昆蟲分類學（Insect taxonomy）

1、昆蟲分類學（Insect taxonomy）Taxonomic tasks: identification, classification, phylogenySpecies: it is a natural biological group with a certain morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics, which occupies a corresponding natural geographical distribution area, and breeds and exchanges genes

2、in a certain way of life.Classification characteristics: 1. Morphological features two. Ecological characteristics three. Physiological and biochemical characteristics four. Geographical features five. Molecular biological characteristics. Among the five characteristics, the morphological characteri

3、stics of the insects are mainly applied, especially the general external morphology and genital structure.A true name of an insect, consisting of two Latin words, a name and a name, first words belonging to a genus, second words named, and a later name often associated with a scientific name.Model s

4、pecimens: when a taxonomic order is described and published as a new species, the descriptor must specify 1 or more specimens.A single pattern specimen designated by the author when he records the new species, and another specimen of the opposite sex is a pattern specimen.Sub model: when the author

5、records the new species, the remaining specimens are all sub models except 1 of which are designated as positive dies.1 Orthoptera: body large, chewing mouthparts and forewings covering pronotum developed, wings, hind wings membranous wings, the gluteal region developed, or short winged or wingless,

6、 hind foot multi jump. Herbivorous, a small number of carnivorous. The front plate is well developed and leaping foot2 Homoptera: small large, after the mouth, sucking head after birth, no wings, wings do not overlap a uniform texture, static wing end, tarsal section 13, paurometabolous or paurometa

7、bolic. Phytophagous. The forewing uniform texture, winged or tegmina.3 Hemiptera: small large, after the mouth, sucking head out front, as the hemelytra, stationary wing wing end overlap, 3 section of tarsus. Gradual metamorphosis. Phytophagous and few predatory. Sucking the front end, forewing hemi

8、elytron4 Coleoptera: small to large, chewing mouthparts and forewings and hind wings elytrum membranous wings, 5 tarsal section. Herbivorous, a small number of carnivorous. Mastication5 Diptera: small to large body, suck or sucking mouthparts and forewings and hind wings membranous wings balance rod

9、, tarsal section 5. Complete metamorphosis or metamorphosis, phytophagous, predatory, parasitic, or food borne. The hind wing, sucking or licking suction rod6 Lepidoptera: small is large, Dryopteris, siphoning mouthparts, antennae filiform, wings for Lepidoptera, tarsal section 5. Larvae few, half a

10、quatic, others all terrestrial, herbivorous, few predatory or parasitic. Siphon, lepidoptera.7 Hymenoptera: body tiny large, chewing or chewing mouthparts, wings membranous wings, pulse is very specialized, large and small, with wing wing hamulus chain, tarsal section 5. Herbivorous, parasitic, or p

11、redatory. Chewing and sucking and chewing, membranous wings, small wings.8 Neuroptera: small to large, chewing mouthparts, antennae filiform, wing veins similar, reticular, longitudinal veins in the wing margin bifurcation, tarsal 5, hemimetabola or hypermetamorphosis. Predation. Veins reticulate to

12、 margin bifurcate.(I) two terms1 (2) winged. TwoWingless. Wingless subclass2 (1) piercing sucking mouthparts. HemipteraNon piercing sucking mouthparts. Three3 (2) wings, one pair. DipteraWings two pairs. Four4 (3) proala horny. ColeopteraMembranous forewings. Five5 (4) wings not scaly. SixWing scale

13、. Lepidoptera6 (5) female abdomen end a sting. HymenopteraThe female end of the abdomen without stinging. HomopteraSearch table: a tool for rapid identification of taxa, a simplified form of comparative text made by a classifier by selecting concise features of known taxa.OrthopteraRun: a pulse? Bas

14、e between the locust forewing midvein basal veins free cubital vein.1. the apparatus of the grasshopper is located on both sides of the first segment of the abdomen. The antenna is shorter than the body length, and the egg laying apparatus has a chisel like shape and a hind foot leaping style. Grass

15、 habitat.The 2. is located in the former cricket suborder to metathoracic tibia is shorter than the length, angle, ovipositor interior, front foot digging type. Terrestrial.3. ensifera hearing in front foot tibia, tentacles than body length, ovipositor developed, wing agromyza. Grass and water.Homop

16、teraBiological differentiation of insects?1) biological characteristics: gradual change: gradual metamorphosis, a small number of over metamorphosis.2) habitat: typical terrestrial species, usually living on stems, shoots, and leaves of plants, but nymphs and aphids also feed on the roots of plants.

