(完整版)整理文體學(xué)答案

1、examples.1)Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhymehigh and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin =reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme byhook or by crook = rhyme2)Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Loves labour Los=t allite

2、rationOf Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man =alliteration Father in a Fix = alliterationWitch Watch = alliterationThe Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration3)Advertisements -Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision -ExtraPintas Warma Winta = sound elision -Be different daily.

3、Be dreamy ordramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautifulbutdont break the banWk.hat is the function of post-modification? = (in order)alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s)in each of the following examples1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noa

4、m Chompsky, who believes that manhas a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child tolearn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man differentfrom animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee(who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) ca

5、n never learn thelanguage however hard it is taught.2)Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares thesame pronunciation with the main character in ShakespearetrasgedyRomeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates thatRomeow the cat has affection for the master.3)Rec

6、ord shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of itskind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunta huge whole called Moby Dick.3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges.aisle.In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heele

7、d, assonance tileddocument must ensure that it conveys meaning exactly and explicitly,surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use ofonomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, whichpresent the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of suchwo

8、rds help the reader share the same experience of the writer and makethe description vivid and believable.2)Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3)Sawyerand comment on the graphological forms.“TOM!”No answer. .-MarkTwai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer,

9、 depictinghow Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed.The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Grannyspeaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on astage play. For example,“TOM!”is said louder than“Tom!”. -o“-uY-u,Tom!”indicat

10、es Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so asto be heard far away. The exclamation marks show her emotion, and thedash“implies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes thecontrast with“over a”nd“under”9 , What is the basic phrase order?Whatare the stylistic effects of humorous

11、ly implying her glasses are intended forornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the onlycharacter Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stagemonologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind.And there is a touch of humour all through.

12、3 單元1 What are thethree ways of clause classification? classification accordingto constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can begrouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clausescan b

13、e categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause.2 how do we distinguish situation types? By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types? The participant文體學(xué)課后題 1、2 單元(A).1 Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following A

14、multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compoundsentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence.D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NPand comparative c f as m in NP ADJP5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and

15、an incomplete sentence?Neither type conforms to the basic clause structure. But a minor sentence issupposed to be“ complete ” in the sense that it is finished.An incomplete sentence never comes to its end because of sudden interruption orother reasons. For example, (1) Attention, please. (2) Help!(3

16、) Going to the lecture? (4)Why are you late?Because IOf the four sentences, (1) (2) (3) are minor sentences whereas (4) is anincomplete.6 What are the major components of a noun phrase?What is the use ofpre-modification?A complete noun phrase consists of four constituents: determiner,pre-modifier, h

17、ead and post-modifier. The determiner can be an article,numerals, numeral pronouns; all the words between the determinative andthe head are pre-modifier, whatever part of speech they belong to; thehead can be a noun or a pronoun; the post-modifier is usually aprepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a n

18、on-finite clause, a relative clause,etc.Frequent use of pre-modification in newspaper headlines can economizespace, and arouse the readerinstere st as well because pre-modificationis usually short, thus cannot spell out details. This keeps the reader insuspense and kicks up their eagerness to find o

19、ut. Pre-modification tendsto be informal and appears in less formal style. Post-modification can bevery long and complicated. Using post-modification can give enough roomfor details and for further information. Therefore, it is frequently used inmore formal contexts, for instance, written language.

20、Written legal Englishprefers post-modification in noun phrases, because the composer of alegalguarding against any possible misinterpretation.7 What are the three basic factors in the formation of written texts? Foreffective presentation of information and language processing on the partof the reade

21、r, we usually attach importance to sequence, segmentationand salience in the formation of texts, both spoken and written.8 Which type of branching is common in informal speech? Which type ofbranching is preferred in written styles?Right-branching is common in speech, in relaxed and informal presenta

22、tionof ideas.A writer may favor right-branching and use short, simplesentences to represent a narrative style of simplicity, directness andintensity. Left-branching, however, is better adapted to writing because it isstructurally more compact and logical, and it is usually more formal. Sincesubordin

23、ate ideas are presented first, postponing the main idea, readersoften feel in“! s”uspense and try to read on to obtain the main ideatowards the end of the sentence.fronting and postponement?The basic phrase order in an English declarative clause is more or lessfixed: SV(O)(C)(A), with A being mobile

