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1、1三級模式間存在兩種映射，它們是（ a ）。a模式與子模式間，模式與內(nèi)模式間2sql server系統(tǒng)中的所有系統(tǒng)級信息存儲于哪個數(shù)據(jù)庫（ a ）。amaster3下面關(guān)于tempdb數(shù)據(jù)庫描述不正確的是（d）。d是用戶建立新數(shù)據(jù)庫的模板4在數(shù)據(jù)庫技術(shù)中，面向?qū)ο髷?shù)據(jù)模型是一種（ b ）。b結(jié)構(gòu)模型5數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)常見的數(shù)據(jù)模型有（ b ）。b層次、關(guān)系和網(wǎng)狀6用戶看到的數(shù)據(jù)表，屬于數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)三級模式中的（ d模式7對數(shù)據(jù)的插入屬于數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（ b ）的功能。b數(shù)據(jù)操縱8保持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)的完整性屬于數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（ c ）的功能。c數(shù)據(jù)庫的運(yùn)行管理 9在sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫中，默認(rèn)情況下sy

2、s通常是（ c ）。c系統(tǒng)表表名的前綴 1設(shè)一個關(guān)系為r，如果它的每個屬性都是不可再分的，則稱這個關(guān)系是符合（ a ）。a第一范式2在第一個關(guān)系中出現(xiàn)，在第二個關(guān)系中不出現(xiàn)的記錄組成的關(guān)系稱為兩個關(guān)系的（ c ）。c差3關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫規(guī)范化是為了解決關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫中的（ a ）問題。a插入、刪除和數(shù)據(jù)冗余b提高查詢的速度4關(guān)系模式中，滿足2nf的模式，（ b ）。b必定是1nf1下述關(guān)于索引的描述，正確的是（b）建立索引后，會影響基本表的插入速度2下述關(guān)于視圖的描述，正確的是c在sql server中，可以像基本表一樣對視圖進(jìn)行查詢操作3如果希望從學(xué)生表中查詢出所有姓“張”的同學(xué)，那么條件語句應(yīng)該是（

3、 b ）。bwhere 姓名 like 張4下列sql語句中，能夠完成求某列最大值的是（ b ）。bselect max(age) from student5假定學(xué)生關(guān)系s（sno,sname,sex,age），課程關(guān)系c（cno,cname,teacher），學(xué)生選課關(guān)系sc（sno,cno,grade）。要查詢選修了“計算機(jī)技術(shù)”課程的“女”學(xué)生姓名，將涉及到關(guān)系（ d ）。ds,c,sc1如果希望從學(xué)生表中查詢出所有姓“李”的同學(xué)，那么條件語句應(yīng)該是（b）。b、where 姓名 like 李2在一個教師關(guān)系中，能夠成為主關(guān)鍵字（或稱主碼）的屬性是（b）。b、教師編號3從最終用戶應(yīng)用程序的

4、視角看，數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的三級模式結(jié)構(gòu)是（c）。c、外模式、模式和內(nèi)模式4在一個學(xué)生關(guān)系中，能夠成為主關(guān)鍵字（或稱主碼）的屬性是（c）。c、學(xué)號5有嚴(yán)格的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)模型是（a）。a、關(guān)系模型6下列關(guān)于索引的說明不正確的是（a）。a、索引必須創(chuàng)建在主關(guān)鍵字之上7設(shè)關(guān)系r是滿足第一范式的，若r中不存在非主屬性對主鍵的部分函數(shù)依賴，則r符合（a）。a、第二范式8下列符合第三范式的關(guān)系是（d）。d、學(xué)生（學(xué)號，姓名，性別）9在第一個關(guān)系中出現(xiàn)，而在第二個關(guān)系中不出現(xiàn)的記錄組成的新關(guān)系稱為（d）。d、兩個關(guān)系的差10數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)中，需求分析階段的主要目的是（a）。a、回答“干什么”的問題11用戶使用

