（推薦）初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法講座文字教程

1、初中英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法講座文字教程一 名詞第一節(jié) 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)精講1 名詞的定義表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞，叫做名詞。baby 嬰兒 time 時(shí)間 Shanghai 上海pencil 鉛筆 air 空氣 2 名詞的分類 專有名詞名詞 個(gè)體名詞 可數(shù)名詞 集體名詞 普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞 抽象名詞個(gè)體名詞：表示某類人或東西的個(gè)體。如 student學(xué)生，book書，dog狗，等。集體名詞：表示若干個(gè)體組成的集體。如class班級(jí)，family家庭，people人們，民族，等。物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物。如air空氣，water水，rice米，wood木頭，等。抽象名詞：表示動(dòng)作

2、、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念。如work工作，heat熱，love愛，time時(shí)間，等。3 名詞的數(shù)可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化分為規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化。規(guī)則變化構(gòu)成法例詞讀音一般情況在詞尾加-sshopshops desk desksbagbags -s 在清輔音后讀/s/，在濁輔音和元音后讀/z/在以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的詞在詞尾加-esbusbusesboxboxeswatchwatchesbrushbrushes -es讀/iz /在以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞直接加-sfacefaceshousehousespagepagesbridgebridges -es讀/iz/以

3、輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞，變y為i再加-esbabybabiescitycitiesfactoryfactoriesstorystories-ies讀/iz/以“輔音字母+o”結(jié)尾的詞，多在詞尾加-estomatotomatoesheroheroesNegroNegroes-es讀/z/以“元音字母+o”結(jié)尾的詞和某些以o結(jié)尾的外來詞，加-sradioradiosphotophotospianopianoszoozoosbamboobamboos -s讀/z/以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，多數(shù)變f或fe為v再加-es,少數(shù)不變，直接加-slifelivesknifekniveswifewivesleafle

4、avesthief-thievesroofroofsscarfscarfs/scarves-es讀/z/,-s讀/s/不規(guī)則變化改變內(nèi)部元音字母。如：manmen womanwomen EnglishmanEnglishmen (注：GermanGermans) footfeet toothteeth mousemice 單復(fù)同形。如：sheepsheep deerdeer fish(魚)fish ChineseChinese JapaneseJapanese在詞尾加-en或-ren。如：ox(公牛)oxen childchilren 復(fù)合名詞，只將其主體詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。如：boy student

5、( 男學(xué)生)boy studentsson-in-law(女婿)sons-in-law new-comer(新來的人)new-comers 由man和woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，兩部分都要變復(fù)數(shù)。如：man workermen workers woman teacherwoman teachers 姓氏后加-s,表示“一家”或“夫婦二人”。如：the Wangs 王家 the Kings 金一家不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)物質(zhì)名詞屬于不可數(shù)名詞，一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，在表示數(shù)量時(shí)，用量詞，量詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式。個(gè)數(shù)單位詞piece張、條、則a piece of paper;two pieces of advicedro

6、p滴a drop of ink,three drops of waterpile堆a(bǔ) pile of wood(木頭)，many piles of woodgrain粒a grain of sandblock塊a block of stone(石頭)容器單位詞cup杯a cup of coffeeglass（玻璃）杯a glass of waterbottle瓶two bottles of milkbox盒、箱ten boxes of applesbag袋a bad of rice類別單位詞type類型a type of juicekind種many kinds of pollution度量單

7、位詞pound磅a pound of meat抽象名詞一般屬于不可數(shù)名詞，但有些例外。如：hopehopes 希望 ideaideas 想法jobjobs 工作 changechanges 變化有些物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞的復(fù)數(shù)表示特別的含義。如：cloth 布clothes 衣服 glass 玻璃glasses 眼鏡green 綠色greens青菜 look看looks外貌paper紙papers文件，論文 sand沙sands沙漠time時(shí)間times時(shí)代，情況work工作works著作，作品，工廠有些物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，表示不同的種類。如：grassgrasses 各種草 foodfoods

