何凱文長(zhǎng)難句突破講義完整版(含授課內(nèi)容)

1、2013文都考研英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)難句精講班講義 第一部分 方法論講解 n 英文句子閱讀的實(shí)際過(guò)程是什么？l 英文 mind 中文 n 英中文轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中在句子層面的障礙 語(yǔ)義（詞匯） 語(yǔ)序句子可以是這樣的：there is something by reason of which man is man.there is something. man is man by reason of (因?yàn)? this thing（which）.世間存在一種東西，人之所以是人，就是因?yàn)檫@種東西。n 英語(yǔ)句子的分類： 簡(jiǎn)單 句和 非簡(jiǎn)單 句 一、簡(jiǎn)單句的定義： 只含有一套主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子 簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙來(lái)源簡(jiǎn)單句沒(méi)有障礙的

2、情況：五大基本句型 間+直1. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ) 2. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ) 3. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+雙賓語(yǔ) 4. 主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ) 5.主語(yǔ)+系+表語(yǔ) （表語(yǔ)為形容詞時(shí)候，表語(yǔ)又可以稱作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）william ，do you take jerry for your lawful wife, to have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, until death do part you ? 簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙來(lái)源：（問(wèn)題

3、在于識(shí)別和處理） 1. 定語(yǔ) 2. 同位語(yǔ) 3. 插入語(yǔ) 4. 狀語(yǔ) 簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙識(shí)別及處理方法1 定語(yǔ): 修飾和限定名詞的成分；根據(jù)位置分為：前置定語(yǔ)；后置定語(yǔ)。（名字n.前后之分） 作用和識(shí)別：u 前置定語(yǔ)（可以有多個(gè)定語(yǔ)）+n adj.；物主代詞；v-ing(單個(gè))；v-ed（單個(gè)）； n u 后置定語(yǔ)： 形容詞短語(yǔ) a student unaware of my presence 結(jié)構(gòu)：形容詞+介詞+名詞 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou v-ing+介+名；v-ing+名；v-ing+連詞+句子 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) a picture pain

4、ted by picasso v-ed+介+名 n. + 動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ) a way to solve this problem to+ v（原形） 介詞短語(yǔ) an apple on the table 介+ 名詞 /（介+代 代詞就是代替名詞的詞語(yǔ)） 表語(yǔ)形容詞作定語(yǔ)后置a cat alive 表語(yǔ)形容詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)后置 不定代詞定語(yǔ)后置 something important 不定代詞定語(yǔ)后置 處理：前置（翻譯成中文的時(shí)候）；也可以拆分，特別是后置定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)候。定語(yǔ)從句（不屬于簡(jiǎn)單句范疇）定語(yǔ)從句的作用：1，修飾和限定名詞 2，連接兩個(gè)具有共同名詞的句子 3，表示因果關(guān)系 今生：.i hav

5、e three books of which the red is my favorite.（of which 叫做關(guān)系代詞）前世：i have three books. the red of those three books is my favorite . （英語(yǔ)多長(zhǎng)句）定語(yǔ)從句的識(shí)別：（基本結(jié)構(gòu)） 人稱代詞 who,whom,which.that,as名詞+連接詞+句子 關(guān)系代詞：物主代詞 whose 后加 非完整句定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞： 關(guān)系連詞：when,where,why,how 后加 完整句 介詞+關(guān)系代詞（就是介詞短語(yǔ)）：xas,that和whox 后加 完整句（介短充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)或狀

6、語(yǔ)）/非完整句（賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)）定語(yǔ)從句的處理方法： 1拆分； 2，找指代； 3，還原（使從句完整） eg1.a poem line describes a fight between a turkish and a bulgarian officer on a bridge /off which they both fall into the river.eg2. man is born as a blank sheet of paper /on which each culture writes its text.eg3. america and americans were prospero

