語法專項(xiàng)III非謂語動(dòng)詞

1、非謂語動(dòng)詞 A. 類型類型 B.功能功能 1.不定式不定式 主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、主語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、 定語、狀語定語、狀語 2.分詞分詞 表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)語 3.動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞 主語、表語、定語和賓語主語、表語、定語和賓語基本特點(diǎn)：基本特點(diǎn)：做很多句子成分，但就是做很多句子成分，但就是不能單獨(dú)做謂語不能單獨(dú)做謂語，這也是它們被稱為這也是它們被稱為非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞的原因。的原因。 它們它們具有各種形態(tài)具有各種形態(tài)：原形、主動(dòng)態(tài)、被動(dòng)：原形、主動(dòng)態(tài)、被動(dòng)態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)。態(tài)、進(jìn)行態(tài)和完成態(tài)。 不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。不定式2.1 作賓

2、語作賓語n只能加只能加+ to do aim, agree, arrange, ask, afford, apply, attempt, beg, claim, choose, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, elect, endeavor, bother, care, fail, decline, guarantee, happen, hesitate, hope, hurry, long, manage, offer, pretend, plan, plot, premise, presume, proceed, refuse, reque

3、st, resolve, seek, strive, tend, threaten, undertake, etc.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式一般式to doto be done完成式完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式to be doing完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式to have been doingn 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式n不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作是動(dòng)作是同時(shí)發(fā)生的或是在其后發(fā)生同時(shí)發(fā)生的或是在其后發(fā)生的。例的。例如：如：n Thousands of young peopl

4、e are learning to ski (同時(shí)同時(shí))n Where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with?我們到哪兒去弄些鐮刀割稻我們到哪兒去弄些鐮刀割稻呢呢?The Minister of Finance is believed _of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue. (2004-48)nA. that he is thinking B. to be thinkingnC. that he is to think D. to think 答案：答案：Bn試題分析：本題考查的是非謂語動(dòng)

5、詞的用試題分析：本題考查的是非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法。詳細(xì)解答：用動(dòng)詞不定式的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行法。詳細(xì)解答：用動(dòng)詞不定式的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：時(shí)：to be doing，意為，意為“正在考慮正在考慮”。B不定式的進(jìn)行式不定式的進(jìn)行式n1. 不定式的進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作不定式的進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作在在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行。行。nHe pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.nHe is said to write a preface to the book. (He will write)nHe

6、is said to be writing a preface to the book. (He is writing)n2. 不定式的完成進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)不定式的完成進(jìn)行式強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作作在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前在主要謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行發(fā)生，而且一直進(jìn)行。nShe is known to have been working on the problem for many years.nHe looked too young to have been publishing books for six years. 他看上去很他看上去很年輕，不像是

7、已經(jīng)出版了六年書的人。年輕，不像是已經(jīng)出版了六年書的人。不定式的完成式n1. 用在用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, wanted, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等后，表示等后，表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，計(jì)劃或期待的愿望，計(jì)劃或期待等。也可用來表示等。也可用來表示先先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，to have +過過去分詞表示動(dòng)作，去分詞表示動(dòng)作，to have been表示狀態(tài)。表示狀態(tài)。nI intended to have come to s

8、ee you. (我本打我本打算來看你的算來看你的)nHe was to have fetched you here他本該去他本該去把你帶來的。把你帶來的。nShe has to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university. (必先通過必先通過，才能，才能)nYou are lucky to have won the girls heart(You have won)n2.用在用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作（狀

9、等后，不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作（狀態(tài)）態(tài)）發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)詞或特定的某時(shí)間發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)詞或特定的某時(shí)間之前之前，它一般強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的完成或結(jié)果。，它一般強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的完成或結(jié)果。nJudging from his manners at the party, he doesnt seem to have received much education.nHe was believed to have been a reporter. 3. 在在should/would like或或should/would have liked后用不定式完成式表示后用不定式完成式表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望望。n

10、I should like to have gone with her. (但沒有但沒有去去)nI should have liked to have seen her face when she read the letter. (我真想見到她讀我真想見到她讀信時(shí)的表情。信時(shí)的表情。)1. AIDS is said _ the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002-46)A.being B. to be C. to have been D. having be

