成本會計管理的著重點十版書后習題答案

1、個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS3-1 Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis examines the behavior of total revenues, total costs, and operating income as changes occur in the output level, selling price, variable costs per unit, or fixed costs.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-2 The assumptions underlying the CVP analys

2、is outlined in Chapter 3 ar文e檔: 來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索1. Changes in the level of revenues and costs arise only because of changes in the number of product (or service) units produced and sold文. 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索2. Total costs can be divided into a fixed component and a component that is variable with respect to the level o

3、f output.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3. When graphed, the behavior of total revenues and total costs is linear (straight-line) in relation to output units within the relevant range文. 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索4. The unit selling price, unit variable costs, and fixed costs are known and constant文. 檔來自于網(wǎng) 絡搜索5. The analysis either covers

4、a single product or assumest hat the sales mix, when multiple products are sold, will remain constant as the level of total units sold change文s檔. 來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索6. All revenues and costs can be added and compared without taking into account the time value of money.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-3 Operating income is total reve

5、nues from operations for the accounting period minus total costs from operations (excluding income taxes)文: 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Operating income = Total revenues Total costsNet income is operating income plus nonoperating revenues (such as interest revenue) minus nonoperating costs (such as interest cost) minus

6、 income taxes. Chapter 3 assumes nonoperating revenues and nonoperating costs are zero. Thus, Chapter 3 computes net income 文a檔s:來自于網(wǎng)絡搜 索Net income = Operating income Income taxes3-4 Contribution margin is computed as the difference between total revenues and total variable costs. Contribution margi

7、n per unit is the difference between selling price and variable cost per unit. Contribution-margin percentage is the contribution margin per unit divided by selling price.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-5 Three methods to calculate the breakeven point are the equation method, the contribution margin method, and the grap

8、h method文.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-6 Breakeven analysis denotes the study of the breakeven point, which is often only an incidental part of the relationship between cost, volume, and profit. Cost-volume-profit relationship is a more comprehensive term than breakeven analys文is檔. 來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索1 / 40個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途3-7 CVP ce

9、rtainly is simple, with its assumption of output as the only revenue and cost driver, and linear revenue and cost relationships. Whether these assumptions make it simplistic depends on the decision context. In some cases, these assumptions may be sufficiently accurate for CVP to provide useful insig

10、hts. The examples in Chapter 3 (the software package context in the text and the travel agency example in the Problem for Self-Study) illustrate how CVP can provide such insights. In more complex cases, the basic ideas of simple CVP analysis can be expand文e檔d來. 自于 網(wǎng)絡搜索3-8 An increase in the income t

11、ax rate does not affect the breakeven point. Operating income at the breakeven point is zero, and thus no income taxes will be paid at this poin文t檔. 來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 3-9 Sensitivity analysis is a what-if technique that examines how a result will change if the original predicted data are not achieved or if an

12、 underlying assumption changes. The advent of spreadsheet software has greatly increased the ability to explore the effect of alternative assumptions at minimal cost. CVP is one of the most widely used software applications in the management accounting are文a.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-10 Examples include:Manufacturi

13、ngsubstituting a robotic machine for hourly wage workers文. 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 Marketingchanging a sales force compensation plan from a percent of sales dollars to a fixed salary.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Customer servicehiring a subcontractor to do customer repair visits on an annual retainer basis rather than a per-visit bas

14、is文.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-11 Examples include:Manufacturingsubcontracting a component to a supplier on a per-unit basis to avoid purchasing a machine with a high fixed depreciation cos文t.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Marketingchanging a sales compensation plan from a fixed salary to percent of sales dollars basis.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Customer s

15、ervicehiring a subcontractor to do customer service on a per-visit basis rather than an annual retainer basis文.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-12 Operating leverage describes the effects that fixed costs have on changes in operating income as changes occur in units sold and hence in contribution margin. Knowing the degre

16、e of operating leverage at a given level of sales helps managers calculate the effect of fluctuations in sales on operating incomes文. 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-13 CVP analysis is always conducted for a specified time horizon. One extreme is a very short-time horizon. For example, some vacation cruises offer deep pr

17、ice discounts for people who offer to take any cruise on a days notice. One day prior to a cruise, most costs are fixed. The other extreme is several years. Here, a much higher percentage of total costs typically is variable. 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索CVP itself is not made any less relevant when the time horizon le

18、ngthens. What happens is that many items classified as fixed in the short run may become variable costs with a longer time horizon.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-14 A company with multiple products can compute a breakeven point by assuming there is a constant mix of products at different levels of total revenue文. 檔來自于網(wǎng)