7、us beyond the dreams of the europeans and asians whose economies the war had destroyed. （whose 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 后面表示因果關(guān)系）eg 4. the sun rises that looks beautiful.練習(xí)：請(qǐng)將下面的兩個(gè)句子用定語(yǔ)從句寫成一個(gè)句子：the ambition must be highly regarded(認(rèn)同) by people /who are themselves admired.the educated is not least among them.the amb

8、ition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired,(the ambition must be highly regarded by people；people are admired by people. )among whom educated is not least . the ambition must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, (with) the educated not (being) least among

9、them. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 2 同位語(yǔ)：對(duì)一個(gè)名詞或句子進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明的另一個(gè)名詞。作用：為了增加句子的多樣性和正式性。識(shí)別：處理：跳讀 1 a，b，kevin,head of intelligence service(情報(bào)機(jī)關(guān)),is quite niu. 前三種都是對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行說(shuō)明 2 ab a,b都是名字 3 a or b 4 句子a 這個(gè)名詞a可以修飾前面句子中的一個(gè)名詞，這個(gè)名詞a也可以修飾前面的句子。 句子，a 5 a of b eg1. the court supported the medical principle of double effect, a centuries-old

10、 moral principle（名詞的修飾）eg2.robots will have to operate with less human supervision and （并列動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)will have to）be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals/ that(指代goals,修飾整個(gè)句子) pose a real challenge. (句子的修飾)a of b為同位語(yǔ)的條件：a為上義詞，b為下義詞 上下義詞又稱為種屬詞，如 fruit -apple ;city-beijing上下義詞的作用：增加語(yǔ)言表達(dá)

11、的多樣性，增加語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的正式性多：如，the computer上義詞 the invention ;the technology 下義詞 the pc正：the year of 2008除了定語(yǔ)從句中，其余句子中that 充當(dāng)?shù)氖顷P(guān)系連詞，表示只表連接， 后面連接的都是完整句。同位語(yǔ)從句：(不屬于簡(jiǎn)單句的范疇) 作用：解釋和說(shuō)明前面一個(gè)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)別：名詞+連接詞（只能用關(guān)系連詞來(lái)充當(dāng)，不能用關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)，when,how,that）+句子（完整句）； 名詞+that+句子（完整句）處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞后）例子：背。同位語(yǔ)從句i have a dream that one day thi

12、s nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. i have a dream that one day on the red hills of georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of

13、 brotherhood. i have a dream that one day, even the state of mississippi（同位語(yǔ)）, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice（后置定語(yǔ)）, sweltering with the heat of oppression（后置定語(yǔ)）, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. i have a dream（省略了一個(gè)that） my four little children will one day l

14、ive in a nation / (定語(yǔ)從句)where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.i have a dream today! from i have a dream martin luther king 3 插入語(yǔ)：作用：增加語(yǔ)言的表達(dá)多樣性識(shí)別：被兩個(gè)逗號(hào)或者破折號(hào)隔開(kāi)的成分。（任何成分都可充當(dāng)插入語(yǔ)）處理：跳讀 p8 萬(wàn)能插入語(yǔ)： rather than: 而不是（肯前否后） i ,rather than anyone else,am

15、rather than was,the best,rather than good,teacher,rather than police. =i am the best teacher.4 狀語(yǔ)： 狀語(yǔ)在句子中的位置不固定。作用：修飾和限定動(dòng)詞或形容詞，有時(shí)也修飾整個(gè)句子（某些副詞來(lái)充當(dāng)?shù)?。）例句?she is admittedly reliable. 她是可靠的，這是被承認(rèn)的。 it is painfully apparent that she is a liar. 很明顯她是一個(gè)騙子，這點(diǎn)令人痛心。 he is obviously intelligent. 她非常聰明，這點(diǎn)很明顯。 th

