2020年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀技巧精講

1、2020 年中考英語(yǔ)閱讀技巧精講閱讀理解技巧精講第一：從邏輯學(xué)角度看待英語(yǔ)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)任何一種語(yǔ)言本身都存有著一種內(nèi)在的邏輯聯(lián)系，故而了解英語(yǔ) 的文字結(jié)構(gòu)至關(guān)重要。從邏輯學(xué)角度看，文章存有二中邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。其一，有的文章從開(kāi)篇就出現(xiàn)具體的事例，具體的任務(wù)或是非常 具體的數(shù)據(jù)，實(shí)驗(yàn)等，其作用即在于引入主題，并加以論述證明自己 的觀點(diǎn)的可取性與合理性。這種邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)即為歸納思維，類似于數(shù)學(xué) 里的歸納法。即使是應(yīng)對(duì)一個(gè)具體的段落來(lái)說(shuō)，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)有一部分 也符合這種模式，亦即在一段開(kāi)始也是列舉具體的事例，數(shù)據(jù)，實(shí)驗(yàn) 過(guò)程講解等，這時(shí)候能夠直接跳到段落結(jié)尾處去找重點(diǎn)，因?yàn)榇硕温?也符合歸納的邏輯思維。用中文的解

2、釋即為：總、分、總的文章結(jié)構(gòu)。Eg1：Imagine you re at a party full of strangers 。Youre nervous 。 Who are these people? How do you start a conversation? Luckily ， youve got a thing that sends out energy at small chips（ 芯片） in everyone s name tag（ 標(biāo)簽）。 The chips send back name ， job ， hobbies-whatever 。 Making new fri

3、ends becomes simple 。This hasn t quite happened in real life。 But the worldis already experiencing a new age of using RFID technology。學(xué)生面對(duì)這兩段文字將如何快速找出主旨 ?看文章第一個(gè)詞Imagine（ 想象 ）就應(yīng)斷定是列舉實(shí)例的開(kāi)篇方式，主旨不在于實(shí)例本身 而應(yīng)是實(shí)例后的總結(jié)，即第二段文字是重點(diǎn)，通過(guò)實(shí)例總結(jié)出來(lái)的一 個(gè)結(jié)論或是一個(gè)要討論的主題。還有第二段文字以否定句開(kāi)頭，以轉(zhuǎn) 折句銜接，故而二句都是重點(diǎn)。因?yàn)殚喿x過(guò)程中要格外注意三種句型： 否定句、疑問(wèn)句

4、、轉(zhuǎn)折句。那么這篇文章的主旨應(yīng)為：。 predict the uses of RFID technology預(yù)測(cè) RFID （ 刷卡技術(shù) ） 的使用。從字面 意思看：此種場(chǎng)景在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中還沒(méi)有真實(shí)發(fā)生，但世界即將經(jīng)歷一 個(gè)新時(shí)代的到來(lái)。Eg2： At the University of California， my students and Istudied more than 2 ，000 years of self-change methods and also reviewed the scientific research works on that 。 Among all the m

5、ethods ， three should be specially mentioned ： they re useful ， simple and easy to learn 。 Whats more ， people who have made successful changes in their lives often depended on one or more of these methods 。To get yourself started in a new direction ， try the Three Ms：學(xué)生如何確定這兩段文字的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容 ?看第一句同樣是講述作者自

6、己的親自經(jīng)歷與研究領(lǐng)域，沒(méi)有多大意義 ; 第二句看主句內(nèi)容 three should be specially mentioned ：要特別提到三種方法，后一句講的 是三種方法怎么重要，沒(méi)有多大意思。如果出題人給出此文的寫作目 的是什么 ?那么用歸納的思維來(lái)判斷第二段小文字為重點(diǎn)，應(yīng)為這是承 上啟下段落。 To get yourself started in a new direction ， try the Three M s：（想讓自己重新來(lái)過(guò)請(qǐng)?jiān)囋嚾齻€(gè) M方法）那么用出題 人自己的語(yǔ)言概況應(yīng)為： To encourage people to change their bad habits