19、絡搜索3-15 Yes, gross margin calculations emphasize the distinction between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing costs (gross margins are calculated after subtracting fixed manufacturing costs). Contribution margin calculations emphasize the distinction between fixed and variable costs. Hence, contributi

20、on margin is a more useful concept than gross margin in CVP analysi文s.檔來自于網(wǎng) 絡搜索3-16 (10 min.) CVP computations.Variable Fixed Total Operating Contribution Contribution2 / 40個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途RevenuesCostsCostsCostsIncomeMarginMargin %a.$2,000$ 500$300$ 800$1,200$1,50075.0%b.2,0001,5003001,80020050025.0%c

21、.1,0007003001,000030030.0%d.1,5009003001,20030060040.0%3-17 (10 20 min.) CVP computations.a. TCM = Q (USP UVC) = 70,000 ($30 $20) = $700,000TFCb. TCM$900,000UVCOIc. TCM$300,000USPOId. QTFCTCM OI$700,000 ( $15,000) = $715,000Q (USP UVC)180,000 ($25 UVC)$20TCM TFC$900,000 $800,000 = $100,000Q (USP UVC

22、)150,000 (USP $10)$12TCM TFC$300,000 $220,000 = $80,000TCM (USP UVC)$120,000 ($20 $14)20,000TCM OI$120,000 $12,000 = $108,0003 / 403-18(1520 min.)CVP analysis, changing revenues1.USP =8% $1,000 = $80UVC =$35 ($17 +$18)UCM =$45FC =$22,000 a montha.Q =489 tickets (rounded up)b.FC + TOI$22,000 + $10,00

23、0Q =UCM= $45= $32,000= $45= 712 tickets (rounded up)2.USP =$80UVC =$29 ($17 +$12)UCM =$51FC =$22,000 a month個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途and cos文ts檔.來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索a.FCUCM$22,000 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索$51432 tickets (rounded up)b. QFC + TOI = $22,000 + $10,000UCM = $51$32,000= $51= 628 tickets (rounded up)文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索4 / 40個人收集整理

24、 勿做商業(yè)用途3-19 (20 min.) CVP, changing revenues and costs.( Continuation of 3-18) 文檔來自于網(wǎng) 絡搜索1. Sunshine charges $1,000 per round-trip ticket. Hence, each ticket will yield only a $48 commission.文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索a.b.USP =$48UVC =$29 ($17 +$12)UCM =$19FC =$22,000Q =FC= $22,000UCM= $19文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索= 1,158 tickets (ro

25、unded up)FC + TOI$22,000 +$10,000UCM $19文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索$32,000= $19= 1,685 tickets (rounded up)USP =$53 ($48 +$5)UVC =$29 ($17 +$12)UCM =$24FC =$22,000a.Q =FCUCM$22,000= $24 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索= 917 tickets (rounded up)b.Q =FC + TOI$22,000 + $10,000UCM= $24= 1,334 tickets (rounded up)文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索The reduced commission

26、 sizably increases the breakeven point and the number of tickets required to yield a target operating income of $10,000文: 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Breakeven point Attain OI of $10,0008% Upper Limit onOld Commission Commission of $48 (3-18 Requirement 2)4321,1586281,6852. The $5 delivery fee can be treated as either

27、an extra source of revenue (as done below) or as a cost offset. Either approach increases UCM by $文5:檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索The $5 delivery fee results in a higher contribution margin which reduces both the breakeven point and the tickets sold to attain operating income of $10,000文.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索5 / 40個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途3-20(

28、20 min.) CVP exercises.ContributionFixedBudgetedRevenuesVariableCostsMarginCostsOperatingIncomeOrig.$10,000,000G$8,200,000G$1,800,000$1,700,000G$100,0001.10,000,0008,020,0001,980,0001,700,000280,0002.10,000,0008,380,0001,620,0001,700,000(80,000)3.10,000,0008,200,0001,800,0001,785,00015,0004.10,000,0

29、008,200,0001,800,0001,615,000185,0005.10,800,0008,856,0001,944,0001,700,000244,0006.9,200,0007,544,0001,656,0001,700,000(44,000)7.11,000,0009,020,0001,980,0001,870,000110,0008.10,000,0007,790,0002,210,0001,785,000425,000Gstands for given.3-21 (20 min.) CVP exercises.1. a.5,000,000 ($0.50 $0.30) $900

30、,000 = $ 100,000b. = $2,250,0002.5,000,000 ($0.50 $0.34) $900,000 = $ (100,000)3.5,000,000 (1.1) ($0.50 $0.30) $900,000 (1.1) = $ 110,0004.5,000,000 (1.4) ($0.40 $0.27) $900,000 (0.8) = $ 190,0005.$900,000( 1.1) ($0.50 $0.30)4,950,000 units6.3-22(1015 min.)($900,000 + $20,000) ($0.55 $0.30)CVP analy