16、e tomato is technically （從嚴(yán)格的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)）a fruit. 從嚴(yán)格的意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，西紅柿是一個(gè)水果。 chinas long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth. 中國(guó)長(zhǎng)期現(xiàn)代化的項(xiàng)目強(qiáng)調(diào)經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)，這點(diǎn)是可被理解和必須的。識(shí)別：盡量不把狀語(yǔ)放在名詞后 副詞adv. l y結(jié)尾的， 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ) 過(guò)去不定式短語(yǔ) 處理：剝離（從句子中提出來(lái)，用“這”開(kāi)頭） 介詞短語(yǔ) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（欠） 例1：（現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，跳讀）

17、using techniques （方法）developed for the offshore oil and gas industry（過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)修飾現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)的名詞做定語(yǔ)）, the dsdps drill ship, the glomar challenger（同位語(yǔ)，跳讀）, was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and drill in very deep waters（水域）（狀語(yǔ)，跳讀）, extracting samples of sediments and rocks from th

18、e ocean floor（狀語(yǔ)，跳讀）. (from toefl authentic test) 例2：a few art collectors-james bowden of boston, william byrd of virginian, and the aliens and hamilton of philadelphia-introduced european art traditions to those colonists/ privileged（過(guò)去分詞，有個(gè)特權(quán)） to visit their galleries（翻譯前置）, especially aspiring ar

19、tists（同位語(yǔ)）, and established ( 這里是和introduced并列的)in their respective communities the idea “動(dòng)詞+（介詞+名1做狀語(yǔ)）+名2”of the value art and the need for institutions 制度/(省略了which are) devoted to its encouragement.（名詞翻譯成動(dòng)詞 ）（致力于鼓勵(lì)價(jià)值藝術(shù)理念的制度） (from toefl authentic test) 英文多名詞，中文多動(dòng)詞對(duì)一種隔離結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)調(diào)1.they maintain 【with a

20、 certain fidelity （忠誠(chéng)）剝離】the principle of this school學(xué)派.2. he elected 【as his primary duty and happiness in his life】 the thinking activity （思維行動(dòng)）about the moral problem. 動(dòng)+【介1+名1+介2+名2】+名3他選出了關(guān)于道德問(wèn)題的思維行為當(dāng)做是他一生中最重要的責(zé)任和最大的幸福二、非簡(jiǎn)單句定義：含有一套以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子 連接詞（關(guān)聯(lián)詞） 非簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙來(lái)源：拆分（找連接詞）；組合（區(qū)分嵌套o(hù)r 并列）。 簡(jiǎn)單句如何組裝為非簡(jiǎn)單

21、句。非簡(jiǎn)單句的構(gòu)成：簡(jiǎn)1，簡(jiǎn)2，簡(jiǎn)3，.簡(jiǎn)n 主句專一原則 非簡(jiǎn)單句的障礙解決方案n 關(guān)聯(lián)詞和主句專一原則主句專一原則:1. 一個(gè)句子只能有一個(gè)主句，主句中沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)詞。2. 一個(gè)句子中有n個(gè)分句，則只有n-1個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞。關(guān)聯(lián)詞分類：1. 關(guān)系代詞：,that,which,who,whom,as,what等2. 關(guān)系連詞： that,when,where,why,how等 主從復(fù)合句，嵌套句 3. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)： 冒號(hào) ：和 破折號(hào) 分號(hào)； 4. 并列連詞： and,or,but 并列句例證： 句子之間的關(guān)聯(lián)方式u1.并列并列連詞的用法1）.連接兩個(gè)句子（句間的并列）2）.連接兩個(gè)句中成分可以是從句也

22、可以是短語(yǔ)等（句中并列），從連詞后往前尋找并列成分。3）.并列連詞表示并列的終結(jié)4）.并列常常引起省略（可以是省略并列成分也可以省略連詞如and等）例1 he drank beer, and it made him fat. 句間的并列 例2. （形式主語(yǔ)）it is a little upsetting to read that a certain line describes a fight between a turkish and a bulgarian officer and to find that the line consists of the noise of their f