7、 。其二：也是絕大部分文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，即與歸納思維反向的演繹思維， 也是西方邏輯學(xué)上突破性的思維方式，直接推動(dòng)西方科學(xué)知識(shí)的進(jìn)步 與突破。即開(kāi)篇即提出作者自家的觀點(diǎn)，而且絕大部分都是猜測(cè)出來(lái) 的口吻，使用的助動(dòng)詞多為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can、may、 could 、 might; 或是其他表示推測(cè)的詞性如： possible ， probable ， likely 等及其變形。 那么此時(shí)這篇文章的中心就在文章的開(kāi)頭處，必須精讀此處，切莫略 過(guò)!Eg1： Younger adults who get either little sleep or a lot of it may see a greater in

8、crease in their waistlines over time ， a study suggests 。Eg2： Some people think that they have an answer to the problems of automobiles crowding and pollution in large cities 。 Their answer is the bicycle ， or bike 。Eg3：In modern society there is a lot of disagreement about competition 。 Some value

9、it highly ， believing that it is good for social progress。 Others say that competition isbad。 It sets one person against another。 And it leads tounfriendly relationship between people 。此三段文字都為觀點(diǎn)類句式，如 think ，disagreement 等。 第二：要了解中學(xué)階段閱讀的具體題型。針對(duì)考試當(dāng)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn) 的題型現(xiàn)歸類如下：A:缺少句子成分題型。如缺少主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)成分，這是考試 中最長(zhǎng)出現(xiàn)的類型題

10、。Eg1: When we wear a pair of 3D glasses， 。此題提供的內(nèi)容是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，要補(bǔ)充主句的內(nèi)容，那么學(xué)生必須在原文中 鎖定題干中句子在原文何處出現(xiàn)，定位住原文后要精讀此句，找出與 原文意思相同的句子，切莫一味找尋與原文一樣的答案，因?yàn)楹苌儆?和原文完全相同的答案，如果真的出現(xiàn)與原文相同的句子，那就是最 簡(jiǎn)單的題型。定位原文 Three-dimensional technology uses two film projectors（投影機(jī)）。 One projects a left eye image andthe other projects a right

11、 eye image。 3D glasses allow us tosee a different image in each eye 。那么答案大致為: our brain will get a different image from each eyeEg2：Why do some people welcome competition according to the passage? 題干為因果關(guān)系題，亦即原因狀語(yǔ)的題型，還是一樣要 從原文找內(nèi)容，而不是從頭腦中找答案，不要記憶原文內(nèi)容，要定位 原文，精讀原文，與四個(gè)答案相對(duì)應(yīng)，確定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)選項(xiàng)。定位原文： In modern society

12、 there is a lot of disagreement about competition 。 Some value it highly ， believing that it is good for social progress 。 Others say that competition is bad It sets one person against another 。 And it leads to unfriendly relationship between people 。 此段文字第一句即為主 旨，開(kāi)篇提出要討論的主題，即現(xiàn)在社會(huì)中人們對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的看法。緊接 著就是列舉一

13、些人的不同觀點(diǎn)，證明分歧在哪里。故而出現(xiàn) some， others 的句式結(jié)構(gòu)，這是明顯的列舉方式。針對(duì)此題定位原文應(yīng)為橫 線句：一些人高度重視，認(rèn)為它有助于社會(huì)進(jìn)步。那么答案為 It pushes society forward 。含義相同句式不同，這是準(zhǔn)確答案的設(shè)置 方式，因?yàn)橐w現(xiàn)出出題人的應(yīng)為駕馭水平，要體現(xiàn)出解釋的作用， 理解的特點(diǎn)：即用不同的詞或短語(yǔ)解釋文中出現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜句式， paraphrase the sentence 。Eg3：Not all memories are sweet.Some people spend all their lives trying to forge

14、t bad experiences wars and traffic accidents can leave people with terrible physical and emotional（ 精神上的 ）hurts 。 Often they appear again in dreamsNow American researchers think they are close to developing a drug ， which will help people forget bad memories.The drug is designed to be taken immediat

15、ely after a frightening experience They hope it might reduce or possibly erase（清除）the effect of painful memories 。2.In November ， experts tested a drug on people in the US and France.The drug stops the body producing chemicals that fix memories in the brain 。 So far the research has suggestedthat on

16、ly the emotional effects of memories may be reduced ， not that the memories are erased 。The research has caused a great deal of argument.Some think it is a bad idea ， while others support it 。Supporters say it could lead to drugs that prevent or treat soldierstroubling memories after war They say th

17、atthere are many people who suffer from terrible memories“Some memories can ruin（ 毀壞 ）people s lives.They come back to you when you don t want to have them in a dream.They usually come with very painful emotions，” said Roger Pitman ，a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School?！?Thiscould red