31、sis, income taxes.3,680,000 units1. Operating income = Net income (1 tax rate)Operating income文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索$140,000$440,000Contribution margin$440,000$2,200,000= $84,000 (1 0.40) = $140,0002. Contribution margin Fixed costsContribution margin $300,000Contribution margin3. Revenues 0.80 Revenues0.20 Reve

32、nues Revenues4. Breakeven point = Fixed costs Contribution margin percentage文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 Breakeven point = $300,000 0.20 = $1,500,0003-23 (2025 min.) CVP analysis, income taxes.1. Variable cost percentage is $3.20 $8.00 = 40%文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Let R = Revenues needed to obtain target net incom文e檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 $105?000

33、Proof: RevenuesR 0.40R $450,000 = 1 0.30 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索0.60RRR= $450,000 + $150,000= $600,000 0.60= $1,000,0006 / 40$1,000,000個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途Variable costs (at 40%)400,000Contribution margin600,000Fixed costs450,000Operating income150,000Income taxes (at 30%)45,000Net income $ 105,0002. a.Sales checks to e

34、arn net income of $105,00文0:檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 $1,000,000 $8 = 125,000 sales checksb. Sales checks to break even:Contribution margin = $8.00 $3.20 = $4.80 $450,000 $4.80 = 93,750 sales checks3. Using the shortcut approach:Change in net income搜索Change inunitsUnitcontributionmargin(1 Tax rate)文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡= (150,000

35、125,000) $4.80 (1= $120,000 0.7 = $84,000New net income = $84,000 + $105,000 = $189,000.30)Proof: Revenues, 150,000 $8.00 $1,200,000Variable costs at 40%480,000Contribution margin720,000Fixed costs450,000Operating income270,000Income tax at 30%81,000Net income $ 189,0007 / 403-241.絡搜索2. 索個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)

36、用途(10 min.) CVP analysis, margin of safety.Breakeven point revenuesContribution margin percentageFixed costsContribution margin percentage= $400,000$1=, 000,000文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索0.40 文檔來自于網(wǎng)Contribution margin percentageSelling price Variable cost per unitSelling price文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜0.40USP $12USP0.40 USP = USP $120

37、.60 USP = $12USP = $203. Revenues, 80,000 units $20 $1,600,000 Breakeven revenues 1,000,000 Margin of safety $ 600,000 3-25 (25 min.) Operating leverage.1. Let Q denote the quantity of carpets solda. Breakeven point under Option 1 $500Q $350Q = $5,000 $150Q = $5,000Q = $5,000 $150 = 34 carpets (roun

38、ded)b. Breakeven point under option 2 $500Q $350Q (0.10 $500Q) = 0 100Q = 0 Q = 0= $150Q $5,000 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索= $100Q= $100Q= $5,000= $5,000 $50 = 100 carpets2. Operating income under Option 1Operating income under Option 2Find Q such that $150Q $5,000 $50Q QFor Q = 100 carpets, operating income under bo

39、th Option 1 and Option 2 = $10,00文0檔來自 于網(wǎng)絡搜索3a. For Q 100, say, 101 carpets,Option 1 gives operating income$150 101 $5,000 = $10,150文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Option 2 gives operating income = $100 101 = $10,100文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 So Color Rugs will prefer Option 1.3b. For Q 100, say, 99 carpets,Option 1 gives operating income

40、= $150 99 $5,000 = $9,850 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Option 2 gives operating income= $100 99 = $9,900 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索So Color Rugs will prefer Option 2.3-25 (Cont d.)4.Degree of operating leverage=Under option 1, Degree of operating leverage = 1.5 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Under option 2, Degree of operating leverage = 1.0 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索5. The

41、 calculations in requirement 4 indicate that when sales are 100 units, a percentage change in sales and contribution margin will result in 1.5 times that percentage change in operating8 / 40個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途income for option 1, but the same percentage change in operating income for option 2. The degree

42、of operating leverage at a given level of sales helps managers calculate the effect of fluctuations in sales on operating incomes文.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3-26 (30 min.)1. USPCVP analysis, sensitivity analysis文.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索= $30.00 (1 0.30 margin to bookstore)= $30.00 0.70 = $21.00UVC= $ 4.00 variable production and ma

