UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2001 (Annual Report for forsubmission under the Framework Convention on Climate Change

1、uk greenhouse gas inventory,1990 to 2001 (annual report for forsubmission under the framework convention on climate change annual report for submission under the framework convention on climate change baggott, sl davidson, i dore, c goodwin, j milne, r murrells, tp rose, m watterson, jd underwood, b

2、 july 2003 uk greenhouse gas inventory, 1990 to 2001: annual report for submission under the framework convention on climate change baggott, sl, davidson, i, dore, c, goodwin, j, milne, r, murrells, tp, rose, m, watterson, jd, underwood, b july 2003 aea technologyii titleuk greenhouse gas inventory

3、1990 to 2001: annual report for submission under the framework convention on climate change customerdepartment for environment, food and rural affairs customer referenceepg/1/1/62 confidentiality, copyright and reproduction copyright aea technology plc all rights reserved. enquiries about copyright

4、and reproduction should be addressed to the commercial manager, aea technology plc. file reference n:naei01ipccreportmain report using comparable methodologies for inventories of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. the uk submits emission inventories of the six direct greenhouse gases under the k

5、yoto protocol. these are: carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide hydrofluorocarbons perfluorocarbons sulphur hexafluoride. these gases contribute directly to climate change owing to their positive radiative forcing effect. also reported are four indirect greenhouse gases: nitrogen oxides (reported as

6、no2) carbon monoxide non-methane volatile organic compounds (nmvoc) sulphur dioxide. of these, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and nmvoc can produce increases in tropospheric ozone concentrations which increase radiative forcing. sulphur dioxide, however, contributes to aerosol formation in the atm

7、osphere. this is believed to have a negative net radiative forcing effect, tending to cool the surface. to provide a single, comprehensive source of information on the methodologies and data used in the uk inventory, a national inventory report (nir) has been published annually since aea technology

8、v national environmental technology centre 1995, (salway, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002). the current report extends the data for all gases to 2001 and provides additional information related to the 2001 national inventory recently submitted to the fccc. total gwp weighted emissions

9、, excluding carbon dioxide removals, declined by 12% between 1990 and 2001. carbon dioxide fell by 5.3%, methane by 40.0% and nitrous oxide by 37.6%. fluorinated compounds included in the kyoto basket fell by 22% over this period. for the base year, which is comprised of 1990 data for carbon dioxide

10、, methane and nitrous oxide, and 1995 data1 for the fluorinated compounds, then the corresponding falls in emissions to 2001 are: carbon dioxide, 5.3%; methane, 40.0%; nitrous oxide, 37.6%; fluorinated compounds, 36%; total gwp weighted emissions (excluding carbon dioxide removals), 12.3%. releases

11、of sulphur hexafluoride have increased since 1990 but since 1996 are fairly constant. reasons for the changing emission levels are discussed in the report. tables es1 and es2 summarise the emissions of each greenhouse gas expressed in terms of carbon dioxide and carbon equivalent emissions respectiv

12、ely. emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and sulphur dioxide have also declined significantly over the same time period. the uk greenhouse gas inventory is submitted to the fccc in the form of the common reporting format. this is attached to this re

13、port in the form of a cd rom containing excel spreadsheets. it should be noted that in this report, carbon dioxide emissions and removals are reported separately and that carbon dioxide removals are reported with a negative sign. however, in the crf, carbon dioxide is reported as net emissions (=emi

14、ssions +removals). hence the national total emission quoted is a gross figure, not allowing for removals, and so is higher than the figure quoted on the crf basis. 1 the uk has elected to use 1995 as the base year for emissions of fluorinated compounds in accordance with article 3.8 of the kyoto pro

15、tocol. aea technology vi national environmental technology centre aea technology vii national environmental technology centre contacts this work forms part of the global atmosphere research programme of the department for environment, food and rural affairs. (contract epg/1/1/120 ). the land use cha