18、uce a lot of that suffering”But those who are against the research say that changing memories is very dangerous because memories give us our identity（ 特質(zhì)）。 They also help us all avoid the mistakes of the past 。 “All of us can think of bad experiences in our lives that were horrible at the time but m

19、ake us who we are.I m not sure we want to erase those memories ，” said Rebecca Dresser ， a medical ethicist 。1.Now American researchers are trying to develop a drug toD。A. change people s bad memories into good onesB. make people forget what happened in the pastC. help soldiers get away from troubli

20、ng memoriesD. treat people who suffer from terrible memoriesThe drug that have been tested on people can BA. cause the brain to lose memoriesB. reduce the effect of bad memoriesC. help people improve their memoriesD. totally erase the painful memoriesRebecca Dresser thinks that CA. some memories can

21、 ruin people s livesB. the drug can prevent people from sufferingsC. bad memories make us different from othersD. taking the drug will do harm to peoples health此三題是出自一篇閱讀理解，都為缺少句子成分題型，所以第一 步都是在原文定位句型。第一題：定位答案句型如橫線部分 1，那么答案就在這個(gè)段，而不 在于你的頭腦之中。而且要體現(xiàn)上文提到的解釋作用和特點(diǎn)，不是照 抄原文只言片語(yǔ)，比如 bad memories ， terrible mem

22、ories ， painful memories or experiences都能夠，所以答案在定語(yǔ)從句Which 中，為 D。第二題：第一步定位原文 2。 略過(guò)第二句，鎖定最后一句的最后 部分 only the emotional effects of memories may be reduced，應(yīng)為中間都是過(guò)程的解釋，我們要的是結(jié)果，答案為 B。第三題：此為類型題的一種即問(wèn)某個(gè)專家的具體觀點(diǎn)題型，此題 必須針對(duì)原文找答案，找出原文句子的同義句或解釋的句子。第一步 鎖定題干位置如圖所示 3。這個(gè)段較長(zhǎng)哪句是重點(diǎn) ?第一句為什么 ?看 But 一詞，這個(gè)句是反對(duì)此種研究人的觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)，后面舉

23、一個(gè)具體的 專家觀點(diǎn)，能夠忽略而且第一句中 because 這部分為答案。答案為 CB。對(duì)錯(cuò)題。出題方法一般為 Which of the followi ng statement is true or not true? or Which of the following is right or wrong except? 此種題型多數(shù)答案為文章中心句子或中心含 義的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明和解釋 ; 少數(shù)題的答案為文章某一具體句子意思的解釋。Do you know that women s brains are smaller than mens?Normally th e womens brain we

24、ighs 10% less than mens。Since research has shown that the bigger the brain， thecleverer the animal ， men must be more intelligent（ 聰明的） than women。 Right? Wrong 。 Men and women always score similarly on intelligence tests， despite the difference inbrain size 。 Why? After years of study ， researchers

25、 have concluded that its what s inside that matters ， not justthe size of the brain 。 The brain is made up of “grey matter ” and “white matter ”。 While men have more of the white matter , the amount（ 數(shù)量）of“thinking ” brain is almost thesame in both men and women 。Which of the following is TRUE accor

26、ding to Paragraph 1?A。Grey matter controls thinking in the brain。B。 Mens brain is 10% less than womens。C。Grey matter plays the same role as white matter。D。Men and women have the same amount of white matter 。B答案的10%是鎖定原文的答案也判斷對(duì)錯(cuò)，此句為主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)的 篡改，錯(cuò)。C和D答案都用了 the same as句式，找回原文，C答案明顯的 無(wú)中生有，D答案為篡改原文內(nèi)容，因?yàn)槲闹械囊?/p>

27、問(wèn)是Sinceresearch has shown that the bigger the brain， the clevererthe animal ， men must be more intelligent（ 聰明的 ） than women 。Right? Wrong。注意疑問(wèn)句Right?，他的回答是 Wrong,錯(cuò)在哪里？細(xì) 看這個(gè)句， since 很關(guān)鍵意思是：既然，而非自從，既然研究證明大腦 越大,這種生物就越聰明,那么男人一定比女人聰明。對(duì)嗎 ?錯(cuò)。 再 往下看 Why?勺問(wèn)句后的回答即為結(jié)論：After years of study ,researchers have co