43、rketing cost文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索3.15 variable author royalty cost (0.15 $30.00 0.70)文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 $ 7.15UCM= $21.00 $7.15 = $13.85FC= $ 500,000 fixed production and marketing cost文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 3,000,000 up-front payment to Washington$3,500,0009 / 40個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途3-26 (Cont d.) Exhibit 3-26A shows the PV graph.EXHIBIT 3

44、-26APV Graph for Media Publishers2. a.Breakeven number of unitsFCUCM文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索$3,500,000=$ 13.85FC + OIUCM= 252,708 copies sold (rounded up)$3,500,000 + $2,000,000$13.85$5,500,000b. Target OI$13.85397,112 copies sold (rounded up)10 / 40個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途3-26 (Cont d.)3. a. Decreasing the normal bookstore

45、margin to 20% of the listed bookstore price of $30 has the following effects:文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索USP= $30.00 (1 0.20)= $30.00 0.80 = $24.00UVC= $ 4.00variable production and marketing cost文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索+ 3.60 variable author royalty cost (0.15 $30.00 0.80) 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索$ 7.60UCM=$24.00 $7.60 = $16.40BreakevenFC= 文檔來自于網(wǎng)

46、絡搜索 number of unitsUCM= $3,500,000=$ 16.40= 213,415 copies sold (rounded)The breakeven point decreases from 252,708 copies in requirement 2 to 213,415 copie文s檔. 來自于網(wǎng) 絡搜索b. Increasing the listed bookstore price to $40 while keeping the bookstore margin at 30% has the following effects:文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索USP= $

47、40.00 (1 0.30)= $40.00 0.70 = $28.00UVC= $ 4.00variable production and marketing cost文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索+ 4.20 variable author royalty cost (0.15 $40.00 0.70) 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索$ 8.20UCM=$28.00 $8.20 = $19.80Breakeven $3,500,000 = 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 number of units $19.80= 176,768 copies sold (rounded)The breakeven point decre

48、ases from 252,708 copies in requirement 2 to 176,768 copi文es檔.來 自于網(wǎng)絡搜索c. The answer to requirements 3a and 3b decreases the breakeven point relative to requirement 2 because in each case fixed costs remain the same at $3,500,000 while contribution margin per unit increases文. 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索11 / 40個人收集整理 勿做

49、商業(yè)用途3-27 (10 min.) CVP analysis, international cost structure differences文.檔來自于網(wǎng)絡 搜索1.Annual Fixed Costs (1)Selling Price Variable(2) Manuf. Costs per Sweater(3)VariableUnit Contrib.Mark/DistMarginCosts per (5)= Sweater(2) (3) (4)(4)Breakeven Point in Units (6) = (1) (5)Singapore$ 6,500,000$32 $ 8.0

50、0$11.00 $13500,000Thailand4,500,000325.5011.50 15300,000U.S.12,000,00032 13.009.00 101,200,000(a)(b)Breakeven pointBreakeven pointin units soldin revenues(Col. (a) $32Singapore500,000$16,000,000Thailand300,0009,600,000U.S.1,200,00038,400,0002.RevenuesVariableFixed Operating$32 800,000CostsCosts Inco

51、meSingapore$25,600,000$15,200,0001$6,500,000 $3,900,000Thailand25,600,00013,600,00024,500,000 7,500,000U.S.25,600,00017,600,000312,000,000 4,000,0001($8 + $11) 800,0002($5.50 + $11.50) 800,0003($13 + $9) 800,000 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索Thailand has the lowest breakeven point it has both the lowest fixed costs ($4,

52、500,000) and the lowest variable cost per unit ($17.00). Hence, for a given selling price, Thailand will always have a higher operating income (or a lower operating loss) than Singapore or the U.文S檔. 來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索The U.S. breakeven point is 1,200,000 units. Hence, with sales of 800,000 units, it has an op

53、erating loss of $4,000,000文. 檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索12 / 40個人收集整理 勿做商業(yè)用途3-28 (30 min.) Sales mix, new and upgrade customer文s檔. 來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索1. New CustomersUpgrade CustomersUSP$210$120UVC 90 40UCM12080Let S = Number of upgrade customers1.5S = Number of new customersRevenues Variable costs Fixed costs = Operating income文

54、檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 $210 (1.5S) + $120S $90 (1.5S) + $40S $14,000,000 = OI文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索 $435S $175S $14,000,000 = OIBreakeven point is 134,616 units when OI = 0$260S = $14,000,000S = 53,8461.5S = 80,770134,616Check$23,423,220文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索9,423,140 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索14,000,08014,000,000$0 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索120,00080,000$34,800,000文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索14,000,000 文檔來自于網(wǎng)絡搜索20,800,00014,000,000$ 6,800,000Revenues ($210 80,770; $120 53,846) Variable costs ($9