17、3) feeding habits and activity habits are all plant feeding habits, but some leafhopper and planthopper have blood sucking at dusk or lamplight. Many are omnivorous, few are omnivorous or single eating. Most species have clusters of strong phototaxis. Some species such as rice planthopper, sogatella

18、furcifera and leafhoppers to long distance migration.4) spawning: cicadas, leafhoppers and planthoppers have developed spawning petals, eggs in plant tissue; scale insects, aphids, whiteflies etc. psyllid and valvulae, eggs on the plant surface. Tabaci and scale insects of the first instar nymphs of

19、 pereiopods developed, active, everywhere crawled, and find the suitable host in order to spread, called crawler, to find suitable host, reptile molting, lost legs and antennae, enter second age, fixed camp life.5) life history: the life history of cicadas, leafhoppers and planthoppers is relatively

20、 simple; the life history of aphids, whiteflies and scale insects is very complex, can occur throughout the year or parthenogenesis, including sexual and parthenogenetic generations. 1 and more generations occur each year, and many live through the eggs, such as some aphids can produce more than 40

21、generations a year. But the individual species, such as the seventeen year cicada, take about 17 years to complete 1 generations.First suborder: larger body. Short feelers, setaceous or capillatus; from the head below the beak; veins developed, there are at least 4 forewing longitudinal veins extend

22、ing from the base of the wings; tarsal section 3; female 3 of valvulae.? Delphacidae: small, shoulder boards, pronotum broad, mesonotum triangle, mesocoxa away; hind tibia 2, 1 from the end.Small body: small body. Long tentacles filiform; beak was coxae between 1 2 extended; tarsal section; veins de

23、veloped, there will be more than 3 forewing veins from the base of the wings; female ovipositor is not obvious.? Psyllidae: antennae end two bifurcation.Aphidoidea? Aphididae: 4 6, secondary sensory tentacles round hole, 4 oblique vein and M vein were 3, 2 hind wing swiftmoth, abdominal tube. Ovipar

24、ous, viviparous bisexual aphid gynoparae.Eriosomatidae: 6 antennal segment and secondary sensory pore horizontal belt shaped or nearly circular, 4 oblique vein, M forewing veins 12, hind wing 2 oblique veins, abdominal tube degradation. Oviparous, viviparous bisexual aphid gynoparae.Adelgidae: spawn

25、ing aphid reproduction, the 5 antennal segment, feel the hole 34, oblique vein 3, hind wing wing swiftmoth 1, no abdominal tube head chest and is greater than the length of the abdomen.Phylloxeridae: oviparous aphid, the 3 antennal segment, feeling holes 2, 3, proala swiftmoth having 1 branches, no

26、abdominal tube head chest and is greater than the length of the abdomen.HemipteraA short, concealed antenna in the dorsal horn of the head and invisible on the back. The front foot catches the hind feet, and the hind feet are mostly swimming feet. Predatory, aquatic, amphibious.The antennae are long

27、 and visible on the back, feeding, predation, and parasitism.1 Anthocoridae: small, flat oblong, 4 antennal segment, beak section 34, divided into 5 districts (margin of forewing, leather, wedge, claw, diaphragm, diaphragm) without or with 14 vein, tarsal section 23. Predation,Common bug genusMirida

28、e: small, 4 antennal segment, beak 4, no ocelli is divided into 4 zones, no forewings; wedge veins in film base surrounded by 2 small wings room; tarsal section 23. Phytophagous and partially predatory. Nearly ten thousand kinds.2 Lygaeidae: body length, small to medium, the 4 antennal segment, beak