5、sql server時，通常需要依次經(jīng)過兩個安全性階段（c）。c、身份驗(yàn)證、權(quán)限認(rèn)證12sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫中的一個完整的備份通常要包括（a）。a、系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫、用戶數(shù)據(jù)庫和事務(wù)日志13下列哪些不屬于索引的類型（d）。d、事務(wù)日志索引14下列sql語句中，能夠完成并運(yùn)算的是（a）。a、select * from 籃球愛好者union select * from 足球愛好者15設(shè)學(xué)生表和課程表的結(jié)構(gòu)分別為（學(xué)號，姓名）和（學(xué)號，課程號，成績），如果希望查詢出“成績大于90分的學(xué)生姓名”，則對應(yīng)的sql語句是（d）。d、select 姓名 from 學(xué)生表，課程表 where 學(xué)生表.學(xué)號=課

6、程表.學(xué)號 and 課程表.成績901如果希望從學(xué)生表中查詢出所有姓“王”的同學(xué)，那么條件語句應(yīng)該是（ b ）。b、where 姓名 like 王2通常情況下，“數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)”的英文縮寫是（ a ）。a、dbms3從最終用戶應(yīng)用程序的視角看，數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的三級模式結(jié)構(gòu)是（ c ）。c、外模式、模式和內(nèi)模式4在一個學(xué)生關(guān)系中，能夠成為主關(guān)鍵字（或稱主碼）的屬性是（ c ）。c、學(xué)號5有嚴(yán)格的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù)模型是（ a ）。a、關(guān)系模型6下列關(guān)于索引的說明不正確的是（ a ）。a、索引必須創(chuàng)建在主關(guān)鍵字之上7設(shè)關(guān)系r是滿足第一范式的，若r中不存在非主屬性對主鍵的部分函數(shù)依賴，則r符合（ a ）。a

7、、第二范式8下列符合第三范式的關(guān)系是（ d）。d、學(xué)生（學(xué)號，姓名，性別）9在第一個關(guān)系中出現(xiàn)，而在第二個關(guān)系中不出現(xiàn)的記錄組成的新關(guān)系稱為（d）。d、兩個關(guān)系的差10數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)中，需求分析階段的主要目的是（ a ）。a、回答“干什么”的問題11用戶使用sql server時，通常需要依次經(jīng)過兩個安全性階段（ c ）。c、身份驗(yàn)證、權(quán)限認(rèn)證12sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫中的一個完整的備份通常要包括（ a ）。a、系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫、用戶數(shù)據(jù)庫和事務(wù)日志13sql server中進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫恢復(fù)的sql語句是（ c ）。c、restore database14下列sql語句中，能夠完成并運(yùn)算的是（

8、 a ）。a、select * from 籃球愛好者 union select * from 足球愛好者15設(shè)學(xué)生表和課程表的結(jié)構(gòu)分別為（學(xué)號，姓名）和（學(xué)號，課程號，成績），如果希望查詢出“成績大于90分的學(xué)生姓名”，則對應(yīng)的sql語句是（ d ）。d、select 姓名 from 學(xué)生表，課程表 where 學(xué)生表.學(xué)號=課程表.學(xué)號 and 課程表.成績901下列（ ）是指數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)。d、dbms 2有嚴(yán)格的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)并在此基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的數(shù)據(jù)庫模型是（）。c、關(guān)系模型3在銷售商品關(guān)系中，能夠成為主關(guān)鍵字（或稱主碼）的屬性是（）。b、商品編號4sql server系統(tǒng)中的所有系統(tǒng)級信息

9、存儲于（）數(shù)據(jù)庫中。amaster 5關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫規(guī)范化理論是為解決關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫中（）問題而引入的。a、插入、刪除和數(shù)據(jù)冗余6下列符合第三范式的關(guān)系是（ ）。b、零件（零件編號，零件名稱，零件重量，零件儲存的倉庫編號）7如果希望從學(xué)生表中查詢出最大年齡的同學(xué)，那么語句中應(yīng)該包含（ ）。b、select max (年齡) as 最大 from 學(xué)生表8下列關(guān)于索引的說明不正確的是（）。b、索引一經(jīng)建立就需要人工進(jìn)行維護(hù)9在第一個關(guān)系中出現(xiàn)，在第二個關(guān)系中不出現(xiàn)的記錄組成的新關(guān)系稱為（ ）。d、兩個關(guān)系的差10 sql server默認(rèn)的登錄賬號為（ ）。a、sa11數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)中，（ ）屬于物

10、理設(shè)計。b、存儲方法設(shè)計12下列sql語句中，能夠完成刪除功能的是（）。d、delete from 教師表 where 性別=男13查詢姓名中帶有“芳”字的學(xué)生，則條件語句應(yīng)包含（ ）。b、where 姓名 like %芳14下列sql語句中，限制字段取值范圍的約束是（ ）。c、性別 char (2) not null check (性別男or 性別女)15設(shè)學(xué)生表和成績表的結(jié)構(gòu)分別為（學(xué)號，姓名，所在系）和（學(xué)號，課程名，成績），如果希望按分?jǐn)?shù)降序查詢出“英語系中選修了計算機(jī)課程的學(xué)生姓名和成績”，則對應(yīng)的sql語句是（ ）。d、select 姓名，成績 from 學(xué)生表，成績表 where

11、 所在系英語系 and課程名計算機(jī) and 學(xué)生表.學(xué)號=課程表.學(xué)號 order by 成績 desc1關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)采用關(guān)系模型作為數(shù)據(jù)的組織方式。關(guān)系模型通常由三部分組成（）。a數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)、關(guān)系操作集合和關(guān)系的完整性2以下不屬于sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫特點(diǎn)的是（）。c基于面向?qū)ο蟮臄?shù)據(jù)模型3sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫一般包括兩大類數(shù)據(jù)庫類型（）。d系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫和用戶數(shù)據(jù)庫4在一個物資臺賬數(shù)據(jù)表中，能夠成為主關(guān)鍵字（或稱主碼）的字段是（）。b物資編碼5在物理層面，sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫是由數(shù)據(jù)文件和事務(wù)日志文件兩個操作系統(tǒng)文件組成的，它們的后綴分別是（）。amdf和ldf6sql ser

12、ver數(shù)據(jù)庫中的系統(tǒng)表的表名通常以（）為前綴。bsys7設(shè)一個關(guān)系為r，x和y是它的兩個屬性集。若對于x上的每個值都有y上的一個惟一值與之對應(yīng)，則稱x和y（）。c具有函數(shù)依賴關(guān)系8下列符合第三范式的關(guān)系是（）。b教師（編號，姓名，職稱）9一個關(guān)系中每條記錄和第二個關(guān)系的每條記錄進(jìn)行連接，所組成的新關(guān)系稱為（）。c兩個關(guān)系的積10sql server提供的nchar、nvarchar、ntext等幾種雙字節(jié)數(shù)據(jù)類型實(shí)際上是一種（）。aunicode數(shù)據(jù)類型11一個用戶訪問sql server通常要依次經(jīng)過4個層次的安全控制，分別是（）。a操作系統(tǒng)、服務(wù)器、數(shù)據(jù)庫、表和列12下列哪些不屬于索引的類

13、型（）。d事務(wù)日志索引13sql server中進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫備份的sql語句是（）。bbackup database14在成績數(shù)據(jù)表中，要計算某課程的平均成績，可采用（）。davg函數(shù)15設(shè)課程成績表的結(jié)構(gòu)為（學(xué)號，課程號，成績），如果希望查詢出“成績大于90分且課程號首字母為a的所有記錄”，則對應(yīng)的sql語句是（）。cselect * from 課程成績表 where 成績90 and 課程號 like a%1計算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)大致經(jīng)歷了（ 人工管理 ）、（ 文件管理 ）、（ 數(shù)據(jù)庫管理 ）等不同的發(fā)展階段。2數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)由（ 外模式 ）、（ 模式 ）和（ 內(nèi)模式 ）三級抽象模式構(gòu)成。3 數(shù)據(jù)庫

14、管理系統(tǒng)的主要功能包括（ 數(shù)據(jù)定義 ）、（ 數(shù)據(jù)操縱 ）、（ 數(shù)據(jù)庫的運(yùn)行管理 ）、（ 數(shù)據(jù)庫的建立和維護(hù) ）。4關(guān)系模型由三部分組成（ 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) ）、（ 關(guān)系操作集合 ）和（ 關(guān)系的完整性 ）。5sql server提供了大量易用的管理工具，比較常用的主要有（ 服務(wù)管理器 ）、（ 企業(yè)管理器 ）和（ 查詢分析器 ）。6數(shù)據(jù)文件的后綴是（ mdf ）。7事務(wù)日志文件的后綴是（ ldf ）。8sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫分為 （ 系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)庫 ）和（ 用戶數(shù)據(jù)庫 ）兩種類型。1sql數(shù)據(jù)定義語言的主要作用是創(chuàng)建存儲數(shù)據(jù)的結(jié)構(gòu)，而數(shù)據(jù)操縱語言的主要作用則是向數(shù)據(jù)庫中填寫數(shù)據(jù)，具體包括（ 增加 ）、（

15、刪除 ）、（ 修改 ）等操作。2當(dāng)需要對查詢結(jié)果進(jìn)行排序時，可以指定其排序方式，字段后使用（ asc ）表示升序，（ desc ）表示降序。3視圖是一個虛表，它是從（ 一個或多個基本表 ）中導(dǎo)出的表。1數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計一般包括 需求分析 、 概念設(shè)計 、 邏輯設(shè)計 、 物理設(shè)計 、 數(shù)據(jù)庫實(shí)施 和 運(yùn)行維護(hù) 等階段。2數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)包括 結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計 和 行為設(shè)計 兩個方面。3數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計的主要原則包括 表設(shè)計原則 、 字段設(shè)計原則 和其他原則。4e-r圖的設(shè)計關(guān)鍵在于對 實(shí)體 、 聯(lián)系 的選擇和表示。5物理設(shè)計的主要內(nèi)容包括 存儲記錄的格式設(shè)計 、 存儲方法設(shè)計 、 訪問方法設(shè)計 以及 完整性和安

16、全性考慮 。1數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的三級模式結(jié)構(gòu)是指數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)由外模式、 模式 和 內(nèi)模式 三級抽象模式構(gòu)成。2備份是指將數(shù)據(jù)從硬盤復(fù)制到 可移動媒體 上的過程。3“實(shí)體一聯(lián)系”方法是描述數(shù)據(jù)庫概念模型的主要方法，一般稱這種方法為 er方法 （或er圖方法）。4用戶使用sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫時，一般需要經(jīng)過兩個安全性階段： 身份驗(yàn)證 和權(quán)限認(rèn)證。5e-r圖設(shè)計一般在數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計的 概念設(shè)計 階段使用。1關(guān)系模型由三個部分組成，分別是 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) 、關(guān)系操作集合和 關(guān)系的完整性 。2備份是指將數(shù)據(jù)從硬盤復(fù)制到 可移動 媒體上的過程。3數(shù)據(jù)庫應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的建設(shè)包括結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和 行為設(shè)計 兩個方面。4關(guān)系完整性是指

17、關(guān)系模型中數(shù)據(jù)的正確性、 一致性 和 有效性 。5sql server 中的事務(wù)處理控制語句， rollback tran saction 實(shí)現(xiàn)回滾一個事務(wù)。1數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)的三級模式結(jié)構(gòu)是指數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)由外模式、 模式 和 內(nèi)模式 三級抽象模式構(gòu)成。2進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)庫備份時，必須同時復(fù)制主數(shù)據(jù)文件和事務(wù)日志文件。3“實(shí)體一聯(lián)系”方法是描述數(shù)據(jù)庫概念模型的主要方法，一般稱這種方法為e-r方法（或er圖方法）。4用戶使用sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫時，一般需要經(jīng)過兩個安全性階段：身份驗(yàn)證和權(quán)限認(rèn)證。1sql語言共分為四大類，即數(shù)據(jù)定義語言，數(shù)據(jù)查詢語言，數(shù)據(jù)操縱語言和數(shù)據(jù)控制語言。2能夠惟一標(biāo)識某條記錄的屬性

18、稱為 主鍵 。3關(guān)系的規(guī)范化程度可分為多個級別，但通常只需要達(dá)到第 三 范式即可。4備份是指將數(shù)據(jù)從硬盤復(fù)制到 可移動 媒體上的過程。1能夠惟一表示數(shù)據(jù)表中的每條記錄的字段或者字段的組合稱為主碼或主鍵（）。2sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫中的null值（空值）表示的是 “空格”或“0”值（）3一個不規(guī)范的關(guān)系模式通常會引發(fā)插入異常、刪除異常和更新異常，導(dǎo)致大量的數(shù)據(jù)冗余。（）4根據(jù)索引的特點(diǎn)，應(yīng)該對那些數(shù)據(jù)量大、查詢頻度較高、實(shí)時性要求強(qiáng)的基本表創(chuàng)建索引，（）5數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計是指對于一個給定的應(yīng)用環(huán)境，構(gòu)造最優(yōu)的數(shù)據(jù)庫模式，建立數(shù)據(jù)庫及其應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)，有效存儲數(shù)據(jù)，滿足用戶信息要求和處理要求。（）6參照完

19、整性規(guī)則通常是指在兩個參照和被參照關(guān)系中，參照關(guān)系中每條記錄的外鍵或者為空，或者等于被參照關(guān)系中某條記錄的主鍵。（）1數(shù)據(jù)流圖是需求分析的常用工具之一，人們也經(jīng)常稱它為dfd圖（ ）。2數(shù)據(jù)庫中只有一個模式，也只有一個內(nèi)模式，所以模式內(nèi)模式映像是惟一的。（ ）。3sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫中的null值（空值）表示的是 “空格”或“0”值（ ）4sql server中的tempdb數(shù)據(jù)庫是一個臨時數(shù)據(jù)庫，屬用戶數(shù)據(jù)庫（ ）5sql雖被稱為“查詢語言”，其功能卻不僅僅限于查詢（ ）1計算機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)處理技術(shù)大致經(jīng)歷了人工管理、文件管理和sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫管理三大階段（）。2能夠惟一表示數(shù)據(jù)表中

20、的每條記錄的字段或者字段的組合稱為主碼或主鍵（）。3sql server數(shù)據(jù)庫中的null值（空值）表示的是 “空格”或“0”值（）4一個不規(guī)范的關(guān)系模式通常會引發(fā)插入異常、刪除異常和更新異常，導(dǎo)致大量的數(shù)據(jù)冗余。（）5目前的關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)一般都支持標(biāo)準(zhǔn)sql語句（）1delete table的功能是刪除表結(jié)構(gòu)。（ ）2在教師任課關(guān)系（教師編號，教師姓名，教師職稱，課程號，課程名，課時費(fèi)）中，主鍵是教師編號。（ ）3觸發(fā)器是一種特殊的存儲過程，它基于一個表創(chuàng)建，可以針對多個表進(jìn)行操作。（）4做結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計時，要盡量使設(shè)計符合第三范式的要求。（ ）5登錄賬號用于身份驗(yàn)證，用戶賬號用于權(quán)限驗(yàn)證。（ ）

21、請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，o(_)o謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an american invention. from high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the nat

22、ional collegiate athletic association (ncaa) annual tournament and the national basketball association (nba) and womens national basketball association (wnba) playoffs. and it has also made american heroes out of its player and coach legends like michael jordan, larry bird, earvin magic johnson, she

