英文專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、.Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words.According to semanticists（語(yǔ)義學(xué)家）, a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的） free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic

2、function（句法功能）.2、VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.3、Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.With the development

3、 of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form.5、Classification of WordsNo.ClassificationExampleNotes1By use frequencyBasic Word Stock（基本詞匯）The basic word stock forms the common core（共合）of the language.Pronouns（代詞） and numerals are semantically monosemous（單一的） and fairly li

4、mited in the respect of productivity（多產(chǎn)性）and collocability（搭配性）.The most important feature of the basic word stock is all national character.Nonbasic VocabularyArchaisms（古詞語(yǔ)）：thouNeologisms（新詞）：AIDSArgot（黑話(huà)）：persuader( means dagger)Technical Terms2By notion（有無(wú)實(shí)義）Content Words（實(shí)義詞）Functional Words3By

5、 OriginNative WordsBorrowed WordsDenizens（同代詞）：port、shirtAliens（非同代詞）：dcorTranslation Loans（譯借詞）: lama（喇嘛）4By Morphology （形態(tài)）Simple WordsCompounds and Derived Words6、簡(jiǎn)答（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it. The relationship between sound and meaning i

6、s arbitrary and conventional. In different languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example, becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound mi:t is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting different things.（2）、

7、What are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form? The first reason (he internal reason) is that there are more phonemes （音素）than letters in English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. The third reasons that some o

8、f the differences more created by the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.（3）、How are words classified in the course book? Words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fall into: the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency; conte

9、nt words and functional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; simple words, compounds and derived words by morphology.（4）、What is the difference between denizens and aliens? Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated（完全同化） into the English langua

10、ge. But aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1、The Indo-European Language FamilyThe prehistoric Indo-European parent language, thought

11、to be a highly inflected （內(nèi)部曲折語(yǔ)）language.GroupClassificationIncludingEaster Set(東支)Balto-SlavicPrussian、Lithuanina（立陶宛語(yǔ)）、Czech（捷克語(yǔ)）Indo-IranianPersian、Bengali（孟加拉）、Hindi、RomanyWestern Set（西支）CelticScottish、Irish、WelshHellenicGreekItalicFive Romance languages: Portuguese、Spanish、French、Italian、Romani

12、anGermanicFour Northern European Languages (Scandinavian languages):Norwegian（挪威語(yǔ)）、Icelandic（冰島語(yǔ)）、Danish、SwedishGerman、Dutch（荷蘭語(yǔ)）、Flemish（佛蘭芒語(yǔ)）、English2、Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the

13、 Roman Legions.（1）、Old English（450-1150） In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.（2）、Middle English（1150-1500） The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of the Middle English period.The most important fact of the Middle English period

14、 was the steady erosion of the inflectional systems of Old English.（3）、Modern English（1500-present） In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancientGreek and Roman classics. It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French.3、F

15、oreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn earlier stages of English, Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian were the four major contributors.The simultaneous existence of French, Latin and English lasted for a century.4、Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three

16、 channels: creation, semantic change（舊詞新義）and borrowing.Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.5、簡(jiǎn)答What are the characteristics of Old English?Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germ

17、anic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. Old English was a highly inflected language. It was a synthetic language（綜合性語(yǔ)言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1、MorphemesThe minimal meaningful units in English are known as morph

18、emes（詞素）.2、Classifying MorphemesNo.ClassificationNotes1Free morphemeBound morpheme（粘著詞素）include two types: bound root and affixare chiefly found in derived words2Derivational morphemeconfined to suffixes function as grammatical markersInflectional morpheme（曲折詞素）3Content morpheme（實(shí)義詞素）On a semantic a

19、nd syntactic basis, morphemes can fall into content/lexical and grammatical morphemes.Grammatical morpheme3、Morphs（形素）Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.4、Allomorphs（詞素變體）An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one

20、 morpheme.5、AffixNo.Classification Notes1Inflectional affixesaccording to the functionDerivational affixes2prefixin view of their distribution （位置） in the wordsSuffixes embrace both derivational suffixes and inflectional suffixes.suffix6、A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further ana

21、lyzed without total loss of identity.7、簡(jiǎn)答（1）、What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes? Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences are independent of other morphemes, but bound morphemes which cannot occur

22、as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.（2）、What is the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes?Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words, but inflectional morphemes are employed used to indi

23、cate the syntactic （句法）relationship between words and function as grammatical markers. Chapter 4 Word FormatioThe most productive ways of creating new words are affixation, compounding, and conversion.1、AffixationAccording to the position:ClassificationIncludingExampleNotesPrefixationNegative Prefix

24、es（表示否定）undemocratic,disloyalGenerally speaking, prefixes do not change the word-class of the base but modify its meaningReversative/Privative Prefixes（表示逆反）unlockSuffixaion(Noun Suffixes)a Deverbal Noun Suffix（動(dòng)詞變名詞）dismissal,assistanta Denominal Noun Suffix（名詞變名詞）booklet, hostessThe words created

25、by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases are calledderivatives.2、Compounding（復(fù)合法）Example: workfare(work+welfare) In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.Verb compounds are created either though conversion or through back-formation.3、Co

26、nversion（轉(zhuǎn)類(lèi)法）The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress. Nouns fully converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.4、Blending（拼綴法）The overwhelming majority of blends are

27、nouns5、Back-formation（逆身法）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.6、簡(jiǎn)答（1）、What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes? Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary func

28、tion being to changes the grammatical function of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.（2）、What are the three main features of compounds? The three main features of compounds are phonological features, semantic features and grammatical features. The word st

29、ress of a compound usually occurs on the first element. Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.（3）、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation? Back-formation is the method of creating w

30、ords by removing the supposed suffixes. Words created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not successfully gained currency.（4）、What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acrnyms? Acronymy is the process o