23、alling and the weights of the officers, pluff! pluff! a hundred and eighty-five kilograms. （句中并列）解析：并列成分為to read and to find例3. a and b , c and d. a和b一起，并列c和d。 如果想a,b并列c,d ，中間得加連接詞，此時(shí)不能再用and,可以用如：coupled with; along with ; besides; in addition to解析：并列連詞表示并列的終結(jié)就意味著：a and b 是一個(gè)并列成分和c 以及d構(gòu)成并列；例4. 背 to

24、see the world in a grain of sand 一沙一世界 ， 一花一天國(guó) and a heaven in a wild flower 君掌盛無(wú)邊， 剎那含永劫。 hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour.例5. the love song of the sixth dalai lamatshangs-dbyangs-rgya-mtsho (1683- 1707 or 1746 ), was the sixth dalai lama of tibet, he was also a well-a

25、cclaimed poet.that day, i closed my eyes in the incense fog of the buddhas hall, suddenly heard the mantra from your voice;that month, i turned all the prayer wheels, not for my salvation, but for the touch of your fingertips;that year, i prostrated myself along the mountain paths, not for my pilgri

26、mage, but for the warmth of being close to you;that life, i turned around mountains and rivers，i turned around all the pagodas, not for earning my afterlife, but to meet with you in the way.那一天，閉目在經(jīng)殿香霧中，驀然聽(tīng)見(jiàn)你頌經(jīng)中的真言。 那一月，我搖動(dòng)所有的轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)筒，不為超度，只為觸摸你的指尖。 那一年，磕長(zhǎng)頭匍匐在山路，不為覲見(jiàn)，只為貼著你的溫暖。 那一世，轉(zhuǎn)山轉(zhuǎn)水轉(zhuǎn)佛塔啊，不為修來(lái)生，只為途中與你相見(jiàn)

27、賓語(yǔ)從句 只能用that引導(dǎo)動(dòng)詞（介詞）+連接詞+句子（完整句）動(dòng)詞+it+形容詞+句子（完整句） it為形式賓語(yǔ) 處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞后)，保證切開(kāi)的句子是完整句u2.主從復(fù)合（嵌套） 主從復(fù)合句的分類：三大從句：名詞性從句： 主語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句形容詞性從句：定語(yǔ)從句副詞性從句： 狀語(yǔ)從句常見(jiàn)的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：名詞性從句：關(guān)系代詞：what，who，whom，which,表語(yǔ)從句系動(dòng)詞+連接詞+句子（完整句或非完整句）處理：從連接詞處切分（連接詞前后，由是完整句還是非完整句判定，完整句和非完整句由連接詞是代詞還是連詞決定。 關(guān)系連詞：that, when, where,

28、 how, 形容詞性從句：見(jiàn)定語(yǔ)從句副詞性從句：書p18主語(yǔ)從句：連接詞+句子（完整句或者非完整句）+動(dòng)詞it +be+形容詞+連接詞+句子（完/非） 狀語(yǔ)從句連接詞+句子（完整句），句子總體來(lái)說(shuō)是游離于句子之外的。it+不及物動(dòng)詞+連接詞+句子（完/非） 形式主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)處理：從連接詞處切分（或前或后） 層次化句子閱讀法:1. 層次化結(jié)構(gòu)的表示形式 區(qū)分分句間的關(guān)系是并列還是嵌套，一層一層的往下讀。 例1：however, for many years, physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likel

29、y to emit light v. +that 賓語(yǔ)從句 spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. 先翻譯這一層：但是，很多年以來(lái)，物理學(xué)家思考了兩件事情。 that that 第一件事情是原子和分子通常更容易自行發(fā)光，第二件受到刺激的發(fā)射通常都更弱例2：it appeared that canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families / that occurred throug

30、h it+不及物動(dòng)詞+that 主語(yǔ)從句 that 充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分 that +v.all the western world since the time of the industrial revolution. 一件事情出現(xiàn)了 that 加拿大再一次朝更小家庭發(fā)展的趨勢(shì) that 這種趨勢(shì)從工業(yè)革命以來(lái)就席卷了整個(gè)西方世界。（翻譯：since后的提前）例3：the history of clinical nutrition or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and a or b