28、ncluded that its what s inside thatmatters ， not just the size of the brain。 Conclude 結(jié)論是：大腦內(nèi)部起作用而不是大小在起作用。A答案是從原文內(nèi)容推斷出來(lái)的選項(xiàng)而非只言片語(yǔ)的改寫，是在解釋最后一句的意思，故為準(zhǔn)確答案。C。推斷題型。出題方法一般為 what can we learn from the passage? What can we infer (draw ， indicate ， imply) from the passage? 多數(shù)答案為文章中心意思的解釋，少數(shù)情況下為文章某一細(xì) 節(jié)的總結(jié)和概括。

29、切記推斷題型必須要體現(xiàn)推斷的特點(diǎn)，不能照抄原 文，即使一模一樣也不是答案，如果是繞著文章某個(gè)句子在改寫也不 是答案因?yàn)闆](méi)有體現(xiàn)總結(jié)和推斷的特點(diǎn)，僅僅只言片語(yǔ)的羅列，千萬(wàn) 不要選。And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people ， especially young people ， get the idea th

30、at it s okay not to be totally honest all the time。 There is a corollary( 直接推論)to that : if a good excuse is“good” even if it isn thonest, then where is the place of the truth?What can we infer from the last paragraph according to the writer?A。A good excuse is the same as honesty 。B。Inventing a good

31、 excuse needs creative ideas。C。Unpleasant truth is better than a good excuse。D。Making a good excuse is sometimes a better idea如何判斷這個(gè)段的重點(diǎn)在哪里 ?針對(duì)一段文字來(lái)出的題型無(wú)論怎么 問(wèn)，對(duì)錯(cuò)，總結(jié)，推斷，舉例證明什么目的，推出什么結(jié)論，所有的 題的答案都是這個(gè)段中心句的解釋。這段文字重點(diǎn)句是最后一句，因 為那里有一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)翻譯：直接推論，明顯是個(gè)結(jié)論，所以是重點(diǎn)，答 案就在這個(gè)句中，而且要格外注意最后的疑問(wèn)句 then where is the place of t

32、he truth?中國(guó)人做的答案都很短，有強(qiáng)烈的總結(jié)性和概括性，不照抄原文。 大意為：如果一個(gè)借口充足好即使它不是真實(shí)的，那么真理將擺在哪 里呢 ?答案為 C。結(jié)論題。出題方法一般為 What can we conclude from the passage? or What is the conclusion of the passage? 結(jié)論一詞的 含義是：到最后將觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)，所以這種題的答案在文章最后。E。主旨大意題。出題方法一般為 what is main idea or general idea of the passage? or what is the passage mainl

33、y about? What is the writer s or author s purpose to writethe passage? 如上文所述，外語(yǔ)文章邏輯關(guān)系多為歸納思維或演繹思 維，所以一篇文章的重點(diǎn)都藏在開(kāi)頭段或結(jié)尾段中，甚至就在開(kāi)頭句 和結(jié)尾句中。如若感覺(jué)兩側(cè)沒(méi)有重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，那么就藏在文章中間最短 的段落中，尤其是帶轉(zhuǎn)折句、疑問(wèn)句或否定句的短段落之中，因?yàn)檫@ 種段落有承上啟下的作用。還以上面那篇文章為例：分析如上文，能 夠選出答案為C,既有總結(jié)性又有概括性，即為模糊性和科學(xué)性。A和D為此段文字中的只言片語(yǔ)，B將原文的意思放大和夸張。The passage is mainly a

34、bout 。A。ways of being more intelligentB。differences between men and womenC。studies on brains between two sexesD。studies on white matter and grey matter再如： Brendans best friend is Tip。 They teach eachother things and they look after each other 。 Tip has helped Brendan become more responsible and more

35、 caring 。 Brendan is a nine-year-old boy ， and Tip is a ten-year old dog 。 Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a good effect on a child s development 。請(qǐng)問(wèn)這個(gè)段的主旨是什么 ?也能夠出 Whats the passage mainly about? 的題。A. Lessons children learn from a dog 。B. Advice on owning a dog for chil

36、dren 。C. The relationship between children and dogs 。D. The good effects on children of owning a dog 。分析：此段文字為歸納思維，開(kāi)篇舉了一個(gè)實(shí)例引入主題： Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning a dog can have a good effect on a child s development。 所以答案為 D。此時(shí)會(huì)有 同學(xué)疑惑我讀完整篇文章感覺(jué) A 也像準(zhǔn)確答案，但實(shí)際情況卻非如此 因?yàn)?A 答案與原文相比省略了一個(gè)詞 owning