16、nge and forestry estimates were provided by the centre for ecology and hydrology (edinburgh) (contract epg/1/1/106) technical enquiries should be directed to dr jd watterson, aea technology plc, national environmental technology centre, e5 culham abingdon, oxfordshire, ox14 3ed, uk (tel +44 (0) 1235

17、 46 3188, fax: +44 (0) 463005, e-mail. john.d.wattersonaeat.co.uk technical enquiries on land use change and forestry should be addressed to dr r milne, centre for ecology and hydrology (edinburgh), bush estate, penicuik, eh26 oqb, uk (tel +44 (0) 131 445 8575. fax +44 (0) 131 445 3943, e-mail, rmil

18、neceh.ac.uk. technical enquiries on agriculture should be addressed to dr i davidson, defra land management improvement division, area 4/e ergon house, 17 smith square, london, sw1p 3jr, uk (tel +44 (0) 207 238 6363, fax +44 (0) 207 238 6069, e-mail .uk science policy enquir

19、ies should be directed to dr jim penman, global atmosphere division, department for environment, food and rural affairs, 3rd floor, ashdown house, 123 victoria street, london, sw1e 6de, uk (tel: +44 (0) 20 7944 5232, fax: +44 (0) 20 7944 5219, e-mail .uk a copy of this report

20、and related data may be found on the website maintained by netcen for defra: .uk/ further copies of this report are available from: defra publications admail 6000 london sw1a 2xx tel: 08459 556 000 fax: 020 8957 5012 email: aea technology viii national environmental technology cent

21、re contents 1 introduction1 2 summary reports of uk greenhouse gas emissions 1990-20012 3 uk emissions of carbon dioxide16 3.1 introduction16 3.2 development of the methodology16 3.3 discussion of the estimates17 3.4 the ipcc reference carbon dioxide inventory19 4 uk emissions of methane21 4.1 intro

22、duction21 4.2 development of the methodology21 4.3 discussion of the estimates21 5 uk emissions of nitrous oxide24 5.1 introduction24 5.2 development of the methodology24 5.3 discussion of the estimates24 6 uk emissions of hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride27 6.1 introduct

23、ion27 6.2 hydrofluorocarbons27 6.3 perfluorocarbons28 6.4 sulphur hexafluoride29 7 uk emissions of nitrogen oxides33 7.1 introduction33 aea technology ix national environmental technology centre 7.2 development of the methodology33 7.3 discussion of the estimates33 8 uk emissions of carbon monoxide3

24、6 8.1 introduction36 8.2 development of the methodology36 8.3 discussion of the estimates36 9 uk emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds39 9.1 introduction39 9.2 development of the methodology39 9.3 discussion of the estimates40 10 uk emissions of sulphur dioxide43 10.1 development of th

25、e methodology43 10.2 discussion of the estimates44 11 global warming potential of uk emissions46 11.1 introduction46 11.2 gwp weighted emissions46 12 methodological changes to the inventory50 12.1 energy (1a)50 12.2 fugitive emissions (1b)52 12.3 industrial processes (2)52 12.4 agriculture53 12.5 la

26、nd use change and forestry (5)53 12.5 waste (6)54 13 references55 14 acknowledgements and author responsibilities57 aea technology x national environmental technology centre sectoral tables 199058 sectoral tables 200171 appendices appendix 1 the uk greenhouse gas inventory and the emission source cl

27、assification a1.1 appendix 2 energya2.1 appendix 3 energy (fugitive emissions)a3.1 appendix 4 industrial processes and solventsa4.1 appendix 5 agriculturea5.1 appendix 6 land use change and forestrya6.1 appendix 7 waste a7.1 appendix 8 uncertaintiesa8.1 appendix 9 quality assurance and quality contr