11、enn答案：答案：Cn由句中的時(shí)間狀語由句中的時(shí)間狀語“over the past few years”可知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前可知?jiǎng)幼靼l(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前,故應(yīng)用故應(yīng)用不定式的完成式作賓語。不定式的完成式作賓語。n2. Professor Johnson is said _ some significant advance in his research in the past year. (1999-43)A.having made B. making C. to have made D. to maken答案：答案：Cn當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)，應(yīng)用不定式當(dāng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前時(shí)，應(yīng)

12、用不定式的完成時(shí)表示。本句中的的完成時(shí)表示。本句中的Professor Johnson去去年的研究取得重大進(jìn)展先于謂語動(dòng)詞年的研究取得重大進(jìn)展先于謂語動(dòng)詞“據(jù)說據(jù)說”之前，故應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式之前，故應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式n3. At three oclock this morning, I seemed _ someone scream in the street. (1990-39)A.hearing B. having heard C. to have heard D. to hear 答案答案 C練習(xí)n1. The Vikings are believed_ America. A.

13、 to have discovered B. in discovering C. to discover D. to have been discovered答案：答案： A2. The students were to_ at the auditorium before 1:30 p. m. , but the lecture was cancelled at the last minute.nA. assembled B. have assembled nC. assembling D. be assembled答案：答案：B3. He was to_ the new ambassador

14、, but he fell ill.n A. having telephoned B. have telephoned n C. has telephoned D. telephoning答案：答案：Bbe+動(dòng)詞不定式1. 表示最近，未來的計(jì)劃或安排（相當(dāng)于表示最近，未來的計(jì)劃或安排（相當(dāng)于be going to） You are to see him today at six oclock.2. 表示該做或不該做的事（相當(dāng)于表示該做或不該做的事（相當(dāng)于should/must/ought to/have to等）。等）。 You are to explain this.3. 表示能不能發(fā)生的事

15、（相當(dāng)于表示能不能發(fā)生的事（相當(dāng)于can/may等）等） Similar conditions are to be found in all other Latin American countries.n4. 表示不可避免將要發(fā)生的事。表示不可避免將要發(fā)生的事。ne.g. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.n5. 用于條件從句，表示如果用于條件從句，表示如果想，設(shè)想想，設(shè)想（相當(dāng)于（相當(dāng)于ifshould, 或或ifwant）。）。ne.g. If we are to be there i

16、n time, well have to hurry up.nI _ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mothers illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993-54)nA. am to have finishednB. was to have finished nC. was to finishnD. ought to finish答案：答案：B動(dòng)詞疑問句動(dòng)詞疑問句+帶帶to的不定式的不定式n用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動(dòng)詞：用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動(dòng)詞：advise consider decide di

17、scuss explain find out forget hear inquire know learn regard remember see settle show teach tell think understand wonder Please show me how to do that.(做賓語做賓語) When to hold the meeting has not yet been decided.（做主語）（做主語） The problem is how to get there in time.（做表語）（做表語） I had no idea which to read

18、first.（做名詞同位語）（做名詞同位語）nThe Clarks havent decided yet which hotel_. (1998-49)nA. to stay B. is to stay n C. to stay at D. is for stayingn答案：答案：C不定式的特殊句型n1. such as to, suchas to, soas to表程度表程度 His story was such as to deceive everyone. It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives. Who could be so mea

19、n as to do a thing like that?n2. so as (not) to, only to, in order to, so (such) as to(如此如此以便以便)表目的表目的 We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests. He kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. I come here only to say goodbye to you. 1 His remarks were _ annoy everybody at the

20、 meeting. (2005-53) A. so as to B. such as to C. such to D. as much as to答案：答案：B2 His strong sense of humor was_ make everyone in the room burst out laughing. (1998-50) A. so as to B. such as to C. so that D. such that答案：答案：Bn3. tooto結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu): n1) 太太以至于以至于n2) 當(dāng)當(dāng)too前面有前面有only, all, but時(shí)，意思是時(shí)，意思是“非非常?！保瑃o

21、o等于等于very。ne.g. He was but too eager to get home.n3) 當(dāng)當(dāng)too前或前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定雙重否定時(shí)，時(shí)，too等于等于very。ne.g. He is too wise not to see that.n4) 當(dāng)當(dāng)too后是后是glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, east, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容詞或副

22、詞時(shí)，等形容詞或副詞時(shí)，too等于等于very。nThey are too ready to help others.n5) too與與cannot連用，表示無止境。連用，表示無止境。ne.g. You cannot be too careful.越仔細(xì)越好。越仔細(xì)越好。無論怎么仔細(xì)也不過分無論怎么仔細(xì)也不過分n6) 當(dāng)不定式在句中做定語或真正的主語時(shí)，當(dāng)不定式在句中做定語或真正的主語時(shí)，表示表示so (many/much)。ne.g. There are too many problems to be solved.n4 only to +動(dòng)詞原形（不料竟會(huì)動(dòng)詞原形（不料竟會(huì)，沒想，沒想到會(huì)

23、到會(huì)）表示不好的結(jié)果。）表示不好的結(jié)果。ne.g. They hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.nThe three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _ by the police each time. (1999-42)nA. had been capturednB. being always capturednC. only to be capturednD. unfortunately c

24、aptured答案：答案：C動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)n1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，可用強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，可用“It is +形容形容詞詞for somebody+不定式不定式”句型。靜態(tài)形容句型。靜態(tài)形容詞多用于此句型。詞多用于此句型。nEasy difficult hard important possible impossible better necessary comfortable not enough essential the first the next the last the best too much too littlene.g. It was very difficu

25、lt for me to learn Spanish.間或也可用間或也可用“for + there to be”表示表示(而且而且there后面的不定式只能是后面的不定式只能是to be)ne.g. Its a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.ne.g. Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem？n2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)任務(wù)的性格和特征，則用強(qiáng)調(diào)任務(wù)的性格和特征，則用“It is +形形容詞容詞of somebody+不定式不定式”句型。動(dòng)態(tài)句型。動(dòng)態(tài)

26、形容詞多用于此句型。形容詞多用于此句型。nKind nice stupid rude clever thoughtful brave considerate silly selfish careless impolite good naughty bold honest sensible wrong right badnThe opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003-47)nA. for us to be preparednB. that we are prepared nC. of us

27、to be preparednD. our being preparedn答案：答案：An在類似在類似essential, necessary之類的形容詞之類的形容詞后面，句子的動(dòng)詞形式為后面，句子的動(dòng)詞形式為 (should)+動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞原形。故選項(xiàng)原形。故選項(xiàng)B不對(duì)。不對(duì)。 而而essential 后面一后面一般跟般跟to/for, 省略省略TO 的動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞不定式1在情態(tài)成語之后在情態(tài)成語之后 在在would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon (寧愿寧愿), may/might (just) as well (不妨，可不妨，可以以)

28、, cannot but/ cannot help but (不能不，不由得不能不，不由得不不)之后，接不帶之后，接不帶to不定式。不定式。Id rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.Id sooner stay at home. I would as soon do it by myself.Since its a fine day we might as well walk.He would rather listen to others than talk himself.I would just as soon stay as go.

29、 ？Note: 在否定句中，在否定句中，not放在放在would rather, had better后，但在否定疑問句中，后，但在否定疑問句中，not放在放在had, would 后。后。I would rather not drink anything.Hadnt you better make haste?Had I not better do it tomorrow?nThat man has a bad reputation. You_ anything to do with him. (1991-10)n A. had better not have n B. have bette

30、r haven C. have better not haven D. had better not to have答案：答案：A2 在介詞在介詞except /but 之后之后 如果如果except/but之前有動(dòng)詞之前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，的某種形式，其后通常用不帶其后通常用不帶to的不定式，否則帶的不定式，否則帶to。 如果主語是由如果主語是由all, what等詞引導(dǎo)的從句，或等詞引導(dǎo)的從句，或者是主語受者是主語受only, first, one, least或形容詞最高或形容詞最高級(jí)級(jí)修飾，主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞修飾，主語部分有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，的某種形式，則作主語補(bǔ)語的不定式也是

31、既可帶則作主語補(bǔ)語的不定式也是既可帶to，也可不，也可不帶帶to。They did nothing except work.Theres no choice but to wait.What he will do is to spoil the whole thing.All you do now is to complete the form.The only thing I can do now is to go on by myself.The thing to do now is to clear up this mess.3 在在“why./ why not.?”之后之后Why表示不

32、滿，或者是委婉的批評(píng)；表示不滿，或者是委婉的批評(píng)；why not表示建議，二者都不帶表示建議，二者都不帶to Why argue with him?Why not give Mary some flowers?_ him tomorrow? (2001-43)A.Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on答案：答案：D必須帶必須帶to的特殊情況的特殊情況1. know better than后的不定式必須加后的不定式必須加to ne.g. He knows better than

33、 to lend her the money. 他很明智，不會(huì)把錢借給她。他很明智，不會(huì)把錢借給她。nHe knew better than to argue with such a rascal. n2. “比較級(jí)比較級(jí)+名詞名詞+than”后的不定式要加后的不定式要加to ne.g. She had more sense than to be deceived by him.她有理智，不會(huì)上當(dāng)。她有理智，不會(huì)上當(dāng)。nHe has a better heart than to betray his country. 他有良心，不會(huì)叛國。他有良心，不會(huì)叛國。動(dòng)名詞只能加只能加+doingack

34、nowledge, admit, advise, advocate, allow, appreciate, anticipate, avoid, cant help, comprehend, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dispute, endure, enjoy, escape, evade, fancy, favor, grudge, hinder, imagine, include, involve, justify, mind, object to, pardon, permit, postpo

35、ne, prevent, quit, recall, resent, risk, resist, suggest, tolerate, etc.動(dòng)名詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)意義主動(dòng)語態(tài)主動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)一般式一般式 doingbeing done完成式完成式 having donehaving been done動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)n動(dòng)名詞和不定式一樣，沒有獨(dú)立的絕對(duì)的動(dòng)名詞和不定式一樣，沒有獨(dú)立的絕對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)意義，其時(shí)態(tài)意義從屬于句中謂語動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)意義，其時(shí)態(tài)意義從屬于句中謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。詞的時(shí)態(tài)。 n一般式：表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作一般式：表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)同時(shí)發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生, 或

36、表示或表示一般情況一般情況。使用。使用doing.nSeeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。眼見為實(shí)。 n完成式完成式: 表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作前發(fā)生表明動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)作前發(fā)生, 使用使用having done.nHe was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.nHis having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.nI never regretted _ offer, for it was not where m

37、y interest lay. (1993-53)nA. not to accept nB. not having accepted nC. having not acceptednD. not acceptingn答案：B動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)n被動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式:表明動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是該動(dòng)作的表明動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語是該動(dòng)作的承受者承受者nHe did it without being asked.nThey insisted on being given the task.nBeing taken advantage of is not a good thing.n但要注意但要注意, 在在want, nee

38、d, deserve, require, repay, bear, take需要，需要，brook忍受，忍受，stand等等表示表示“需要、值得、忍受需要、值得、忍受”等動(dòng)詞及形容等動(dòng)詞及形容詞詞worth后后, 盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思, 卻用卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.nMy pen needs filling.nThe point deserves mentioning.nThis problem requires studying with great care.nHer method is worth trying. 在在need, want后用主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)

39、名詞表示被動(dòng)后用主動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)意義，與用被動(dòng)態(tài)的不定式意義并無差別，意義，與用被動(dòng)態(tài)的不定式意義并無差別，但以用動(dòng)名詞較為普遍。但以用動(dòng)名詞較為普遍。The door is cracking. It needs oiling / to be oiled.The room wants cleaning / to be cleaned.require, deserve也能這樣用，但不及也能這樣用，但不及need, want普通。普通。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)n如動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語動(dòng)作的主如動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者不是謂語動(dòng)作的主語，則需有自己的邏輯主語。語，則需有自己的邏輯主語。n兩種形式：兩種形

40、式：n1)人稱代詞所有格人稱代詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞 He insisted on my going with him to the party. nCompare: Tom insisted on going with them. n Tom insisted on my going with them.n2)名詞所有格名詞所有格+動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞nShe dislikes her husbands coming back home late.nCompare: He hates working late. n He hates his wifes working late.n若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語

41、與句子主語相同，則若動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語相同，則不應(yīng)再有主語。不應(yīng)再有主語。1 Though her father never approved of _ to drama school, she became a well-known actress. (1991-16)nA. going B. her to go C. her going D. her gon答案：答案：C2 She regrets _ idle when young.na. to have been b. her being c. her having d. having beenn答案：答案： D 動(dòng)名詞和不定式

42、的比較n1）動(dòng)名詞通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。）動(dòng)名詞通常是泛指；不定式通常是特指。n2）動(dòng)名詞通常指持續(xù)、反復(fù)的動(dòng)作；不定）動(dòng)名詞通常指持續(xù)、反復(fù)的動(dòng)作；不定式通常指一時(shí)、一次的動(dòng)作。式通常指一時(shí)、一次的動(dòng)作。n3）動(dòng)名詞通常用于書面語；不定式則傾向）動(dòng)名詞通常用于書面語；不定式則傾向口語?？谡Z。 4）動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語和表語。一）動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語和表語。一般來說，在表示抽象的、一般的行為時(shí)，多般來說，在表示抽象的、一般的行為時(shí)，多用動(dòng)名詞用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來在表示具體某次動(dòng)作，特別是將來的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用不定式。Its no use

43、 crying over spilt milk. （抽象動(dòng)（抽象動(dòng)作）作）His mother had advised him, however, that it was no use to argue with Selma. （具體動(dòng)（具體動(dòng)作）作）（指抽象動(dòng)作（指抽象動(dòng)作, 泛指）泛指）（指具體的一次動(dòng)作）（指具體的一次動(dòng)作）Spitting everywhere is not polite.To spit here will be punished隨地吐痰是不禮貌的在這里吐痰要受懲罰。5）在）在Its no use (good)，its useless后面常用動(dòng)名后面常用動(dòng)名詞作主語。詞

44、作主語。nHer present job is teaching music. = Teaching music is her (泛指泛指)nTo teach music to Grade One is her present job. =Her present job is to teach (特指特指)nIts difficult for him to finish the job in a week.nIts no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水難收覆水難收分詞分詞的形式 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意義；表示一般性現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意義；表示一般性的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

45、；在表面形式上有的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；在表面形式上有“一般式一般式”和和“完成式完成式”與與“主動(dòng)式主動(dòng)式”和和“被動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式”之分。之分。 過去分詞一般表示完成的和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，過去分詞一般表示完成的和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作，只有一種形式。只有一種形式。態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)式一般式1.being2.doing being done完成式having donehaving been done過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動(dòng)式的區(qū)別 n現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式是現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式是being done，表示某一動(dòng)，表示某一動(dòng)作在講話時(shí)下在發(fā)生，或與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。作在講話時(shí)下在發(fā)生，或與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)

46、生。nYou will find the matter being talked about all over the town.n而過去分詞表示的意義除了被動(dòng)以外，還表示這而過去分詞表示的意義除了被動(dòng)以外，還表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。如個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。如The patient operated on yesterday is a famous scientist.n1. He noticed the helicopter hovering over the field. Then to his astonishment, he saw a rope ladder _ out and three

47、men climbing down it. (1995-52)nA. throwing nB. being thrown nC. having thrown nD. having been thrownn答案：答案：Bn2. Mr. Brown had the report _as soon as he finished _ it. (1990-33)nA. to be typed, to write nB. typed, to writenC. being typed, writing nD. typed, writingn答案：答案：Dn在在look at，listen to, feel，

48、hear，notice，observe，see，watch等動(dòng)詞后可以用不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓等動(dòng)詞后可以用不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，意義差別不大?，F(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正語補(bǔ)足語，意義差別不大?，F(xiàn)在分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生、還未結(jié)束在發(fā)生、還未結(jié)束;不定式說明動(dòng)作的全過程。不定式說明動(dòng)作的全過程。nDid you hear someone knocking at the door?你剛你剛才聽到有人敲門嗎才聽到有人敲門嗎?nYes I did. I heard him knock three times.是的，我是的，我聽到他敲了三下聽到他敲了三下.n注意：注意：find后面用分詞后面用分詞(現(xiàn)在分

