電大西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)形考01任務(wù)小抄參考

1、專業(yè)好文檔完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和完全壟斷條件下廠商均衡的比較市場(chǎng)類型完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)完全壟斷比較內(nèi)容企業(yè)目標(biāo)利潤(rùn)最大化最大化規(guī)則：mr=mc，主要行業(yè)理想化模型，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中幾乎不存在，只有比較接近的行業(yè)分別為： 農(nóng)業(yè) 水電等公用事業(yè) 含義競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不受任何阻礙和干擾的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)整個(gè)行業(yè)中只有一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)形成條件1.市場(chǎng)上有無數(shù)個(gè)購買者和生產(chǎn)者；2.市場(chǎng)上的產(chǎn)品無差異； 3.廠商和生產(chǎn)要素可以自由流動(dòng)，進(jìn)入行業(yè)的自由度完全不受限；4. 購買者和生產(chǎn)者對(duì)市場(chǎng)信息完全化。1.整個(gè)行業(yè)中只有一個(gè)廠商，它提供了整個(gè)行業(yè)所需要的全部產(chǎn)量；2.廠商所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品沒有任何替代品，即產(chǎn)品的需求交叉彈性為零；3.其他廠商幾乎不可能進(jìn)入

2、該行業(yè)，進(jìn)入行業(yè)的自由度限嚴(yán)格受限制。市場(chǎng)價(jià)格接受者控制者需求曲線單個(gè)廠商的需求曲線是平行于橫軸的;整個(gè)行業(yè)的需求曲線向右下方傾斜p=ar=mr=d向右下方傾斜ar和lac關(guān)系ar和lac最低點(diǎn)相切ar和lac最低點(diǎn)相割mr和ar關(guān)系重疊mr在ar的左下方短期均衡條件mr=smc長(zhǎng)期均衡條件mr=lmc=lac=smc=sacmr=lmc=smc超額利潤(rùn)為0，p=mr=lmc長(zhǎng)期擁有超額利潤(rùn)供給曲線產(chǎn)量和價(jià)格關(guān)系向右上方傾斜（成本不變及遞增行業(yè)）向右下方傾斜（成本遞減行業(yè)）一一對(duì)應(yīng)向右上方傾斜但無規(guī)律性（因?yàn)閮r(jià)格不是固定的，要通過產(chǎn)量和調(diào)整來實(shí)現(xiàn)mr=smc的原則，隨著向下方傾斜的需求曲線位移

3、，產(chǎn)生不規(guī)律的供給曲線）。在產(chǎn)量水平，對(duì)應(yīng)于不同的需求曲線，可能有不同的利潤(rùn)最大化的價(jià)格；或者在某一價(jià)格水平，對(duì)應(yīng)于不同的需求曲線可能有不同的產(chǎn)量水平。因此，不存在具有規(guī)律性的供給曲線。具體文字表述及圖形如下：需求曲線、收益曲線廠商是價(jià)格的接受者，他不能改變價(jià)格，需求曲線即價(jià)格線是水平線，同時(shí)需求曲線又是平均收益線和邊際收益線。p=ar=mr=d 廠商是市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的決定者，它可以通過改變銷量來決定價(jià)格，因此，廠商面臨的需求曲線是一條向右下方傾斜的需求曲線，它表明完全壟斷廠商要想增加銷量，就必須降低售價(jià)，廠商只能在高價(jià)少銷或低價(jià)多銷間進(jìn)行選擇。 廠商確定了產(chǎn)品價(jià)格后，買者所支付的價(jià)格，也就是廠商出

4、售單位產(chǎn)品所得到的平均收益，因此，廠商的平均收益也是隨產(chǎn)品銷量的增加而不斷減少的，平均收益曲線ar與廠商面臨的需求曲線d重疊。與此同時(shí)，廠商從每增加一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)品銷售中所得到的邊際收益mr也是遞減的，且在每一個(gè)銷量下，都小于ar，所以邊際收益曲線在平均收益曲線的左下方。廠商短期均衡在短期，產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和生產(chǎn)規(guī)模都是確定的，廠商不能根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求來調(diào)整全部生產(chǎn)要素：情況1：供給小于需求，即價(jià)格水平高（psac），此時(shí)存在超額利潤(rùn)情況2：供給等于需求，即價(jià)格等于平均成本（p=sac），此時(shí)存在正常利潤(rùn)，超額利潤(rùn)為零，此點(diǎn)叫收支相抵點(diǎn) 情況3：供給大于需求，即價(jià)格水平低（psac），此時(shí)存在虧損，超額利潤(rùn)為

