大學(xué)英語專業(yè)語法課件9-ing和ed分詞ingand-edParticple

1、 Note that non-finite construction traditionally refers to infinitive, participle (present & past), and gerund. In our course book, the present participle and gerund are both treated as “ing participle”. Now lets review the passive and perfective form of ing participle.Active form Passive form doing

2、being doneperfective having donehaving been done Compare: I hate interrupting others. I hate being interrupted. He denied having been there. He never denied having been told about this. Seeing the scene, she could not help missing her mother. Having taken some medicine, she gradually recovered. Havi

3、ng been told the truth, she is feeling better now. In what follows, we will concern ourselves with the syntactic functions of the non-finite predicates, with a special focus on ing and ed participle. We will also make a contrastive study between ing participle and corresponding use of the infinitive

4、. Recall that we have mentioned that non-finite form can function as any sentence elements other than predicate verb. Now lets have more discussions on this.Non-finite verb as object .Non-finite verb as subject. Non-finite verb as complement.Non-finite verb as adverbialNon-finite verb as object Ther

5、e are verbs that can be followed by an ing form rather than an infinitive as object. These verbs include: admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, appreciate, avoid, cant help / resist / stand, mind, consider, avoid, defer, contemplate, delay, deny, ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, facilitate,

6、 fancy, favor, finish, give up, imagine, include, pardon, postpone, practise, resent, risk, suggest, stop, etc. Non-finite verb as objectObserve the following pairs of sentences with ing participles, what differences can you find among them?He denied giving any help to the police.The theft admitted

7、stealing the picture. Do you mind my smoking here?Do you mind Johns smoking here?Do you mind me smoking here?Do you mind John smoking here?The logical subject is identical with the main clause-subject (V+ -ing participle)-ing participle has logical subject of its own (genitive noun+ -ing participle)

8、In colloquial speechNon-finite verb as object V + object +preposition + -ing participle Such verbs as follows can enter this pattern: trick, mislead, shame, surprise, trap, stop, prevent, restrain, hinder, save, beguile (誘騙）誘騙）, blackmail, cajole (勾引勾引), coerce (強迫強迫), deceive, fool, etc., e.g.Nothi

9、ng could stop him from missing his girlfriend.He tricked her into marring him by pretending that he was rich. Her sudden question surprised him into betraying himself. Note: We must prevent the environment getting worse and worse. We have to stop him destroying himself. But: This kind of matter shou

10、ld be prevented from happening again.Non-finite verb as object There are some verbs that can take either ing participle or infinitive as object. “V + doing ” vs. “V to do ”These verbs include: attempt, begin, cant bear, continue, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, loathe (厭惡厭惡), love, need, neglect

11、, omit, plan, prefer, require, start, etc. Generally, -ing participle and infinitive can alternate after these verbs, without change in basic meaning. However, this is the general situation, there are cases when the choices of ing participle or infinitive result in considerable differences in meanin

12、g. Observe the following examples, explain the semantic difference between the pairs of sentences: Do you like reading? Id like to read for entertainment. I cant bear living alone. I cant bear to see the child so badly treated. I hate asking favors. I would hate to disappoint you. I dread seeing sna

13、kes. I dread to see that snake again.Generally, -ing participle denotes a general act while the infinitive denotes a specific actObserve the following examples, explain the semantic difference between the pairs of sentences: I remember telling you about it. Do remember to tell me about it. I forget

14、posting the letter. I forget to post the letter. Infinitive refers to a second act that follows the first, and ing participle refers to a previous eventNote: “forgot” usually does not take ing participle. Instead, we use that-clause or “about + doing”, e.g. Mary forgot that she had locked the door w

15、hen she went out. Mary forgot about locking the door when she went out. Mary left so hastily that she forgot to lock the door when she went out. I regret telling you the truth. I regret to tell you that the farm has been sold. I regret that I told youI am sorry to tell youObserve the following examp

16、les, explain the semantic difference between the pairs of sentences: They tried experimenting with the new medicine. They tried to solve the problem. I propose leaving at noon. I propose to stay here for a few days. 嘗試嘗試 vs 盡盡力力建議建議 vs 打打算算Observe the following examples, explain the semantic differe

17、nce between the pairs of sentences: They stopped talking when hearing the teacher coming. They stopped to talk when hearing the teacher coming. He went on writing the letter. He went on to write the letter. He left off writing the book. He left off to write the book.-ing participle functions as obje

18、ct, while infinitive functions as adverbial of purposeObserve the following examples, identify the semantic difference between the pairs of sentences: Your hair wants cutting. Somebody wants to cut the tree. The bicycle needs repairing. I dont think you need to repair your bicycle. See more examples