49、詞和過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)作賓作賓補(bǔ)，不用不定式。如：補(bǔ)，不用不定式。如：n正：正：I found him lying on the ground.n誤：誤：I found him lie on the ground.分詞和不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的區(qū)別分詞和不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)的區(qū)別n1. 表時(shí)間表時(shí)間n e.g. Hearing the news, we immediately set off for London.A. 相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于when引導(dǎo)的從句這類狀語通常放在句引導(dǎo)的從句這類狀語通常放在句子的前半部分。子的前半部分。nHearing the news, we immediatel

50、y set off for Beijing(When we heard the news，we)nWhen leaving the airport，we waved again and again to him.B. 也可放在主語后或句尾，放在句尾時(shí)表示強(qiáng)也可放在主語后或句尾，放在句尾時(shí)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。調(diào)。nI listened to the music for a while，having written an important lettern He，having finished his homework，goes to bedC. 如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作緊接著謂語動(dòng)作之后發(fā)如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作緊接

51、著謂語動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，分詞應(yīng)放在句尾。生，分詞應(yīng)放在句尾。nShe opened the door，greeting her guestsnHe sat down，listening to their talkD. 如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作先發(fā)生，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，分詞短語應(yīng)放在句首，不能放緊接著發(fā)生，分詞短語應(yīng)放在句首，不能放在句尾。在句尾。nThey stopped talking，hearing a strange sound(錯(cuò)錯(cuò))nHearing a strange sound，they stopped talking(對(duì)對(duì))n2. 表原因表原因,

52、相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于as, since, because引導(dǎo)的從句引導(dǎo)的從句nNot knowing anything about the accident, he went to work as well.n3. 表方式或伴隨表方式或伴隨nShe was sitting in an armchair reading a book.nThey all returned to the village convinced that the danger was over.n4. 表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于if, unless等引導(dǎo)的從句等引導(dǎo)的從句Given another chance, he wil

53、l do it much better.n5. 表結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于表結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于so that引導(dǎo)的從句引導(dǎo)的從句nThe old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.6. 表讓步，相當(dāng)于表讓步，相當(dāng)于though, even if引導(dǎo)的從句引導(dǎo)的從句n e.g. Granting his honesty, we still cant employ him.1. _ at in this way, the present economic situation doesnt seem so gloomy. (2

54、000-51)A. Looking B. Looked C. Having looked D. To look答案：答案：B2. _ enough time and money, the researchers would have been able to discover more in this field. (1998-51)A. Giving B. To give C. Given D. Being given答案：答案：C3. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. (1996-42)A. Having B. Given C.

55、Giving D. Had答案：答案：B與此類似的有：與此類似的有：nConsidering(考慮到）考慮到） njudging from, seeing that ( 鑒于、由于）鑒于、由于）ngenerally speaking/nfrankly/strictly speakingnfollowing this .( 在在之后之后)ntaking all into consideration（從各方面（從各方面考慮）考慮）ntalking of（ 談到）談到） ntaken as a whole（從整體（從整體 上看）上看） Talking of cleaning, its about t

56、ime you did the windows , isnt it?Considering his age, the little boy reads very well.Following this, 60,000 Indians, including Gandhi, were put in prison.Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong.4. _, he was chosen and trained as a professional swimmer. (1991-20)A. He was born and raised in a fishi

57、ng villageB. Born and raised in a fishing villageC. That he was born and raised in a fishing villageD. In addition to he was born and raised in a fishing village答案：答案：B作狀語的分詞短語前的連詞n分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)前面可以加一個(gè)連分詞短語作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)前面可以加一個(gè)連詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或出于表達(dá)的需要。常用的連詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或出于表達(dá)的需要。常用的連詞有：詞有：when, while, after, before, if, thoug

58、h, whetheror, unless, as if等等n e.g. After taking the medicine, he felt better.n e.g. The soldier walked very slowly as if having been wounded.n如果這些連詞后的分詞是如果這些連詞后的分詞是being或含有或含有being，則則being可以省略?？梢允÷浴 e.g. While (being) at school, she began to write the novel.nIf (being) well read, the book will give you much to think.n e.g. Jack, (being) in a bad mood, did nothing yesterday.1. _ the