5、負(fù) 情況4：存在虧損的情況下，但價(jià)格大于平均變成成本（psavc），此時(shí)存在虧損，但依然生產(chǎn) 情況5：存在虧損的情況下，但價(jià)格等于平均變動(dòng)成本（p=savc），即價(jià)格線與平均變動(dòng)成本的最低點(diǎn)相切，此點(diǎn)e叫停止?fàn)I業(yè)點(diǎn)，所以在短期，廠商繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)的條件是psavc。 情況6：在存在虧損的情況下，但價(jià)格小于平均變動(dòng)成本（psavc）即價(jià)格線在平均變動(dòng)成本的最低點(diǎn)下方，此時(shí)廠商只能收回部分可變成本，生產(chǎn)比不生產(chǎn)虧損要大，所以必須停止生產(chǎn)。 廠商短期均衡的條件是：mr=mc 短期均衡與長(zhǎng)期均衡與完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)相比，從文字論述上來說是一樣的，所不同的是圖形的變化，需求曲線是一條向右下方傾斜的線注意： 需求曲線即價(jià)

6、格線是向右下方傾斜的，因?yàn)樵谕耆珘艛嗍袌?chǎng)上廠商是價(jià)格的決定者，他可能改變價(jià)格； 邊際收益小于平均收益； 邊際收益曲線相交于平均收益曲線的最低點(diǎn)e，此點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)量為最大利潤(rùn)產(chǎn)量或最小虧損產(chǎn)量最大。 第一種情況：供給小于需求，即價(jià)格水平高（價(jià)格線在平均成本曲線的上方），此時(shí)存在超額利潤(rùn)（圖a） 第二種情況：供給等于需求，即價(jià)格等于平均成本（價(jià)格線與平均成本線相切），此時(shí)存在正常利潤(rùn)，超額利潤(rùn)為零，此點(diǎn)叫收支相抵點(diǎn)（圖b） 第三種情況：供給大于需求，即價(jià)格水平低（p價(jià)格線在平均成本曲線的下方），此時(shí)存在虧損，超額利潤(rùn)為負(fù)（圖c） 所以在短期，廠商繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)的條件是pavc。 第五種情況：在存在虧損的情況下

7、，但價(jià)格小于平均變動(dòng)成本，此時(shí)廠商只能收回部分可變成本，生產(chǎn)比不生產(chǎn)虧損要大，所以必須停止生產(chǎn)。 條件是：mr=mc 廠商長(zhǎng)期均衡所有的生產(chǎn)要素的數(shù)量都是可變的，廠商就可以通過調(diào)整自身的規(guī)?；蚋淖冃袠I(yè)中廠商的數(shù)量來消除虧損，或瓜分超額利潤(rùn)，最終使超額利潤(rùn)為零，實(shí)現(xiàn)新的均衡，即長(zhǎng)期均衡。 條件：mr=ar=mc=ac或mr=ar=lmc=lac=smc=sac 特點(diǎn)： 1在行業(yè)達(dá)到長(zhǎng)期均衡時(shí)生存下來的廠商都具有最高的經(jīng)濟(jì)效率，最低的成本； 2在行業(yè)達(dá)到長(zhǎng)期均衡時(shí)生存下來的廠商只能獲得正常利潤(rùn)。如果有超額利潤(rùn)，新的廠商就會(huì)被吸引進(jìn)來，造成整個(gè)市場(chǎng)的供給量擴(kuò)大，使市場(chǎng)價(jià)格下降到各個(gè)廠商只能獲得正常利

8、潤(rùn)為止； 3在行業(yè)達(dá)到長(zhǎng)期均衡時(shí)，各個(gè)廠商提供的產(chǎn)量，不僅必然是其短期平均成本曲線之最低點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)量，而且必然是其長(zhǎng)期平均成本曲線之最低點(diǎn)的產(chǎn)量。廠商可以調(diào)整全部生產(chǎn)要素，改變生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，從技術(shù)、管理等方面取得規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，所以廠商總會(huì)使自己獲得超額利潤(rùn)，加之完全壟斷行業(yè)在長(zhǎng)期內(nèi)也不可能有其它廠商加入，廠商的超額利潤(rùn)是可以而且應(yīng)該長(zhǎng)期保持的，如果一個(gè)完全壟斷廠商在長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)營(yíng)中總收益不能彌補(bǔ)其經(jīng)濟(jì)成本，那么，除非政府給予長(zhǎng)期補(bǔ)貼，否則它勢(shì)必會(huì)退出此行業(yè)。完全壟斷行業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期均衡是以擁有超額利潤(rùn)為特征的。 壟斷廠商的長(zhǎng)期邊際成本曲線lmc與邊際收益曲線mr相交于e點(diǎn)，此時(shí)，根據(jù)利潤(rùn)最大化原則，廠商實(shí)現(xiàn)了長(zhǎng)期均衡

9、，均衡產(chǎn)量為q0均衡價(jià)格為p0，廠商獲得的超額利潤(rùn)為圖中陰影部分。 長(zhǎng)期均衡的條件是：mr=lmc=smcwinger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.bot

10、h sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.b

11、ut it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and

12、rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 15

13、0th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa haso

14、pened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complai

15、nt. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very c

16、alm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kil

17、ometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then

18、, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has r

19、epeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff