英語(yǔ)高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解科普環(huán)保專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練及答案及解析

1、（英語(yǔ)）高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練及答案及解析 一、高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類(lèi) D和）中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。、B、C1犇犇閱讀短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A A shark moving around the coastline is normally a worrying sight，but this waterborne drone ) threatens floating rubbish instead of people.(無(wú)人機(jī) Developed by Dutch company RanMarine, the WasteShark takes nature as its in

2、spiration with its whale shark-like mouth. Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast. According to RanMarine, the WasteShark is available in both autonomous and remote-controlled models. Measuring

3、just over five feet by three-and-a-half feet (1.5 meters by 1.1 meter), it can carry up to 352 pounds of rubbish (159.6 kg) and has an operational battery life of 16 hours. By 2016 there were approximately 150 million tons of plastic in the worlds oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that

4、over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat. WasteShark also has the abilities to gather air and water quality data, remove chemicals out of the water such as oil, and heavy metals, and scan the seabed to read its depth and outlines, said Oliver Cunningham, one of the co-f

5、ounders of RanMarine. Fitted with a collision-avoidance system, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its 慰桴慍摮猠潴?牯戠撿?靈槧?桴?扯敪瑣慍灰潲撿敨? Our drones are designed to move through a water system, whether its around the perimeter (周邊) or through the city itself.

6、 The drones are that last line of defense between the city and the open ocean, added Cunningham. WasteSharks are operating in Dubai, South Africa and the Netherlands and cost $ 17, 000 for the remote-controlled model and just under $ 23, 000 for the 畡潴潮潭獵洠摯汥尮 Dubai-based operator Ecocoast has two Wa

7、steShark drones. Co-founder Dana Liparts says they will clean waterfronts for clients including hotels and environmental authorities and that Ecocoast intention is to have the collected rubbish recycled or upcycled. However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesnt have a one-size-fits-all solu

8、tion and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing peoples attitudes towards littering. What do we know about the WasteShark? ）1（ A. It can frighten sharks away. B. It is an ocean explorer. C. It is a rubbish collector. D. It can catch fish instead of people. What

9、does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? ）（2 A. The causes of ocean pollution. B. The dangers of using plastics. C. The severity of ocean garbage pollution. D. The importance of ocean protection. What will the WasteShark do with an approaching object? 3）（ D. Fly over it.C. Swallow it. A. Avoid crashing into

10、 it. B. Break it into pieces. Which of the following ideas does Liparts agree with? ）（4 A. The WasteShark should be used more widely. B. More measures should be taken to make water clean. C. The production cost of WasteSharks should be reduced. D. People should take a positive attitude to new techno

11、logy. C） （1【答案】 C）（2 A）（3 B ）（4【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹一種水上無(wú)人機(jī)可以用于清理浮在水面上的垃 圾。 （1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的“Responsible for collecting waste, the drone will begin operations in Dubai Marina in November after a year of trials with local partner Ecocoast.”可知， 。C這種無(wú)人機(jī)是用來(lái)清理垃圾的，故選 （2）考查段落大意。根據(jù)第四段中的“By 2016 there were ap

12、proximately 150 million tons of plastic in the worlds oceans. One paper from December 2014 estimated that over a quarter of a million tons of ocean plastic pollution was afloat.”可知，預(yù)計(jì)到2016年，海洋里會(huì)有1.5億噸垃圾，估計(jì)約有25萬(wàn)噸垃圾漂浮在海洋上，故可知，本段主要講述海洋垃圾的嚴(yán)重性，故 。選C （3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第五段中的Fitted with a collision-avoidance syst

13、em, the drone uses laser imaging detection and ranging technology to detect an object in its path and stop or back up if the object 灡牰慯檔獥尮可知，配備防碰撞系統(tǒng)，無(wú)人機(jī)使用激光來(lái)探測(cè)物體，用測(cè)距技術(shù)來(lái)探測(cè)前方是否有物體，如果探測(cè)到物體，無(wú)人機(jī)就會(huì)停下來(lái)或者后退，故選 。A （4）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的“However, Liparts argues that cleaning waterways doesnt have a one-size-fits-

14、all solution and requires a combination of new technology, preventative measures and changing peoples attitudes towards littering.”可知，這種無(wú)人機(jī)并 。非解決水上垃圾污染的萬(wàn)全之策，需要多措并舉，才能達(dá)到目的，故選B 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和段落大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科教類(lèi)閱讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，同時(shí)根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，概括歸納，從而選出正 確答案。 犇犇閱讀理解2 Researchers have found bees can d