31、形式 同位語(yǔ)，跳讀 utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into 冒號(hào)，主從復(fù)合 兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的并列，簡(jiǎn)單句范疇the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential n.+when 定語(yǔ)從句 連詞 形式主語(yǔ)

32、從句 1 代詞 定語(yǔ)從句that+be for human function and that2 different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. that+n.連詞 臨床營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)的歷史能夠被分成四個(gè)不同的階段 冒號(hào) 第一個(gè)階段開(kāi)始于19世紀(jì)并且延伸到20世紀(jì)早期 when 在那個(gè)時(shí)候有兩件事情第一次被認(rèn)識(shí)到了， that1 that2 2 第二件事情不同的食物必須提供必須成分的不同的量that （翻譯時(shí)候往前倒） 1第一件事情是食物中包含有人體功能必須的成分（翻譯時(shí)候往前倒） 同位語(yǔ)：臨床營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)是指研究健

33、康和身體如何去吸收和利用食物物質(zhì)間關(guān)系的學(xué)科。這句話翻譯放在最前面 同位語(yǔ)跳讀 插入語(yǔ)跳讀 狀語(yǔ)從句剝離3.完整信息鏈法 完整主干法 緣起： 主謂隔離：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間常加入修飾成份； 謂賓隔離：謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)之間也常加入修飾成份； 解決之道：1、 句子開(kāi)頭的第一個(gè)獨(dú)立名詞（前面沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)介詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞）就是句子的主語(yǔ)，應(yīng)該尋找和其相對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng) 詞。（匹配）in the classroom, kevin is standing on the stage. 為獨(dú)立名詞。（that kevin is a good man） is the truth。 that主語(yǔ)從句 2、動(dòng)詞和賓語(yǔ)之間的成份應(yīng)該跳讀。 系

34、和 表語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞+介詞1+名詞1+名詞2（剝離） 系 + 介+名+adj例1. the fact that /artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are 主語(yǔ)（單數(shù)名詞）frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the arts and crafts movement of the nineteenth century. 謂語(yǔ)（單數(shù)形式與主語(yǔ)相匹配） a1 b1 c b2 a

35、2讀a1 a2 b1 b2 c翻譯順序 c b a匠人在18世紀(jì)被當(dāng)成技工或熟練工，但是在19世紀(jì)的時(shí)候被認(rèn)為藝術(shù)家，這樣的事實(shí)歸因于當(dāng)時(shí)的工藝運(yùn)動(dòng)。例2. anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, 主語(yǔ) 謂語(yǔ)the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier. 任何處理過(guò)化石骨頭的人都知道，化石骨頭和現(xiàn)在骨頭不一樣，最明顯的就是這種骨頭就是重一些。

36、例3 the notion that learning should have （in it） an element of inspired play would seem 【to the greater part of the academic establishment】 merely silly. v+（介+代）+名 這里括號(hào)為狀語(yǔ)，拿出來(lái) learning should have an element of inspired in it. seem to + v.才搭 這里to+n. 為 v.+【介1+名1】+名2 形式 【】跳讀，剝離 學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該把具有激發(fā)玩耍的元素包含在其中，這樣的理

37、念對(duì)于大多數(shù)的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)來(lái)講是很傻的。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和獨(dú)立主格：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不做謂語(yǔ)的成分。1充當(dāng)主、賓、表、同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，一定是動(dòng)名詞v-ing形式.。動(dòng)詞不定式 2作定語(yǔ)。本質(zhì)是定語(yǔ)從句的省略（修飾限定名詞的定語(yǔ)從句才可以省略），即其句子都可以恢復(fù)成定語(yǔ)從句的形式。 3充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)。兩個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)相同，去掉一個(gè)主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞做相應(yīng)的變化。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：am/is/are-being; was/were-having been; do/does-doing; did-having done 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：be done-done ；否定式 not 提前 ； 注意：being 可以省略 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，兩個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)不同，保