31、f forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms are pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms are pronounced as normal words7、論述題Po

32、int out the formation of the following words?No.ClassificationIncludingExample1Blendinghead+tailautocide(automobile+suicide)、broasted(broiled+roasted)、chunnel(channel+tunnel)head+headcomsat(communication+satellite)、telex(teleprinter+exchange)、Amerind(American+Indian)、sitcom(situation+comedy)head+wor

33、dmedicare(medical+care)、Eurasia(Europe+Asia)、autocamp(automobile+camp)word+tailBookmobile(book+automobile)、workfare(work+welfare) , tourmobile(tour+automobile)2Clipping（截短法）Front Clippingquake(earthquake)、copter(helicopter)、chute(parachute) , phone(telephone)、scope(telescope)Back Clippingmemo(memora

34、ndum)、gent(gentleman)、fan(fanatic)、disco(discotheque)Front and Back Clippingflu(influenza)、fridge(refrigerator) Phrase Clippingpub(public house)、zoo(zoological garden)、pop(popular music)3Acronymy（首字母拼音法）(Depending on the pronunciation)Initialisms（首字母縮略詞）VOA、BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)、UFO

35、 (unidentified flying object)、TB (tuberculosis)AcronymsNATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)、AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)、CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)、TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language)、1、“Medicare” and “sitcom” are blends. “Medicare” is formed by combining the

36、 head of “medical and the word “care”, and “sitcom” is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comdey. 2、”Memo” and “flu” are clipped words. “Memo” is formed by clipping the lack of “memorandum” and “flu” is formed clipping the front and lack of “influenza”.3、”TB” and “NATO” are new

37、 words created through acronymy. “TB” from “tuberculosis” is an initialism, while “NATO” from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization” is an acronym.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis（成份分析法）1、ReferenceWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired refere

38、nce.2、Concept（概念）Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical.Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3、SenseUnlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language.4、Motivation（理?yè)?jù)）Motivation r

39、efers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.No.ClassificationExample1Onomatopoeic Motivation（擬聲理?yè)?jù)）crow by cocks、quack by ducks、trumpet by elephants、buzz by bees or flies、croak by frogs、squeak by mice、neigh by horses、bleat by goats、hiss by snakes、roar by lions and tigers2Mor

40、phological Motivation（形態(tài)理?yè)?jù)）hopeful、useless、careful3Semantic Motivation（語(yǔ)音理?yè)?jù)）Mouth (the mouth of a river)4Etymological Motivation（詞源理?yè)?jù)）pen5、Types of MeaningNo.ClassificationNotes1Grammatical MeaningLexical meaning and grammatical meaning form the word meaning.Lexical meaning itself embraces two compo

41、nents: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.Functional words, thought having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meanings, and their lexical meanings are prominent.Lexical Meaning（詞匯意義）2Conceptual MeaningThere are few words with the same c

42、onceptual meaning and the same stylistic meaning.Associative Meaning（1）、Conceptual Meaning and Associative MeaningNo.ClassificationExampleNotes1Connotative Meaning（內(nèi)涵意義）mother、home1、Opposite to the denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conce

43、ptual meaning.2、Connotative meaning varies considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.2Stylistic Meaning （文體意義）They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot.After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.3Affec

44、tive Meaning（感情意義）Positive、Negative、Both appreciative（褒義的） or pejorative（貶義的):1、Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative.2、Affective meaning, which is unstable, differs from the conceptual meaning.4Collocative Meaning（搭配意義）pretty woman and handsome woma

45、n6、簡(jiǎn)答（1）、What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference? Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and c

46、onventional. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something definite.（2）、What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning? Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the

47、 dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech community. (language).（3）、What is the difference between concep

48、tual meaning and associative meaning? Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. But Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual m

49、eaning because it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. .（4）、What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative meaning? Collocative meaning is that part

50、of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. It is again noticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with connotative and affective meaning because in a sense both connotative and affective meanings are revealed by virtue of collocations or contextuality.Chapter 6 Sense Relat

51、ions（語(yǔ)義關(guān)系）No.RelationsClassificationExampleNotes1Polysemy（多義關(guān)系）1、The interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be approached from two different angles: diachronic（歷時(shí)） approach and synchronic（共時(shí)） approach.2、Synchronically, polysemy is view as the coexistence of various meanings of th

52、e same word in a historical period.Radiation（輻射型） is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.2Homonymy（同音同形異義）Perfect Homonyms（完全同音同形異義）date(a kind of fruit) &date(a boy or girl friend)1、Homophones

53、 are words identical only in spelling but different in two other aspects.2、Of the three types of homonyms, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common Homophones（同音異義）dear & deerBorrowingfair(a market, borrowed from Latin) & fair(pretty from Old English)Shorteningrock(shortened from

54、 rock and roll) & rock(a large mass of stone)3Synonymy（同義關(guān)系）Relative Synonyms（相對(duì)同義詞）small & tiny1、Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning2、Absolute synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.3、Relative synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotative

55、meaning（外延意義）4、Of the various sources of synonyms, the most important is borrowing.5、Relative synonyms, also called by some people near-synonyms, are similar or nearly the same in denotation.4Antonymy（反義關(guān)系）Complementaries（互補(bǔ)反義詞）true & false1、Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved

56、helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of a given word.2、Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.Contraries（相對(duì)反義詞）Converses（逆反反義詞）husband & wife （relational opposites關(guān)系反義詞）5Hyponymy（上下義關(guān)系）Superordinate terms（上義詞）The relationship of inclusion（內(nèi)包） is called hyponymy.Subordinate terms（下義詞）“tulip” （郁金香）& “rose” are the Subordinate terms “flower”The first meaning of a word is called primary mea