15、o basic mathematics, in a discovery that deepens our understanding of the relationship between brain size and brain power. Recently, A study conducted by researchers from RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia showed that bees could ).減法perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (o

16、f management mental the involving of level complex a requires problems math Solving numbers, long-term rules and short-term working memory. The finding that even the tiny brain of a honeybee can grasp basic mathematical operations has a possible effect on the future development of Artificial Intelli

17、gence, particularly in improving rapid learning. RMITs Professor Adrian Dyer said numerical (數(shù)字的) operations like addition and subtraction are complex because they require two levels of processing. “You need to be able to hold the rules around adding and subtracting in your long-term memory, while m

18、entally using skillfully a set of given numbers in your short-term memory,” Dyer said. “On top of this, our bees also used their short-term memories to solve arithmetic problems, as they learned to recognize plus or minus as abstract concepts.” The findings suggest that advanced numerical cognition

19、(認(rèn)知) may be found much more widely in nature among non-human animals than previously suspected. “If math doesnt require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,” sa

20、id Dyer. Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing. Previous studies have shown some primates (

21、靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物), birds, babies and even spiders can , adds bees to that list.Science Advancesadd and/or subtract. The new research, published in What have the researchers from RMIT University discovered? 1）（ A. The relationship between brain size and brain power. B. Long-term rules and short term working mem

22、ory. C. Bees can perform complex arithmetic operations. D. Bees can do basic mathematics. According to Adrian Dyer, bees numerical cognition _. 2）（ A. requires addition and subtraction two complex processing B. has a possible effect on the future development of AI C. only involves their short-term w

23、orking memory D. calls for a lot of maths knowledge What does the finding of the new research suggest? ）（3 A. Bees can recogize the exact number. B. Arithmetic operations exist in human and bees. C. Numerical cognition has been found in many more species. D. Some primates, birds and even spiders can

24、 add and substract. What can be the best title for the text? ）（4 A. A Discovery About the Tiny Brain of Bees B. New Findings About Bees Having Numerical Cogintion C. Numerical Cognition Requires a Complex Level of Processing D. The Relationship Between Brain Size and Brain Power D1（） 【答案】 B）2（ C3）（

25、B 4）（【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，RMIT大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了蜜蜂能做基本的數(shù)學(xué)。此前的研究表明，一些靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物、鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)、嬰兒甚至蜘蛛都可以加減法。發(fā)表在科學(xué)進(jìn) 雜志上的這項(xiàng)新研究將蜜蜂也列入了這一名單。展(Science Advances) （1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“Australia showed that bees could perform arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction (減法).”澳大利亞證明蜜蜂可以做加法和減法等算術(shù) 。D的 研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了蜜蜂能做基本的數(shù)學(xué)。故選運(yùn)算?！笨芍?，RMIT大學(xué)

26、（2）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第五段中的“If math doesnt require a massive brain, there might also be new ways for us to include interactions of both long-term rules and working memory in designs to improve rapid AI learning of new problems,”如果數(shù)學(xué)不需要一個(gè)巨大的大腦，那么在設(shè)計(jì)中，我們也可能有新的方法來(lái)包括長(zhǎng)期規(guī)則和工作記憶的互動(dòng)，從而提高人工智能對(duì)新問(wèn)題的快速學(xué)習(xí)，可知，Adrian Dyer認(rèn)為

27、，蜜蜂的數(shù)字認(rèn)知對(duì)人工智能的未來(lái)發(fā)展可 。B能有影響。故選 （3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Many species can understand the difference between quantities and use this to search for food, make decisions and solve problems. But numerical cognition, such as exact number and arithmetic operations, requires a more complex level of processing.”許多

28、物種都能理解數(shù)量之間的差異，并以此來(lái)尋找食物、做出決定和解決問(wèn)題。但是數(shù)字認(rèn)知，比如精確的數(shù)字和算術(shù)運(yùn)算，需要更復(fù)雜的處理。可知，新研究 。的發(fā)現(xiàn)說(shuō)明了在更多的物種中發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)字認(rèn)知。故選C （4）考查主旨大意。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Previous studies have shown some primates (靈長(zhǎng)目動(dòng)物), birds, babies and even spiders can add and/or subtract. The new research, published in Science Advances, adds bees to that list.”此前的研究表

