIP :在行文過(guò)程中，需要變化的是表示同意或者反對(duì)的功能性詞匯，而表示閱讀部分和聽(tīng)力部分的指 代型詞匯請(qǐng)不要變化。就像你跟人介紹我，不能在整個(gè)過(guò)程中說(shuō)沐浴、沐沐、達(dá)芙妮、muyuruc，這樣會(huì)讓 聽(tīng)者或者讀者摸不到頭緒的，我們語(yǔ)言多樣性的表達(dá)要用在需要的地方。 托福綜合寫作閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu): 第一段：要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容有: passage部分的主觀點(diǎn)，lecture 部分的主觀點(diǎn)，以及兩者之間的關(guān)系。 第二段： passage 部分的 sub point 1， lecture 部分對(duì)應(yīng)的 sub point ，lecture 里

23、面相對(duì)應(yīng)的 support 和 details 。 第三段：passage部分的sub point 2， lecture 部分對(duì)應(yīng)的 sub point ，lecture 里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的 support 和 details 。 第四段：passage部分的sub point 3， lecture 部分對(duì)應(yīng)的 sub point ，lecture 里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的 support 和 details 。 TIP :沒(méi)有必要在文章中出現(xiàn)passage部分的support和details ，或者說(shuō)不能出現(xiàn)。 托福綜合寫作范文（僅供參考）： The passage argues that four-day

24、work weekwill ben efit compa ni es, the whole economy, and in dividuals. But in the lecture,the professor holds a totally differe nt view that no one will be ben eficialfrom the new work week. Firstly, the passage says that compa ni eswill get more profits for employees can work more effectively. Ho

25、wever, thelecture points out that four-day workweek will lead to spe nd more. That isbecause compa nies have to spe nd more money on training, medical ben efits,office positi ons, eve n new computers. Secon dly, the passage claims that the wholeec onomy will ben efit, for the four-day workweek is a

26、way to reduce un employme ntrates. The lecture refutes the idea completely. Admittedly, there are moreavailable jobs, but compa nies will prefer to let employees work overtime tofinish them for hiring new staff is too expensive. In addition, the companiesmay lift their expectation that staff finish

27、five-day jobs within four-day. Thirdly, the passage suggests that in dividual employees can ben efit from it. Though the four-day workweek can provide more leisure time to employees, the lecture argues aga inst the passage. Compari ng to five-day workers, the four-dayworkweek employees may be the fi

28、rst one to be fire during economic depression.And they will have less chanee to promoti on because compa nies wish thatma nagers could be on duty every work day. Whe n you are old and grey and full of sleep, And no ddi ng by the fire, take dow n this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your mome nts of glad grace, And