29、 section 34, a monocular; winged or wingless, forewing diaphragm longitudinal veins 45; tarsal section 3. Most of them are herbivorous and few predatoryRed bug: its body is oblong. The 4 antennal segment, beak 4, no ocelli; forewing often Youyuan spots, or more than 5 diaphragm longitudinal veins re

30、ticulate tarsal section 3. Phytophagous.ColeopteraThe chest, chest, and web extend posteriorly at the anterior foot of the base, called the anterior cervical plate.The current web process through the chest front coxae after wide, closed front foot acetabulum, called forefoot acetabulum closed; on th

31、e contrary, called the anterior coxae open pit.There are 6 main types of tarsus:1., five section, tarsus type 5-5-5;2. pseudo four sections or hidden five classes, that is, the tarsus is actually 5, but the third section is relatively large, double leaf, fourth short, difficult to see from above;3.

32、different tarsus, tarsus type 5-5-4;4., four class (tetramerous), tarsus type 4-4-4;5. pseudo three class (pseudotrimerous) or hidden four sections, tarsus is actually 4, but the second section is relatively large, double leaf, third short, difficult to see from above;6., three class (trimerous), ta

33、rsus type 3-3-3.Economic significance: many species are important pests of agriculture and husbandry or quarantine pests, various parts of their damage to plants, and adults and larvae can damage, caused serious losses to the production, but the phytophagous beetles can be used for biological contro

34、l of weeds. The most famous example is the introduction of four heavy leaves from Australia to control poisonous weeds, black leaves and peach trees that seriously harm the about 18000000 acre pasture in the western United StatesHabitat and diet differentiation are most intense, including plant eati

35、ng habits, feeding habits, eating habits, eating habits, feeding habits, predation and parasitism.Suborder A1. adults with dorsal suture at the front of the chest;2. hind wings with small oblongum;After 3. coxae and metasternal healing, immovable and abdominal first completely separate webs;4. tarsa

36、l 5-5-5.5. campodeiform larva;6. The region of the upper jaw; most species have a segmented caudal projection on the back.7. adults and larvae are carnivorous,8. terrestrial or aquatic.Polyphaga1 there is no dorsal suture of the adult chest;2 having no small oblongum;After 3 coxae nonunion, and the

37、abdominal metasternal movable, first separate webs;4 the tarsus has five classes, pseudo four, three, four, three, and so forth.There are 5 campodeiform, scarabaeiform, like a beetle larvae and type 6; mandible with molar; most non urogomphi.7 adults and larvae have different feeding habits, includi

38、ng herbivorous, carnivorous, herbivorous, herbivorous and carrion.8 terrestrial or aquatic.Meat family: small to large, oblong ovoid, tentacles linear; after swimming foot foot, forefoot male sucker foot; hind coxa extends to the ventral margin. Aquatic. Preying on fish eggs, fry, tadpoles, and inse

39、cts. Common types: Cybister japonicus in Guangdong and Guangxi and other places as edible and medicinal insects.Multi hydrophilidae: back arched, flat. Tentacles short, clavate; labialpalpi filiform, often in long tentacles; a few types of compound eye is divided into two parts; there are 1 sharp ve

40、ntral thoracic spinous process; tarsal 5-5-5.Cicindelidae1, often with metallic luster and bright stain. Antennal segment 11,The distance between 2 antennae is smaller than the width of the upper lip;3 head wide in the chest;4 adults developed hind wings can fly. The larva has a dorsal hook on the d

41、orsal horn of the fifth ventral segment;5 ventral end without tail process.Carabdae1, the body color is generally dark, a few bright colors. Antennal segment 11,The distance between 2 antennae is greater than that of upper lip;3 heads often narrow in front of the chest;4 adult hind wings can not fly

42、, can only degenerate, walk on the ground, so that a step.5 larva, fifth ventral segment, no barb, Ninth ventral segment with a protuberance like protuberance.Elateridae1 antennae, 1112, serrate, dentate or filiform;2 the back of the chest is sunken with the base of the patch, and the posterior horn

43、 protrudes into a sharp thorn;The same: 3 prosternal a sphenoid insertion mesosternum ditch,4 active, as a jumping tool5 tarsal 5-5-5.6 campodeiform larva, epidermal brown and hard, also known as wireworms.7 adults live on the ground. When adults caught to kowtow, in an attempt to escape, so called