29、明，一些靈長(zhǎng)類(lèi)動(dòng)物、鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)、嬰兒甚至蜘蛛都可以加減法。發(fā)表在科學(xué)進(jìn)展(Science Advances)雜志上的這項(xiàng)新研究將蜜蜂 。B也列入了這一名單?！惫蔬x 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推 理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。 犇犇閱讀理解3 A study found wireless signals are able to pass through bags and suitcases to judge the sizes of dangerous metal obje

30、cts and identify them. These items could include weapons, chemicals, laptops and batteries for bombs, he research team said on Tuesday. Research suggested that Wi-Fi can now be used to estimate the volume of liquids such as water, acid, alcohol and other chemicals for explosive material. The study l

31、ed by researchers at the Wireless Information Network Laboratory (WINLAB) in the School. of Engineering showed a )that could be fitted in existing Wi-Fi networks.wireless device with two to three antennas(天線 The detection system analyzes what happens when wireless signals go through and bounce off o

32、bjects or materials. The approach, which the paper states, works by separating the wireless dangerous Most shape. and material objects-the of factors two by )caused 干擾interference(interference, significant liquid, which have or objects such as weapons are usually metal researchers said.accuracy the

33、95 percent. But on a backpack, the accuracy rate topped When it was tested save the tech could inside when objects bags are wrapped. And dropped to about 90 percent lives if used in museums, stadiums, theme parks or schools, the team said, noting its design can inspect bags or luggage without being

34、an exposure to privacy. It uses channel state information (CSI) that is readily available in low-cost Wi-Fi devices. This could have a great impact on protecting the public from dangerous objects, said Yingying Chen, a co-author of the study, Theres a growing need for that now. In large public areas

35、, its hard to to is always needed like whats in airports. Manpower up set expensive screening equipment check bags and we want to develop a method to try to reduce manpower.” The peer-reviewed study, which recently won a best paper award at the 2018 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Secu

36、rity, is now published online. Future work will continue to on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and focus imaging shapes and volumes, researchers said. What does paragraph 3 talk about? ）（1 B. The way the device works.A. The function of the technique. D. The benefit of the study find

37、ings.C. The principle the study is based on. Whats the advantage of the device? 2）（ A. It saves people in danger of natural disasters. B. It passes through bags without damaging them. C. It uses antennas to pick up networks signals. D. It protects personal information from being disturbed. Why did t

38、he researchers study the device according to Yingying Chen? 3）（ B. To make full use of Wi-Fi.A. To save money and labour. C. To protect passengers privacy. D. To research dangerous objects. （4）Which of the following can replace the underlined word “ameliorating in the last paragraph? D. Examining.C.

39、 Discovering. A. Confirming. B. Improving. B）（1【答案】 D）（2 A3（） B 4）（ 可用于可用于安檢?！痉治觥勘臼且黄f(shuō)明文，介紹了研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，WiFi【解析】 （1）考查段落大意。根據(jù)第三段中的“The detection system analyzes what happens when wireless signals go through and bounce off objects or materials.”這個(gè)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)分析信號(hào)在物體 。B和材料上穿透和反射時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生什么?？芍x （2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第四段中的“noting

40、its design can inspect bags or luggage without being an exposure to privacy.”可知，不用打開(kāi)和檢查人們的個(gè)人物品，避免了侵犯隱私，可 。D知選expensive up set to hard its areas, public large “In ）考查推理判斷，根據(jù)第五段中的3（ screening equipment like whats in airports. Manpower is always needed to check bags and we want to develop a method to t

41、ry to reduce manpower.” 在大型公共場(chǎng)所，很難像機(jī)場(chǎng)那樣設(shè)置昂貴的安檢設(shè)施。檢查行李總是需要人力，我們希望開(kāi)發(fā)一種互補(bǔ)的方法來(lái)減少人力， 。A可推知選 （4）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Future work will continue to focus on ameliorating the accuracy of identifying objects and imaging shapes and volumes”今后的工作將繼續(xù)側(cè)重于 。B提高識(shí)別物體和成像形狀及體積的準(zhǔn)確性，故選 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)，推理判斷和段落大意四個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇

42、科研類(lèi)閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行 分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。 犇犇閱讀理解4 A good disguise keeps you hidden, right? Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金屬彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to