8、各種食品fruitfruits 各種水果 teateas 各種茶有些詞以-s結(jié)尾，但本身是單數(shù)。如：news消息 mathmatics數(shù)學(xué) physics物理等。有些表示“成雙”，“成套”的名詞，只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：clothes 衣服 a pair of trousers一條褲子a pair of scissors一把剪刀 a pair of glasses一副眼鏡集體名詞的數(shù)單數(shù)集體名詞被看作一個(gè)整體時(shí)，它具有單數(shù)概念。如：His class is well-known in our school.他的班在我們學(xué)校很有名。 單數(shù)集體名詞被看作若干個(gè)體時(shí)，它具有復(fù)數(shù)概念。如：The class

9、 are waiting for the bus.全班同學(xué)們正在等車。有幾個(gè)只有單數(shù)形式的集體名詞，只能與復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連用。如：The police have caught the murderer. 警察已經(jīng)抓住了殺人兇手。Our poultry are kept in the garden.我們的家禽在花園里養(yǎng)著。4 名詞所有格“s”所有格表示有生命體（人或動(dòng)物）的名詞所有關(guān)系。如：Johns bike 約翰的自行車 my sisters name我妹妹的名字 someones bag 某人的書包有些指時(shí)間、距離、重量、國(guó)家、城市的無(wú)生命體名詞的所有關(guān)系。如：todays paper 今天

10、的報(bào)紙two hours walk 兩個(gè)小時(shí)的步行a pounds weight 一磅的重量Shanghais factories 上海的工廠Chinas industry 中國(guó)的工業(yè)以“s”結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)，要加“”。如：the students book 學(xué)生用書以“s”結(jié)尾的專有名詞（如人名），有的加“”，但普遍是加“s”。如：Mr. Williamss brother 威廉姆斯先生的兄弟如果一樣?xùn)|西為兩個(gè)人共有，則只在后一個(gè)名詞后面加“s”。如：Lucy and Lilys father 露西和莉莉的父親（共有）如果不是兩人共有，則在須分別加“s”。如：Lucys and Toms fa

11、thers 露西和湯姆各自的父親“of+名詞”所有格表示無(wú)生命體的名詞的所有關(guān)系。如：the window of the room 房間的窗戶the end of the week 周末the title of the film 影片的名字如果名詞較長(zhǎng)，表示有生命體的名詞也可以用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。如：the story of Dr. Norman Bethune 白求恩的故事雙重所有格 “of +名詞所有格”表示部分概念：當(dāng)冠詞、數(shù)詞、不定代詞或指示代詞（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those）等詞與所有格名詞同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，要用雙重所有格來

12、表示所有關(guān)系。如：a friend of my fathers = one of my fathers friends我父親的一個(gè)朋友that toy of her sisters 她妹妹的那個(gè)玩具a picture of Mr. Wus 吳先生(擁有)的一張照片比較：a picture of Mr. Wu 吳先生本人的一張照片 （即照片上是吳的像）“s”所有格與“of”所有格互用。如：He is my fathers student.He is a student of my father. 他是我父親的學(xué)生。with my teachers helpwith the help of my

13、teacher 在我老師的幫助下5 名詞的性在陽(yáng)性名詞后加-ess來構(gòu)成陰性名詞。如：陽(yáng)性：actor 男演員 host 男主人 prince王子陰性：actress 女演員 hostess 女主人 princess公主不分性的名詞如要表示所指人物的性別，可在其前加woman, man, girl, boy等詞。如： a girl student a man driver a woman worker也可以用he, she來表示性。如：he-goat 公山羊 she-goat 母山羊第二節(jié) 強(qiáng)化提高訓(xùn)練1 寫出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。1) shoe_ orange _ eye _bridge_ t