44、elater. The underground life of larvae is an important underground pest. Common types: cane beetle is Chinas claw comb southern provinces of sugarcane pestsBuprestidaeSmall to medium-sized, head embedded in chest, slender; blunt angle pronotum wedge-shaped protrusion in thoracic ventral joints.Phyto

45、phagous,Such as pepper borerAdults like sunshine and are easy to spot in the branches of the trunk and branches. The stem, branch, or root of a larva. Common types: orange is also called a borer Agrilus auriventris, is a common pest of citrus orchards in South china.Chrysomelidae: long oval shaped,

46、there are a variety of colors; linear antennae, eyes round, visible abdominal section 5, section 5, to 4 tarsal hidden section. Phytophagous.Any of various elongated, elongated tentacles with linear antennae and usually long, long, compound, compound eyes, kidney shaped, covering the base of the ant

47、enna; and 5 (4) knots. The herbivorous larvae damage trees, xylem, leaves skin Huonen adults eat nutritional supplements.Bruchidae: body ovoid; head forward to form a short beak; elytrum than belly is short, the end of the abdomen hip tarsal plate exposed; hidden section five. Larva weevil type; com

48、plex metamorphosis; many species are quarantine objects.LepidopteraButterfly and moth, the main difference between the two isButterfliesTerminal enlargement of 1 antennae,2 stop when the wings erect on the back or flat,3 wingless rein,4 how colorful the body is;More than 5 daytime activities.Moth1 e

49、nd taper antenna,2 stop, the wings flat over the back of the body,More than 3 wings, reins,4 how dark the color is;More than 5 nocturnal activities.The main room in the midrib forked, forewing 3 A vein in the end into a comb, tentaclesWing surface features: three spots: renal spots, ring spots, wedg

50、e spotsSix lines: base line, inner line, middle line, outer line, sub edge, line, edge linePlutellidae: antennal scape with comb hair, resting forward; the outer margin of forewing after long hair, the rest prominent such as chicken caudate; hindwing M1 vein and M2 vein were often handle. Larvae sle

51、nder and often green; gastropods slender and agile.Moth family: stout body, fluffy hair, first ears in the abdomen. Cu of fore wing close to 4 fork, Sc+R1 and Rs in the hind wing room near base, forming 1 small punctate contact base room. Eating leaves, individual stems, fruit.A family of moths simi

52、lar to moths. Cu of fore wing 3 fork, there is room size, not in contact with Rs Sc+R1 wings,. The larvas rump is specialized as a caudal process or degeneration, resting on the head and abdomen and looking like a boat.Lymantriidae: forewing Cu near 4 fork, at 1/3 Sc+R1 Rs in hind wing base contact.

53、Arctiidae: forewing nearly 4 fork, Sc+R1 and Rs with long hind wings.Hesperiidae: antenna base away from the end of the hook.Papilionidae: the outer end of 1 caudal process; larvae can turn out 1 central chest back smelly Y gland.Any of various winged or irregular toothed wings of the wing.Satyridae

54、: Wing often ocellus.DipteraBasal part of the valve: yoke, wing, axillary1. NEMATOCERA: Adult Small tentacles; filamentous, pinnate or hairy ring, 6 knots, longer than the head and chest and sucking mouthparts; labialpalpi 4 5. Larvae are dominant (except for gall midge); the palate is well develope

55、d and has a left and right movement; it is a multi valve type. The pupa is pupa, but the gall midge is naked pupa. Mosquitoes: cranefly cecidomyidae Culicidae2. Brachycera: adult antennae stout; below 6 day shorter in the chest, the third section at the end of 1 or several ring joint end thorn; mout

56、hparts cutter suction labialpalpi 1 2. The larva is a half head; the upper and lower jaw movements are vertical; the front valve type, the rear end valve type or the two end valve type. The pupae are mostly pupae, and a few are surrounded by pupae. When adults emerge, the back of the pupa is split into a T shape.Tabanid: Tabanidae asilidae3 Mong Kok (suborder cyclorrhapha): adult stout; the 3 antennal segme