23、ryl swoopes, and other great players. at the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. the space is a rectangular, indoor court. the principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. the ball i

24、s spherical in shape and is inflated. basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). for players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a wo

25、mens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. the covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. orange is the regulation color. at all levels of play, the home team pro

26、vides the ball. inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. the ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped

27、on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. the factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. during the intensity of high school and college tourneys and t

28、he professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. on december 1, 1891, in springfield, massachusetts, james naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules

29、 based on five principles to his students at the international training school of the young mens christian association (ymca), which later became springfield college. naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running

30、, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. the peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. his students were excited about the game, and christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local ymcas about

31、the game. the association leaders wrote to naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the triangle, the school newspaper, on january 15,1892. naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. players could no

32、t move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. the playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. to score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goa

33、l. the team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. early in the history of basketball, the local ymcas provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. the size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a sid

34、e, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. the team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. the ymca lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety

35、of activities. ymca membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. this led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. although basketball was born in the united states, five of naismiths original players

36、 were canadians, and the game spread to canada immediately. it was played in france by 1893; england in 1894; australia, china, and india between 1895 and 1900; and japan in 1900. from 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. the first basketball was manufactured in 1894. it was

37、 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. the dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). the first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were r

38、uled official in 1949. the rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the ymca and the amateur athletic union (aau) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there wer

39、e two professional sets of rules. a joint rules committee for colleges, the aau, and the ymca was created in 1915, and, under the name the national basketball committee (nbc) made rules for amateur play until 1979. in that year, the national federation of state high school associations began governi

40、ng the sport at the high school level, and the ncaa rules committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the armed forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. until world war ii, basketball became increasingly popular in the united

41、 states especially at the high school and college levels. after world war ii, its popularity grew around the world. in the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. broadcast of the ncaa championship games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carryi

42、ng regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. players like bill russell, wilt chamberlain, and lew alcindor (kareem abdul-jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. the womens game

43、changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of ncaa championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the wnba in 1997. internationally, italy has pro

44、bably become the leading basketball nation outside of the united states, with national, corporate, and professional teams. the olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an olympic event in 1976. again, television coverage of the olympics has

45、 been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. the first professional mens basketball league in the united states was the national basketball league (nbl), which debuted in 1898. players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quali

46、ty of games and the ever-changing players on a team. after the great depression, a new nbl was organized in 1937, and the basketball association of america was organized in 1946. the two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to

47、 govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the national basketball association (nba) in 1949. a rival american basketball association (aba) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the nba for college talent and market share for almost ten years. in 1976, this league disbanded, but

48、 four of its teams remained as nba teams. unification came just in time for major television support. several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the womens professional basketball league (wbl) and the womens world basketball association, before the wnba debuted in 1997

49、with the support of the nba. james naismith, originally from al-monte, ontario, invented basketball at the international ymca training school in springfield, massachusetts, in 1891. the game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exe

50、rcise for football players. as a result, it was originally a rough sport. although ten of naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. the first intercollegiate game was played in minnesota in 1895, with nine playe

51、rs to a side and a final score of nine to three. a year later, the first five-man teams played at the university of chicago. baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. in 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points,

52、 foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. a year later, the first professional league was started, in the east, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. in 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass bac

53、kboards were used for the first time. nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or ymca players were involved. college basketball was played from texas to wisconsin and throughout the east through the 1920s, but most tea

54、ms played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the east before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. before the 1

55、930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balc

56、onies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball a

57、nd college football. in the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. they were the new york original celtics; the cleveland rosenblums, owned by max rosenblum; eddie gottliebs philadelphia sphas (south philadelphia hebrew association); and two great black

58、teams, the new york renaissance five and abe sapersteins harlem globetrotters, which was actually from chicago. while these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as babe ruth, jack dempsey, or red grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period.