24、 in position. The change of theorder can make a particular language unit more salient.Fronting refers the movement of a sentential element from its usualposition to the front, and postponement refers the movement of alinguistic unit from its normal place towards the end of the sentence.In both cases

25、 the elements moved are highlighted. For example,(1) Talent Mr. Micawber has, capital Mr. Micawber has not. (fronting talentand capital for emphasis)(2) A car stopped and out stepped the President of the University.(Postponing President of the University again for emphasis)10 What is syntactic paral

26、lelism and its function?Syntactic parallelism refers to the repetition of the same syntactic form(e.g. tense, aspect) and phrase/clause structure in two or moreneighboring clauses or sentences. It reinforces meaning by contrast orantithesis, or helps to build up an emotional climax. For example, See

27、 howthey can saw. Power saw. And drill. Power drill. Androles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipientrole (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the ac

28、tion).4 What is a simple sentence? What is a multiple sentence? sand. Power sand. Directly/indirectlyThis is an advertisement for selling PowerBrand series of tools. WhenA simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) the reader finishes the reading, they will not forget the brand

29、 namePower.4 單元2 What is the difference in the effect between the use of Latinate andthat of native words? Why?Generally speaking, Latinate words are words of science, religion andofficial communication; and in most cases, they help to create theeffect of coolness, dignity and intellectual distance.

30、Words ofAnglo-Saxon origin constitute English- speaking peoplevocabulary.Such words are emotionally charged. A highTo persuade the would-be customers to buy the product, the author uses aseries of appreciative adjectives: confident, correct, successful, strong,savvy, fashionable, happy, robust, viri

31、le, and wise, plus famous to showwhat good things Manhattan Brand products would bring to the buyer. 5 單元1 What is dialect?A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain region(regional dialect) or by people of a certain social group (social dialect).percentage of Anglo-Saxon words

32、 is quite usual in informal style.3 What is the difference between a general word and a specific word?Is it true that use of specific words should always be recommended?A word is general when it refers to a group of objects or a class of objectsor action, and specific when it refers to a member of t

33、hat group or class.The relationship between a general (superordinate) and specific(subordinate) term is hyponymy. General terms are often too vague toconvey any precise meaning. The use of specific words is moreinformative in detail and can evoke vivid images in the readers basiOialects differ from

34、one another in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.one regional dialect speaker may be able to speak more than one socialdialect when needed.2 What is the difference between dialect and accent?Accent is the special phonological features shown by one who speaks adialect. It is regional in nature. A

35、 dialect can be spoken with differentaccents, standard and non-standard. A person may shift from one dialectto another while speaking but s/he is unable to cover his or her accent. Forexample, a Londoner speaks British English with a London accent, but aperson born and brought up in Manchester may s

36、peak British English witha Manchester accent.or hearer s mind. However, general terms are preferred, when there i$ What is Standard English? Is there a standard accent with which no need forspecification, or when the user wants to leave things vague for some (tactical) reason.5 What is repetition ?W

37、hat is reiteration? Why should people employ repetition and reiteration in speech or writing?When a linguistic form is used twice or more, the result is repetition.For example,We begin our morning class at 8:00. Lunch begins at 11:30 and afternoon classes begin at 2:00 again.When the same idea is re

38、peated in a different form, it is reiteration. For example, We begin our morning classes at 8:00, and afternoon classes start2:00 again.In literary texts, repetition is usually rhetorical. The intensive repetition of an expression can be a powerful thematic device. It helps to direct thereaderatpeop

39、le speak Standard English?Standard English refers to the particular socially-favoured variety whichis based on the speech and writing of educated users of the language. Witha widely accepted, codified grammar and vocabulary, SE is primarily usedfor public communication: used in books and newspapers,

40、 officialdocuments and news broadcasts; in schools, taught to non-native learnersof English.Yes. In each regional variety, one accent is most widely accepted suchas RP (received pronunciation) in British English. Since this accent isrelated to BBC broadcaster, the royal family and educated speech, i