28、ola9.1 appendix 10 verification of the uk estimates of the kyoto gasesa10.1 appendix 11 final users dataa11.1 figures figure 1uk emissions of carbon dioxide figure 2uk emissions of methane figure 3uk emissions of nitrous oxide figure 4uk emissions of hcfs figure 5uk emissions of pfcs figure 6uk emis

29、sions of sulphur hexafluoride figure 7uk emissions of nitrogen oxides figure 8uk emissions of carbon monoxide figure 9uk emissions of nmvoc figure 10uk emissions of sulphur dioxide figure 11uk emissions of greenhouse gases weighted by gwp figure 12uk emissions of greenhouse gases by source tables ta

30、ble 1summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1990 table 2summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1991 table 3summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1992 table 4summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1993 table 5summary report for nati

31、onal greenhouse gas inventories: 1994 table 6summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1995 table 7summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1996 table 8summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1997 table 9summary report for national greenhouse gas inventor

32、ies: 1998 table 10summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1999 table 11summary report for national greenhouse gas inventories: 2000 table 12gwp of greenhouse gases on 100 year horizon table 13gwp weighted greenhouse gas emissions (mt co2 equivalent) aea technology xi national environ

33、mental technology centre document revision history issuerevision history 1first issue - received by unfccc did not contain final users data final users data requested to be included by defra, but final users data not required by unfccc 50 copies produced for susan donaldson, uk defra gad released on

34、 uk air quality archive and naei web sites april 2003 2second issue and version used for print run of 200 copies with accompanying cd appendix 11 added containing final user data and explanatory text appendix 9 section 3.2 title amended to read “ undertaken in 2002 to 2003” header of appendix 4 amen

35、ded as it contained an incorrect aeat report number released on uk air quality archive and naei web sites july 2003 aea technology 1 national environmental technology centre 1 introduction the united nations framework convention on climate change (fccc) was ratified by the united kingdom in december

36、 1993 and came into force in march 1994. parties to the convention are committed to develop, publish and regularly update national emission inventories of greenhouse gases (ghg). national greenhouse gas emission inventories have been submitted to the fccc for the period 1990 to 2001. this report inc

37、ludes these annual emission inventories and describes the methodology on which the estimates are based. this report and the attached crf tables comprise the uks national inventory report compiled according to decision 93/cp.5 of the conference of parties. the major source for the ghg inventory is th

38、e uk national atmospheric emissions inventory (naei) compiled by the national environmental technology centre of aea technology. the naei does not cover all the sources required by the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc), and it has been necessary to add these sources. emissions and rem

39、ovals from land use change and forestry are provided by the centre of ecology and hydrology (ceh) and agricultural emissions by the institute of grassland and environmental research. (iger) this report and the crf tables have been prepared according to fccc guidelines (fccc/cp/1999/7) and aim to be

40、consistent with ipcc good practice guidance (ipcc, 2000). this report is divided into two parts. the main part of the report presents greenhouse gas emissions for the years 1990-2001, and discusses the reasons for the trends and any changes in the estimates due to revisions made since the last inven

41、tory. tables 1-12 give the uk summary data for these years and the ipcc sectoral tables are given for the individual years 1990 and 2001. the appendices describe in detail the methodology of the estimates and how the greenhouse gas inventory relates to the ipcc guidelines and the naei. they contain

42、mappings between ipcc, naei source categories and fuel types as well as emission factors and references to the technical literature. the appendices also include sections on the estimation of uncertainties, quality assurance and quality control systems, and atmospheric verification. the ipcc good pra

43、ctice guidance (ipcc, 2000) requires that certain sets of activity data are reported as well as the common reporting format tables. these datasets are included on a cd rom attached to this report. the crf reports much more detail than the ipcc sectoral tables, in that it contains additional tables o

44、f activity data as well as updated versions of the ipcc sectoral tables. it should be noted that in this report, carbon dioxide emissions and removals are reported separately and that carbon dioxide removals are reported with a negative sign. however, in the crf, carbon dioxide is reported as net em