43、survive another day. Those surprising results appear in .ReportsScientific the journal Shining iridescent color, which changes depending on the angle from which its viewed, is favored by everything from birds to beetles and blossoms to butterflies. And in our research group we are of course interest

44、ed in why this vivid metallic color is so widespread in nature. Karin Kjernsmo of the University of Bristol adds that in some cases the showy splashes of light are a sexual strategy. Here I would like to point out that in some species, particularly those that display strong sexual dimorphism(雌雄兩性),

45、such as birds of paradise or some butterflies or fishes, the occurrence of iridescence is most likely driven by sexual selection. For example, in many of these cases it is the males that have these vivid iridescent colors and they use them in mate choice or they use them as a signal to attract mates

46、. But iridescence also shows up in situations where reproduction is not an issue. So what we are studying now is whether natural selection imposed by predation(捕食行為) could explain the occurrence of iridescence in prey animals. The idea that eye-catching colors could be used as a cover-up isnt a new

47、one. The father of camouflage theory, Abbott Thayer, really believed that iridescence should be categorized as a camouflage strategy. And he wrote in his famous lifework Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom, already in 1909, that brilliantly changeable or metallic colors are among the stronge

48、st factors in an animals concealment. And this sounds like a completely unreasonable thing to say, because how can colors that are both brilliant and changeable contribute to animals ？concealment In a similar way, we were asking whether iridescence, due to its changeability, could work as a form of

49、camouflage by preventing shape recognition. Kjernsmo and her colleagues trained bumblebees to associate a particular shapea circle or an ovalwith a sugar reward. And they found that the bees, when given a choice, would preferentially visit the shape they knew to be sweet. But when the shapes were ir

50、idescent, the bees had trouble telling them apart. It seemed that the strikingly iridescent surfaces on our targets visually broke up the otherwise recognizable shape of the targets, which made them hard to distinguish. As for making use of this method for hiding in plain sight, Any practical applic

51、ations is of course directly linked to any industry that has an interest in camouflage, that is how to conceal objects or make them more difficult to recognize. The researchers are currently conducting experiments with birds, which often prey on eye view.iridescent insects to see if it helps to have

52、 a birds- According to the passage, iridescence is not made use of by animals to _. ）（1 B. catch the attention of their mates) A. live a little longer by escaping their predator(捕食者 C. conceal themselves when in danger D. catch sight of more colorful preys From the study in the last paragraph, we ca

53、n learn that _. ）（2 A. Bees can always tell the difference between a circle and an oval B. Bees are creatures that are fascinated by sweet things that are iridescent C. If a circle, with a sugar reward, is iridescent, the bees may have difficulty finding it D. Bees are likely to prefer circles to ov

54、als, whether they are iridescent or not What will be talked about in the following paragraph? ）（3 A. Whether there are any differences between bees and birds. B. Some industries that have great interest in camouflage. C. Why birds are not effected by iridescent insects. D. Which camouflage theory ap

55、plies more to birds. Which of the following might serve as the best title of the passage? ）（4 B. Metallic iridescent as the best disguiseA. A famous camouflage strategy D. Shining colors as a sexual strategyC. Colors unique to animals D1）【答案】 （ C2）（ C3）（ B 4）（ 【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了彩虹色有助于生物隱藏?！窘馕觥?（1）考查細(xì)節(jié)

56、理解。根據(jù)第一段中的“A good disguise keeps you hidden, right? Well, sometimes the best disguise is actually the most dazzling because research reveals that flashy metallic iridescence(金屬彩虹色) can visually puzzle predators, which allows colorful prey to survive another day.”可知彩虹色被動(dòng)物用來(lái)通過(guò)逃離捕食者而活得更久，排除A；根據(jù)第三段中的“He

57、re I would like to point out that in some species, particularly those that display strong sexual dimorphism(雌雄兩性), such as birds of paradise or some butterflies or fishes, the occurrence of iridescence is most likely driven by sexual selection.”在這里我想指出的是，在某些物種中，尤其是那些表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈兩性差異的物種，比如天堂鳥(niǎo)、孔雀，甚至在某些蝴蝶或魚(yú)類(lèi)中，彩虹色的出現(xiàn)很可能是由性別選擇所驅(qū)動(dòng)的。可知?jiǎng)游镉貌?/p>