19、: The problem deserves exploring further. The detective story is worth reading. -ing participle expresses passive meaningsObserve the following examples, identify the semantic difference between the pairs of sentences: Suddenly it started to rain. Philip began to cry. The matter has ceased to be a m

20、ystery to us. The little girl started singing. We began making preparations for the trip. The factory has ceased making bicycles.“start/begin/cease + infinitive” implies sudden, unexpected change“start/begin/cease + -ing” indicates: to begin or stop consciouslyNote: “it” may serve as a formal object

21、, representing infinitive or ing participle, e.g. He found it impossible to get everything ready in time. He made it a rule only to speak English in class. I have long had it in mind to answer you letter. I dont think it worthwhile going to such a place. She found it useless arguing with him.Note: “

22、Wh-words + infinitive” may serve as object, e.g. The little girl forgot what to say when she got nervous. I wonder whether to enter the MA program or not. Have you decided when to go? The Clarks havent decided yet which hotel to stay at. ExercisesI never regretted _ the offer, for it was not where m

23、y interest lay. A. not to accept B. not having accepted C. having not accepted D. not acceptingBoth regret doing and regret having done can mean “regret a past event”. “regret having done” tends to stress the time sequence and sounds more formal than “regret doing”. But its more economical to say “r

24、egret doing” than “regret having done”. Compare the following groups: I regret leaving my job. I regret marrying too young. I regret not being kinder to my old grandmother.I regret having left my job. I regret having married too young. I regret not having been kinder to my old grandmother.ExercisesT

25、his may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _ in Africa . A. hunted B. hunting C. that hunted D. are huntedIn international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to avoid _. A. from being beaten B. being beaten C. beating D. to be

26、 beatenExercisesHe resented _ to wait. He expected the minister _him at once. A. to be asked, to see B. being asked, to see C. to be asked, seeing D. being asked, seeingNowhere in nature is aluminum (鋁鋁) found free, owing to its always _ with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. A. being combi

27、ned B. having combined C. to combine D. combinedThe three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country_ by the police each time. A. had been captured B. being always captured C. only to be captured D. unfortunately capturedNon-finite verb as subjectCompare the followi

28、ng pairs of sentences, can you sense any differences between them?Seeing is believing.To see is to believe.Playing with fire is dangerous. To play with fire is dangerous.Stress on resultStress on processGeneral situationSpecific situationNon-finite verb as subject“It” as a formal subject, representi

29、ng the non-finite predicate, e.g.Its nice to see (seeing) you again.Is there any difference between A & B:A: “Nice seeing/meeting you” B: “Nice to see/meet you”?Non-finite verb as subjectNotes: 1) In the pattern “It is + n. / adj. + non-finite predicate”, -ing participle is usually used instead of i

30、nfinitive when the nouns and adjectives tend to carry a negative flavor, such as: no use, no good, such a pity, a waste of time, an awful job, not an easy task, useless, etc.It is no use (useless) learning the text by heart without understanding.2) Gerund can appear in “there be” construction as its

31、 notional subject while infinitive cannot. “There is no doing sth.” corresponds to “ It is impossible to do sth.”There was no mistaking the satisfaction in her voice.There is no telling what will happen next.Exercise_is not a serious disadvantage in life. A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being

32、 not tall D. Not being tallNon-finite verb as complement.Compare the following pairs of sentences, can you sense any differences between them?-Did you hear someone knocking at the door? -Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.I often heard him sing/singing this song.He was about to enter the hall

33、 when he heard his name called.Action going onAction finishedNo significant differencePassive meaningNon-finite verb as complement.Compare the following pairs of sentences, can you sense any differences between them?-We heard the windows rattling in the wind. -We heard the window rattle in the wind.

34、To sum up, as object complement, -ing participle indicates continuous, on-going or repeated action, with stress on the process of the action; bare infinitive indicates a specific, finished and once only action. rattle repeatedlyrattle only onceExercisesThe composition contained so few errors that th

35、e teacher got the students _ one anothers paper. A. correct B. to correct C. correcting D. to be correcting He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _ out and three men climbing down it. A. throwing B. being thrown C. having thrown D. having b

36、een thrownNon-finite verb as adverbialIdentify the syntactic functions of the non-finite predicate in the following sentences. (infinitive vs. ing participle)We live to serve the people heart and soul.Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly.Hearing the news, they a

37、ll jumped with joy.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.They stood there for an hour watching the game.We worked there for a week, helping them to prepare for the international conference.Non-finite verb as adverbialIdentify the syntactic functions of the non-finite predicate i

38、n the following sentences. (ing vs. ed participle)He went out shutting the door behind him.Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children.Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep.Given the chance, Id come and see you in Beijing.Non-finite verb as adverbialWhen infinitives and part

39、iciples carry their own subjects, they constitute Absolute Constructions. Absolute constructions may serve as adverbial, e.g.We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.He groaned and fell to the floor, blood streaming from his nose. The shower being over, we continued to ma

40、rch.Christmas Day being a holiday, the shows were all closed.Whether permitting, well have a basketball match tomorrow. Exercises_, he can now only watch it on TV at home. A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match D.

