托福綜合寫作

1、By：Keven Cui托福綜合寫作綜合寫作簡(jiǎn)介考生先閱讀一篇短文，大約250300字，時(shí)間限制為3分鐘。3分鐘時(shí)間到了，文章隱去，接著播放一段與文章相關(guān)的教授講課。講課一定反駁閱讀文章中的論點(diǎn)。隨后考生在20分鐘內(nèi)寫一篇作文，這時(shí)先前隱去的文章會(huì)再出現(xiàn)，考生可參考。字?jǐn)?shù)要求為150225字之間。 綜合寫作必備的四種能力閱讀理解能力聽(tīng)力，記憶力筆記能力轉(zhuǎn)述能力Reading閱讀與聽(tīng)力材料的關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)完全對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)鍵詞完全對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)論完全相反Reading筆記搭建ConclusionSupporting exampleevidence 1evidence 2evidence 3Reading與listen

2、ing的關(guān)系Reading DJ是各個(gè)方面不錯(cuò)的人。見(jiàn)過(guò)她的人都說(shuō)她首先長(zhǎng)相就好。她的父親母親都是長(zhǎng)相俊美的人，祖上的基因好，自然生的孩子長(zhǎng)相好。第二，DJ身材好，她長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直堅(jiān)持打籃球和踢足球的健身習(xí)慣，久而久之養(yǎng)出好身材。第三，她還是一個(gè)心靈好的人。背老人過(guò)馬路是她常做的好事。Reading與listening的關(guān)系Listening DJ在各個(gè)方面都是不好的。首先她的長(zhǎng)相就有很大問(wèn)題。她的臉曾經(jīng)在去年的一次爬山攀巖活動(dòng)中被摔傷過(guò)，留下了疤痕，基本上不能被稱作為美女了。而且說(shuō)她身材好也是不符合實(shí)際情況的。了解她的人都知道，她從來(lái)不喜歡球類游戲，從來(lái)沒(méi)見(jiàn)她打過(guò)籃球、踢過(guò)足球。最后，她背老人

3、過(guò)馬路也都是沒(méi)有依據(jù)的。現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，即使有老人行動(dòng)不便，一般都有輪椅輔助，哪里還需要?jiǎng)e人背著過(guò)馬路呢？Listening“潛規(guī)則”LISAN原則Lead-引導(dǎo)，而非被引導(dǎo)Ideas-主要觀點(diǎn)Signal WordsActive ListenerNote Taking 根據(jù)閱讀材料預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)論，分論點(diǎn)1. 主題句2. 被解釋的詞3. 問(wèn)題與答案4. 例子（只記舉例原因和 舉例對(duì)象）Signal WordsSignal WordsSignal WordsNote TakingReadingListeningRightLeftScratch Paper折線ConclusionEvidence 1Evide

4、nce 3Evidence 2Supporting exampleSupporting exampleSupporting example.ConclusionEvidence 1Evidence 3Evidence 2Supporting exampleSupporting exampleSupporting example.ReadingListening轉(zhuǎn)述能力paraphrase概括總結(jié)summarize選取Key Words - Main Idea, Evidences, Examples 添枝加葉paraphrase “改頭換面” - 單詞替換，結(jié)構(gòu)替換單詞替換三大原則簡(jiǎn)單原則；單

5、詞替換三大原則簡(jiǎn)單原則；靈活原則；靈活原則；“有所為有所不為有所為有所不為”原則原則原文：Publishment could be brutal and severe, and sometimes religious passions were expressed violently with a view toward saving the childs soul.參考意譯：Publishment could be cruel and harsh, and sometimes strong religious feelings were expressed in an extreme way

6、 with the aim to save the childs soul.結(jié)構(gòu)替換原文：Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper(1). Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to

7、 limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes(2).(Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46 - 47)參考意譯In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originate

8、s during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46 - 47).意譯與剽竊 例1：Thinking like a writer also means figuring out how to be successful in different kinds of situations. (Taken from Lynn Troykas Quick Access, 5th edition, page 3)意譯1：According to Troyka, thinkin

9、g similar to an author means that you need to figure out how to do well in other instances.意譯2：According to Troyka, you have to be able to deal effectively with many different “situations” if you want to adopt a writers mindset.譯意與剽竊 例2：A large company has announced that it wishes to build a large f

10、actory near the community.意譯1：A large factory is going to be built near the community by a large company.意譯2：A large factory is supposed to be built near the community according to the announcement issued by a large company.綜合寫作用詞套路轉(zhuǎn)述指代：閱讀：the author/ the passage/ the reading講座：the speaker/ the lect

11、urer/ the professor/ the lecture/ the speech綜合寫作用詞套路指代閱讀文章抽象名詞原因：reason/ causes/ basis/ ground/ motive/ motivation例證：example/ instance解釋：explanation/ account證據(jù)：evidence/ data/ fact/ proof/ basis/ foundation描述：definition/ description/ clarification假設(shè)：assumption/ postulation/ hypothesis/ conjecture結(jié)論：

12、conclusion/ belief/ idea/ opinion/ judgment/ view/ notion/ argument/ theory議題：issue/ matter/ topic/ problem/ subject/ concern陳述細(xì)節(jié)：statement/ point/ subject/ concern利益改善：benefit/ advantage/ improvement綜合寫作用詞套路研究調(diào)查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches發(fā)明發(fā)現(xiàn)：(new) finding/ discovery其他解釋：alternati

13、ve explanation/ theory反方證據(jù)：counter-example/ evidence質(zhì)疑駁斥：challenge/ objection/ refutation斷言聲稱：allegation/ claim/ assertion控訴反駁：charge/ objection/ refutation評(píng)論解釋：remark/ comment錯(cuò)誤缺陷：fault/ weakness/ mistake/ error對(duì)比關(guān)系詞動(dòng)詞類：refute challenge doubt deny rebut counter cast doubt on contradict oppose objec

14、t to disagree with disapprove of形容詞短語(yǔ)類：be contradictory conflicting opposing contrary opposite to different from副詞短語(yǔ)類：in contrast conversely however actually in fact in deed連詞類：while whereas支持關(guān)系詞支持：assert/ sustain/ strengthen/ bolster/ fortify 討論：討論：discuss/ examine/ investigate/ reexamine/ find tha

15、t/ raise the issue that/ strongly think that/ claim/ maintain/ argue/ state/ talk about/ present/ show/ point out/ illustrate/ demonstrate綜合寫作魔板開(kāi)頭段落 The lecture completely refutes the points made in the reading.（表明兩者關(guān)系） The professor discusses+句子(一級(jí)觀點(diǎn))，which differs from the main idea in the reading

16、.主體段落的句型1. Contrary to the belief in the passage that the professor says that2. The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that by saying that3. The lecture contradictsrefutes is contrary to is the opposite of the idea in the reading (by saying that)The lecture believed that The mater

17、ial said that去掉去掉by saying that 則只表明則只表明兩者關(guān)系兩者關(guān)系4. The professor made the point that The reading, in contrast, held a different view by stating that5. The listening material contradicts the reading material regarding the issue problem of6. As regards In terms of the listening material contradicts th

18、e reading material.7. Another important point showed in the listening material is that but the reading presents a conflicting idea that8. Finally, the professor stated thatwhich challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that1. In general, the professor discussed the problem issue of that the reading viewed in a contrary opposing different angle.2. According to the lecture on the other hand while the reading stated that These two ideas are contradictory to each other. 用于