37、 或 having ，這種答案叫 偷梁換柱，考的就是細(xì)心人很不是過(guò)于相信自己水平的人。再如： When students and parents are asked to grade subjects according to their importance， the arts are usuallyat the bottom of the list 。 Music is nice ， people seem to say， but not important 。 Too often it is only viewed as entertainment ， but certainly not

38、 an education priority（優(yōu)先 ） 。This view is shortsighted 。 In fact ， music education is very important for all students 。What is the main idea of the passage?A。Music education is worth more attention。B。Music should be of top education priority。C。Music is really a good communication tool。D。Music educat

39、ion makes students more imaginative。用上文陳述的方法可選出答案為 A。劃線句為中心句，本段文字以 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句開(kāi)頭引入中心，即音樂(lè)教育更值得注重。F。文章題目選擇題。說(shuō)明文和議論文要使用中心詞對(duì)應(yīng)法，記 敘文使用中心任務(wù)對(duì)應(yīng)法。同樣列舉上文C中題型的文字為例：To err is human 。 To blame（ 責(zé)備） the other guy is even more human。Common sense is not all that common 。Why tell the truth when you can come up with a goo

40、d excuse?These three popular misquotes（戲謔的引語(yǔ) ）are meant to bejokes ， and yet they tell us a lot about human nature 。 To err ， or to make mistakes ， is indeed a part of being human ， but it seems that most people dont want to accept theresponsibility for the problem 。 Perhaps it is the natural thing

41、to do 。 The original quote about human nature went like this ：“To err is human ， to forgive ， divine（ 神圣的）?！?This saying mirrors an ideal ： People should be forgiving of others mistakes。In stead , we tend to do the opposite - find someone else to pass the blame on to 。 However ， taking responsibilit

42、y for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity（ 成熟）。Common sense is what we call clear thought 。 Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well ， and it also means staying with the plan 。 Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a r

43、ainstorm ， but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine 。 Common sense does not seem to be common for large companies ， because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything 。 People say that in a large company ， “the right hand

44、does not know what the left hand is doing ?！盇nd what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people ， especially young people ， get the idea that it s okay not to be totally honest all the

45、 time 。 There is a corollary（ 直接推 論 ）to that ： if a good excuse is“good” even if it isnthonest ， then where is the place of the truth?What would be the best title for this passage?A。A Mirror of Human NatureB。To Blame or to ForgiveC。A Mark of MaturityD。Truth or Excuse解析：三段文字哪句具有總結(jié)特點(diǎn) ?為劃線句。為什么 ?因?yàn)槲恼?開(kāi)

46、頭列舉三個(gè)戲謔引語(yǔ)，其作用在于引入主題，即為劃線句。所以答 案為A。人的本性的一面鏡子。中心詞為Human Nature。再如： A great many people ， when they speak of home ， tend to connect it with a certain atmosphere， certainphysical surroundings（ 環(huán)境）， and certain emotional attitudes within themselves 。 This sentimentality（多愁善感 ） toward homeis something tha

47、t has come down to us from the past。 Manymodern people do not have it， and I think it is a good thingthat they do not 。What is the best title for the passage?A。The History of Home B 。 People and HomeC。 Different Ideas of Home D。 Ideas of Home HaveChanged答案為 D。劃線句和劃線詞和短語(yǔ)含義選擇題。此種題型的方法是排除法， 其次是從上下文結(jié)構(gòu)中找

48、出答案，而不是完全用翻譯的方法，因?yàn)槌?題人設(shè)置的詞匯和句型有時(shí)候過(guò)于復(fù)雜，簡(jiǎn)單的能夠翻譯過(guò)來(lái)，但是 難題很難理解。這種題要體現(xiàn)出解釋的特點(diǎn)，即要將文字中不懂得句 式或詞匯，詞組用自己的語(yǔ)言重新的布局和說(shuō)明，那么答案中如果還 是在照抄原文出現(xiàn)的生僻詞和你不懂的基礎(chǔ)詞那么就不要選為干擾項(xiàng)。如： Studies have shown it takes a doctor about 18 secondsto stop a patient after he begins talking。It was Sunday 。 I had one last patient to see。 I cameclose to her room in a hurry and stood at