38、留主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞做相應(yīng)的變化，being可以省，也可以加上with 。 （由來(lái)：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)帶有主語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)） it is hot today。i stay at home。 - it being hot today，i stay at home。 i enter the house。 a book is in my hand。 - i enter the house，with a book (being省) in my hand。 例：president bush campaigned to move social security to a saving-account model

39、,（with） retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. with n.+ving. = trade布什總統(tǒng)大力的將社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)變?yōu)閮?chǔ)蓄模式，退休人員將大量和甚至是全部的有保障的收入換成依靠有投入的收入。句型：trade a for b . 把a(bǔ)換成b。 how can you not being a know b of a? 你不是a，怎知道a的b。 a crescent（新月） （moon），cold and gray, was

40、like my fair lady pining（松樹(shù)，憔悴） away. 狼牙月，伊人憔悴cup in hand,i downed snowy wind of all kind.我舉杯，飲盡了風(fēng)雪。古英語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)都是后置的非正常語(yǔ)序非正常語(yǔ)序之倒裝句： 倒裝句的分析方法倒裝句的定義：動(dòng)詞在句子中的位置和相對(duì)位置發(fā)生改變。 倒裝的作用是保持句子的平衡。倒裝句的分類：1部分倒裝 2 完全倒裝 倒裝句的處理流程：識(shí)別 還原 部分倒裝：n 1. 部分倒裝的定義/識(shí)別：助動(dòng)詞，系動(dòng)詞（be動(dòng)詞），情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被置于主語(yǔ)前。 2. 部分倒裝的還原：將助動(dòng)詞，系動(dòng)詞（be動(dòng)詞），情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還原到主語(yǔ)后。 完全倒裝

41、： 1.完全倒裝定義：動(dòng)詞前后成分的位置完全倒置。 表語(yǔ) adj. adj短語(yǔ) 形容詞性的結(jié)構(gòu) v-ing短語(yǔ) v-ed短語(yǔ) 介詞短語(yǔ)/方位副詞(here,there) n/代詞pron/ to do（不存在倒裝） 2.完全倒裝的存在環(huán)境: “主+系+表”倒裝為“表+系+主”u 3.能夠在句子中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的成份 主語(yǔ) n/代詞pron/ to do/ + 系 + v-ing (單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)) 待添加的隱藏文字內(nèi)容2 常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞 be, come, go, run, walk ,lie, crouch , stand, descend ,ascend, become, 4.完全倒裝的判斷流程

42、 step 1 形容詞性的結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞短語(yǔ)/方位副詞置于句首，后緊跟系動(dòng)詞，可判定為倒裝。 step 2 v-ing置于句首后緊跟復(fù)數(shù)系動(dòng)詞，可判定為倒裝。 step 3 v-ing置于句首后緊跟單數(shù)系動(dòng)詞，后接名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)，可判定為倒裝。例1：herein lay the beginning of turn from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.例2：surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes

43、easily recognizable as such, often distorted ving+系動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù) three sepals and three petals（花瓣） are surrounding the column（莖）,into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. 避免頭重腳輕 例3：young people in canada ,today, married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had

44、their predecessors during the depression.例4：basic to any understanding of canada in the 20 years after the second world war is the countrys impressive adj + 介+n. ：形容詞短語(yǔ)=定語(yǔ)從句的省略 形容詞短語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞is 倒裝population growth.canada s impressive population growth is basic to any understanding(了解，理解) of the country i

45、n the 20 years after the second world war句型：basic to （any understanding of）b is a. a是(了解)b的基礎(chǔ)。status quo 現(xiàn)狀（后置）例5：scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. 例6adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased “opportunities” for stress.例7：among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are commonmurres , atlantic pu