初中英語語法——句子成分精講

1、一、句子成分精講句子成分：主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等。主要成分：主語和謂語1、主語 一個(gè)句子中需要加以說明或描述的對象。主語的位置： 一般位于句首，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語等充當(dāng)。The school is far from here. 名詞做主語She goes to school by bike. 代詞做主語Eight is a lucky number. 數(shù)詞做主語The blind need more help. 名詞化的形容詞做主語There is a pen on the desk. 名詞做主語Predicting the future is int

2、eresting. 動名詞做主語To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短語做主語2、謂語表示人或事物(主語)的動作和存在的狀態(tài).英語中由動詞be、動詞have和行為動詞來充當(dāng)謂語動詞句子的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)是通過謂語表現(xiàn)出來。 謂語動詞往往由一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的助動詞或情態(tài)動詞加上主要動詞構(gòu)成。分析句子的主語和謂語Mr. Li teaches English.He can play the piano.My parents and I are having dinner.3、表語用來說明主語的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)。表語的位置用在動詞be和系動詞的后面。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、

3、副詞等都可以和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。Your pen is on the desk.He got very angry.My dream is to have a robot.常見的系動詞1. be動詞2. 與感覺有關(guān)的動詞 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3. 表示狀態(tài)變化的動詞，意為“變得” “變成” 如 get, grow, turn等上述兩類詞作連系動詞時(shí)要用形容詞作表語,千萬不能用副詞。4、賓語 是動作的對象或承受者。及物動詞必須跟賓語.及物動詞:直接接賓語的謂語動詞.不及物動詞:不能直接帶賓語的謂語動詞. 賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名

4、詞、從句構(gòu)成.I saw a plane in the sky just now. 名詞做賓語I want three. 數(shù)詞做賓語I like going shopping. 動名詞做賓語We think predicting the future is hard. 賓語從句5、賓語補(bǔ)足語（賓補(bǔ)）有些及物動詞除了要有一個(gè)賓語之外, 還須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語。如果沒有補(bǔ)足語(賓補(bǔ)), 有時(shí)候句子的意思就不完整。充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的有:1. 形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語The sun keeps us warm.2. 介詞短語作賓語補(bǔ)足語: I found her in the room.3. 副詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。 Ple

5、ase let him in.4. 名詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。We made him monitor of the class.5. 動詞不定式和分詞也能用作賓語補(bǔ)足語。I asked him to come.6、定語定語修飾名詞或代詞(即在漢語里的的)1. 形容詞作定語(一般放在被修飾語之前,修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在后面) They have a clever son. I have something important to tell you.2. 名詞作定語: Is it a color film?名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)形式, 如:school bus,ticket office, paper flo

6、wers但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shopman 和 woman修飾的名詞如果是復(fù)數(shù),它們總以復(fù)數(shù)的形式作定語,如: men drivers , women doctors3. 代詞作定語: This song is better than that one.4. 數(shù)詞作定語: There are only thirty students in our class.帶有數(shù)字的復(fù)合形容詞.當(dāng)復(fù)合形容詞用連字號連接時(shí),其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5. 副詞作定語(放在被修飾詞之后):Do

7、 you know the young man over there?6. 介詞短語作定語(放在被修飾詞之后):The students in our class like swimming.7、狀語 修飾動詞,形容詞或副詞,有的修飾全句, 用以說明地點(diǎn), 時(shí)間, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 結(jié)果, 條件, 讓步等.1. 副詞作狀語: The old man is walking slowly. 表方式 The boy is very clever. 表程度2. 介詞短語作狀語: I have lived in Shanghai for five years. 表時(shí)間3. 不定式作狀語I

8、come here to see you. 表目的4. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式5. 狀語從句Well go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow.狀語的位置1. 在一般情況下,用于句末。We like our school very much.2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語,可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表頻度的副詞通常用于句中, 如always, usually,

9、often, hardly, never,用于行為動詞前,be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞后I usually get up early.He is often late.一些副詞, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末only 在句中的位置比較靈活, 但位置不同, 意義也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor san

10、g only one song.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)狀語同時(shí)修飾時(shí)的順序1. 地點(diǎn)狀語在前, 時(shí)間狀語在后. We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 較小單位的狀語在前,由小到大 Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一個(gè)句子有幾個(gè)不同種類的副詞作狀語, 其順序大都是: 程度副詞,方式副詞, 地點(diǎn)副詞, 時(shí)間副詞She sang very well at the meeting last night.時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語也可以位于句首, 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫Usually I read

11、 the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.動詞-ed形式作定語，表語，賓語補(bǔ)足語和狀語一、動詞-ed形式作定語過去分詞作定語往往與被修飾的詞靠得很緊,漸漸地成為一個(gè)復(fù)合詞。這種分詞叫分詞形容詞(the Participle Adjective),實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)單純的形容詞,除表示“完成”的動作之外,還表示“被動”的意義。如： spoken English (英語口語)；iced beer (冰凍啤酒)；cooked food (熟食); fried chips (炸土豆條);但要注意不及物

12、動詞的過去分詞常表示“完成”的動作,而不表示“被動”意義。如: boiled water(開水); fallen leaves(落葉) ; the risen sun(升起的太陽)等。(1)前置定語 單個(gè)的動詞-ed形式,一般放在被修飾的名詞的前面,作前置定語。 The excited people rushed into building. 激動的人們沖進(jìn)大樓。(=the people who were excited) Lost time can never be found again虛度的時(shí)光,無法挽回。(=time which is lost)(2)后置定語 少數(shù)單個(gè)動詞的-ed形式