14、ree_ lake_2) bus_ fox_ glass_wish_ match_ brush_3) body_ city_ enemy_family_ country_ party _4) boy_ key_ way _holiday _ toy _ valley_5) zoo_ piano_ radio_6) life_ leaf_ self_shelf_ wolf_ thief_7) tooth_ foot_ goose_8) man_ woman_policeman_9) German_ Chinese_Japanese_roof_ chief_ sheep_10) man docto

15、r _ woman driver _11) step-son _ sister-in-law_2 填出表示量的詞。1) a _ of good news (條)2) a _ of trousers (條)3) a _ of advice (條)4) a _ of paper (張)5) a _of rice (碗)6) a _ of oil (滴)7) a _ of food (種)8) a _ of glasses (副)9) a _of basketball(場(chǎng))10) a _ of meat （塊)11）a _ of time (段)12) a _ of ink (瓶)13）a _ of

16、 chocolate (塊)14）two _ of water (杯)15）three _of milk (袋)16）four _of apples (公斤)17）an old _ of clothes (套)3用be的適當(dāng)形式填空。1）Half of the fruit _ bad.2) There _ a desk and three chairs here.3) He thinks maths _ important.4) Look, there _ so much rain here!5) Tom and Marks room _ very small.6) These TVs _ a

17、 new product.7)150 Kilometers _ a long distance.8)This pair of glasses_ too big for me.9)The Chinese police _ strong.10)Yesterdays news _ quite interesting.4選擇填空。1）He believes that Physics _ much easier.A. are B. is C. were D. will 2) The boys have got _ already.A. two pieces of breads B. two breadC

18、. two breads D. two pieces of bread3) I cant help you because I have _ money.A. little B. few C. a little D. a few4) Kate went to _ last night.A. the house of her father B. hers fathers houseC. the houses her father D. her fathers house5) Which do you prefer, _ or_?A. meat, vegetable B. meats, veget

19、ablesC. meat, vegetables D. meats, vegetables6) Could you please give us _?A. a adive B. an advice C. some advice D. some advices7) What is she? She is _A. a singer and a dancer B. a singer and dancerC. the singer and dancer D. singer and dancer8) The young man wanted _.A. six boxes of match B. six

20、boxes of matchsC. six boxes of matches D. six boxs of matches9)This is not your raido, but _.A. your brothers B. yours brothers C. you brothers D. yours brother10)Its about _ walk from this shop to the nearest bus stop.A. 5minutes B. 5minute C. 5 minutes D. 5 minutes第三節(jié) 直擊中考1. (08，綿陽(yáng))Tomatoes, brocc

21、oli and _ are vegetables. A. banana B. potatoes C. noodles D. eggs2.(08,資陽(yáng))All the _ teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday.A. manB. menC. womanD. women3 (08,樂山) _milk do you want? Three bottles, please.A. How much B. How many C. What4.(08,達(dá)州) -Which one would you

22、 like to work for in the following groups , Li Mei ? -Let me see . Id like to work for _.Because this group helps children in poor countries. A. Greenpeace B.NBA C. UNICEF D.WTO 5.(08,攀枝花) Hello！May I speak to Tina, please? Sorry, Im afraid you have the wrong _. A. name B. way C. number D. telephone

23、6.(08,瀘州) She can speak Chinese, English and _ French. A. a little B. a few C. few7 (綿陽(yáng))Do you like movies? -Yes, I have many _on my wall. A. cinema B. books C. photos D. posters8. (成都)We have _ rain this springThe trees and grass dont grow well。 A1ittle Ba little Ca few D. few9.（資陽(yáng)）Mrs. Black is a

24、friend of . A.Marys mothersB.Marys motherC.mothers of MaryD.Mary mothers10. (四川) -Where shall we go for dinner? -_. A. At Uncle Tom B. At Uncle TomsC. With Uncle Tom 11. （廣西）There is some in the cup, but ist too hot to drink. A.tea B.apples C.ice D.meat12（08，廣東） mothers both work in the same hospitalATim and Peters B Tims and Peter CTims and Peters DTim and Peter參考答案（一）名詞1。寫出下了名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式1