41、 Not obtained a ticket for the match He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _ insufficiently popular with all members. A. having considered B. was considered C. was being considered D. being consideredExercisesArriving at the bus stop, _ waiting there. A. a lot of people were B.

42、he found a lot of people C. a lot of people D. people were found a sleeping baby the waiting crowd a walking dictionary running water working personnel living language a sleeping bag the waiting room a walking stick running track working condition living standardCompare the ing participles as pre-mo

43、difiers below, tell the semantic difference between them. ing participle denotes action performed by the modified-ing participle denotes the purpose or function of the modified -ed participle is also known as past participle. In what follows, we will concern ourselves with the ed participles used as

44、 pre-modifier and as subject/object complement. frozen food the spoken language a recorded lecture written language a lost cause an excited girl a bored traveller a freezing wind a speaking bird a recording machine writing paper a losing battle an exiting story a boring journeyObserve the following

45、ed participles derived from transitive verbs, tell the semantic difference between ing and ed pre-modifiers. Passive & completionactive & incompletion uninvited guests untold sufferings unheard of stories unexpected victory an undetermined boundary an unsettled dispute a newly-born baby a commonly a

46、ccepted assumption a half-finished product a hand-operated pump a highly-developed industry a cautiously-worded statementSome ed participles derived from transitive verbs cannot be used alone unless they are combined with a negative prefix “un-” or with an adverb. a retired teacher a faded flower a

47、returned student fallen leaves swollen eyes the escaped prisoners an expired leaseAs pre-modifiers, some ed participles derived from intransitive verbs have the sense of completion but imply no passive meaning. *a behaved boya well-behaved boy*a travelled businessmana widely-travelled businessman In

48、 modern English, there are a few relics of Old English ed participles that survive only as adjectives and which are mostly different in form from their Modern ed participle:Root form-ed part.Adj. as mod. Adj. as com.bendbentbent/bendedbentbindboundboundenbounddrinkdrunkdrunkendrunklightlitlightedlit

49、meltmeltedmoltenmeltedrotrottedrottenrottenshaveshavedshavenshavedshrinkshrunkshrunkenshrunksinksunksunkensunkblessblessedblessedblessedbelovedbeloved A bounden duty is a duty one is bound to do. A drunken man is one who has got drunk. A lighted candle is one that has been lit. Wood that has rotted

50、is rotten wood. Molten steel is steel that has been melted. Shrunken clothes are clothes that have shrunk in the wash. He is our beloved leader; he is the most beloved of all the leading cadres. Compare: I saw the students assembled in the auditorium. Everybody thought the battle lost. The teacher m

51、ade himself understood by giving an analogy in explaining the abstract notion. Please get us informed of the latest news. I dont want any of you involved in the scandal. The viewers wish the serial film continued. Verbs of perception & verbs denoting mental stateCausative verbsVerbs denoting hope, e

52、xpectation Compare and tell what have mean in the following sentences: I have my hair cut once a month. He had his arm broken in a car accident. Soapy had not any money left.Denote causativity, with volitionDenote encountered situation,non-volitionalDenote possession Observe the examples below, poin

53、t out the logical subject of the ing or ed participles. I got home, feeling very tired. She went out, slamming the door heavily. Not knowing her address, we could not contact her. Viewed from the top of the mountain, the house looks like a small box. He was hurt by a stone dropped from the roof. The

54、 hunter saw a huge lion drinking at the spring. As shown above, when an ing or-ed participle construction is used as a relative or adverbial clause, its logical subject is usually identifiable with the subject or other element of the main clause. It is through this relationship that the participle c

55、onstruction is “attached” to the main clause. This is known as the “attachment rule”. Violation of this rule will result in a dangling participle which is ungrammatical, e.g. *Opening the cupboard, a skeleton fell out. *Grilled on charcoal, we liked the fish much better. *Running out of the house, a bike knocked me over. *Barking furiously, I led the dog out of the room. Linguists are divided in opinion about the acceptability of dangling participles. Prescriptive grammarians condemn all dan