45、issions (=emissions +removals). this means that the totals reported for co2 and total greenhouse gas emissions weighted by global warming potential are reported on a different basis between the crf and the main report. land use change and forestry data in both formats are discussed in appendix 6. a

46、copy of the crf accompanies this report on a cd rom. aea technology 2 national environmental technology centre 2 summary reports of uk greenhouse gas emissions 1990-2001 tables 1-12 give summary data for uk greenhouse gas emissions for the years 1990-2001. these data are updated annually to reflect

47、revisions in the methodology and the availability of new information. these adjustments are applied retrospectively to earlier years, which accounts for any differences in data published in previous reports, to ensure a consistent time series. aea technology 3 national environmental technology centr

48、e aea technology 4 national environmental technology centre aea technology 5 national environmental technology centre aea technology 6 national environmental technology centre aea technology 7 national environmental technology centre aea technology 8 national environmental technology centre aea tech

49、nology 9 national environmental technology centre aea technology 10 national environmental technology centre aea technology 11 national environmental technology centre aea technology 12 national environmental technology centre aea technology 13 national environmental technology centre aea technology

50、 14 national environmental technology centre aea technology 15 national environmental technology centre footnotes for tables 1 to 12 anet flux may be estimated as the sum of emissions and removals bnaval vessels and military aircraft cemissions arise from refrigeration, electronics applications, ele

51、ctrical insulation, foams, aerosols, training shoes and solvent cleaning dthe co2 equivalent of solvent nmvoc (excluding 3c) is 1641 gg in 1990 and 1035 gg in 2001 efield burning ceased in 1994 f5a removals are sum of removals to forest biomass, forest litter, forest soil and harvested wood products

52、 g5d emissions are sum of emissions from soils and removals to soils due to land use change (not forestry), set aside and liming of agricultural land. h5e emissions are sum of emissions from soils due to upland drainage, lowland drainage and peat extraction i5e removals are increases in crop biomass

53、 jemissions from own wastewater treatment by industry are not estimated kemissions are for information only and are not totalled lemissions arise from wood, straw, biogases and poultry litter combustion for energy production ne not estimated no not occurring ieincluded elsewhere aea technology 16 na

54、tional environmental technology centre 3 uk emissions of carbon dioxide 3.1 introduction the major source of carbon dioxide in the uk is fossil fuel combustion. the uk co2 emission estimates use an emission factor for each fuel which were determined by fuel analysis. this is consistent with the ipcc

55、 (1997) methodology, though some uncertainty is introduced because the carbon content of some fuels may vary (by a few per cent) over time. fuel consumption data are taken from the digest of uk energy statistics (dti, 2002) which is compatible with the iea system of international energy statistics (

56、though there are some small differences in reporting conventions), and has a similar level of uncertainty. some additional imprecision is introduced because of uncertainties in co2 emissions from sources other than fuel combustion, though these make up around 6 per cent of the co2 inventory. the unc

57、ertainty in the 1995 total was estimated by analysing the uncertainties in each main source using a statistical simulation (eggleston et al, 1998). for the 2001 inventory, quantitative estimates of the uncertainties in the emissions were calculated using monte carlo simulation. this corresponds to t

58、he ipcc tier 2 approach discussed in the ipcc good practice guidance. this method gave an uncertainty for co2 emissions of 2.2%. some carbon dioxide emissions, however, arise from biological sources that can also act as sinks because of the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. hence it is neces

59、sary to decide whether a source is a net emitter, part of the carbon cycle or indeed a net sink. ipcc (1997) specifies guidelines for the treatment of such sources and sinks. for example the category land use change and forestry contains both emissions and removals. for transparency, both emissions

60、and removals are reported in the tables in this report. removals are reported with a negative sign. this differs from the format used in the common reporting format where net emissions are reported (=emissions +removals). other examples include carbon dioxide emissions from sewage, which are exclude