13、,如left等,只能作后置定語。 1. Everything used should be marked所有用過的東西應(yīng)該做好標(biāo)記。 2. Among the invited were some ladies被邀請的人中,有些是女士。 3. The books left are for my students剩下的書是給我的學(xué)生的。動詞-ed形式短語作定語時(shí),通常要放在被修飾的名詞的后面,在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。及物動詞的過去分詞作定語用來表示被動,可改為帶被動語態(tài)的定語從句;不及物動詞的過去分詞(僅限于單個(gè)過去分詞,且不能后置)則表示完成,可改為帶有完成時(shí)態(tài)的定語從句。 1. Is th

14、ere anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活動嗎? (=that has been planned for tonight)2. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success這次會議有很多人出席,開得很成功。 (=which was attended by a lot of people)3.We drank some boiled water (=which had boiled )and went on with our work.我們喝了一些開水后就繼續(xù)工作。注意:這里的過去分詞的邏輯主

15、語應(yīng)是被修飾的詞,改為定語從句時(shí)關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)與之一致。 二、動詞-ed形式作表語 過去分詞作表語并無“完成”或“被動”之意，而是表示主語的狀態(tài)或思想感情等。如：He looked worried after reading the letter看完信后,他顯得很憂慮。When we heard of it, we were deeply moved當(dāng)我們聽到這件事時(shí),被深深地感動了。He seemed quite delighted at the idea聽到這個(gè)想法,他似乎很高興。常見的作表語的過去分詞有:amused(愉快的)； broken(碎了的)；closed(關(guān)閉的)；astonis

16、hed(吃驚的)；crowded(擁擠的)；experienced(有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的); delighted(高興的)；lost(丟失的)；gone(遺失的)；disappointed(失望的)；worried(擔(dān)憂的)；interested(感興趣的) tired(疲勞的) pleased(高興的)；satisfied(滿意的)； surprised(吃驚的); married(已婚的)； known(著名的) 等等三、動詞-ed形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 能用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的過去分詞一般都是及物動詞,表示被動意義或已完成意義,有時(shí)候兩者兼而有之。作賓語補(bǔ)足語的過去分詞與賓語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,即賓語是過去分詞

17、動作的對象。 She found the door broken in when she came back她回來時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有人破門而人。 My grandfather had his old house rebuilt我爺爺找人重修了一下他的舊房子。少數(shù)不及物動詞的過去分詞用作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)動作完成后的狀態(tài). They found all the guests gone when they woke up.當(dāng)他們醒來時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的客人都走了。動詞-ed形式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的基本用法 動詞的-ed形式可以在“主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”句型中充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,動詞-ed形式和它前面的賓語構(gòu)

18、成邏輯上的被動關(guān)系。如果這種句子改為被動語態(tài),原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語變成了主語補(bǔ)足語。1. I must get my bike repaired我必須請人修理自行車。(賓語補(bǔ)足語)2. The girl was found beaten black and blue人們發(fā)現(xiàn)那女孩被打得青一塊紫一塊。(主語補(bǔ)足語)(1)動詞-ed形式可作表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語,這類動詞包括see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think, suppose, consider等。We thought the game lost我們認(rèn)為球賽輸了。I have neve

19、r heard him spoken ill of others.我從未聽過有人說他的壞話。They considered the matter settled他們認(rèn)為這問題解決了。 (2)動詞-ed形式可作使役動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語,這類動詞包括make, get, have, keep, leave, hold等。 I have my hair cut once a month我每個(gè)月理一次發(fā)。 He was trying to make himself understood他正努力使別人聽懂自己。 “have+賓語+done”結(jié)構(gòu)有三個(gè)含義：(請人)把某事做完。She had her hous

20、e repaired她請人把屋子修好了。 Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪兒理的發(fā)?遭遇某種意外情況。He had his hat blown away on his way home在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。 She had her wallet stolen yesterday.昨天她的錢包被偷了。完成某事(自己也可能參與)。I have had all my spelling mistakes corrected我把所有的拼寫錯誤都改正了。 He has had one thousand yuan saved this year他今年已存了10

21、00元。(3)動詞-ed形式可作表示希望、要求、命令等動詞的賓語補(bǔ)足語，這類動詞包括like，want, wish, expect, order等”這一類動詞的后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語。He wont like such questions discussed at the meeting他不喜歡在會議上討論這樣的問題。The students wish the TV serial plays continued學(xué)生們希望電視連續(xù)劇繼續(xù)播下去。(4)過去分詞用在“with+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞與賓語之間是動賓關(guān)系。 The thief was brought in with his han

22、ds tied behind his back.小偷被帶進(jìn)來了,雙手被反綁在后面。 四，過去分詞作狀語1.過去分詞作狀語表示被動或完成，但有些過去分詞（短語）因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語時(shí)不表動作而表狀態(tài)。這樣的過去分詞（短語）常見的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); absorbed in (全神貫注于); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩)等。如：Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因?yàn)槌两谒伎贾?所以他沒聽到那個(gè)聲音。2.過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句，在句中一般能作五種狀語，即時(shí)間、

23、原因、條件、讓步和方式狀語。如：Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因?yàn)榱芰艘粓龃笥?，所以他全身濕透了?Caught in a heavy rain相當(dāng)于原因狀語從句Because he was caught in a heavy rain)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長得很快。(Grown in rich soil相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句If these seeds are grown in rich soil)注意：當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語一致時(shí)，才可以把從句的主語省略，且省略掉的主語與其邏輯謂語是被動關(guān)系或如第一段中所講的表示狀態(tài)。把狀語從句改為過去分詞作狀語時(shí)有時(shí)還可保留連詞，構(gòu)成“連詞+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，即“while (when, once, until, if, though等連詞)+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.當(dāng)你做體格檢查時(shí)要保持鎮(zhèn)定。Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didnt lose heart.盡管這些球員被對方球隊(duì)