41、t isconsidered to be the standard accent in Britain.6 單元，11) What does channelimitation mean? How does channellimitation affect language use?s attention to the interpretation of its signifieChci0.nel limitation means that the transmission of a message is limited toone channel only visual or auditory

42、. Speech, in most cases, has no channel limitation. Talking face-to-face, both thespeaker and hearer can see and hear each other. Apart from the language, gestures, facial expressions, sharedknowledge, and situation all contribute to the communication. Therefore, the language is often inexplicit. Wr

43、iting, on theother hand, has channel limitation. Then the language should be explicit. For example, The teacher standing there is hermother which is understandable if the two speakers are together in the same context. But in written language such shouldbe forbidden. We should make it explicit like T

44、he teacher standing under the tree in front of the classroom building isWang Qian s mother 2) In what ways does spontaneously spoken language differ from prepared written form?In spontaneous speech one has little time for planning or revising oneutterance. While speaking, one has to monitor what has

45、 been said and itsresponse by the hearer, and simultaneously to plan the next utterance. Ifone s planning falls behind the delivery, the speech is characteristicallybroken up by the following features of normal non-fluency: filled/ unfilledpauses, unintended repetitions, and false starts. For exampl

46、e,He was - as it were - you know him do you - how shall I say er-withdrawn - er shut-in as though as though he had a kind of - mm goldfishbowl round his head - not very easy 7 單元1What is role relationship? Give some examples. ByWhatever is repeated is emphasized. Reiteration is used to avoidthe mono

47、tonous effect of the repetition of the same expression.6 What is collocation? What is the use pf analyzing lexical collocationof an item in a piece of language?Collocation refers to the concurrence of words or conventional use ofcertain words together in a text. In a given text, the collocates of ,

48、itemconstitute its lexical context which determines the meaning of the item.This device may contribute to the theme of the text. The analysis ofcollocation can help us grasp the main idea of the text. 乙 The followingare groups of specific words. Name a general word whose meaning isincluded in the me

49、aning of the specific words. stride, strut, march, amble,strode, saunter drag, haul, heave, wrench, tow whisper, chatter, babble,mumble, mutter bottle, vase, jug, cup, pot, barrel, bucket, box car, jeep,van, tanker, minibus, cart, bicycle1)2)3)4)5)(walk)(pull)(talk)(container)(vehicle)AppreciativeNe

50、utralPejorativeworkdrudgery, toil,grindfashion, stylevoguefadpoliceman, copflatfootcivil servantgovernment officialbureaucratfamous, celebrated,renownednotoriousportly, stout, chubby, plumpfatadventurous, daringreckless, rash8 The words in each of the following groups have roughly a similarconceptua

51、l meaning. Discuss the difference in their associatemeanings.91)2)InCompare the A B extracts in termsthe percentage of Anglo-Saxon words;the percentage of Latinate words of three syllables and more.A of the 48 words, only six come from other languages, fouranofwhich are from French, but in B of the

52、39 words, 18 words are from Latinand another one from Greek. Since Latinate words make up highpercentage in B, it is much more difficult to understand.10Comment on the adjective used in the following advertisement.(Manhattan shirts, slacks and accessories)role relationship we mean the relationship b

53、etween the roles adoptedby addresser and addressee in a given situation. Role relationshipsrange from temporary to permanent: casual acquaintances on atrain, customersalesman, colleagues in an office, managementemployees, teacher pupil, parent child.By what scales do we classify language features ty

54、pical of variousattitudes?Language features indicating the attitude are usually classified along fourscales: formality, politeness, impersonality and accessibility 3.Whatfactors affect the degrees of formality?The degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships, numberof hearers, and c

55、ontexts of situation, such as a public lecture, playgroundat playtime, church service, cocktail party, and so on.4 How does language vary in terms of politeness?Language varies according to the degree of intimacy between thepublic the trouble of fruitless enquiry.Directoryaddress and addressee; the

56、degree of social distance separating the addresser and addressee. Languagebecomes more and more polite when the addressee is more senior in status and les intimate in relation. 5What are the basic patterns of the use of address forms? The basic address patterns include: Title(Professor, Doctor, Reve

57、rend), Title + Last Name (Professor Zhang, Mr Smith, Miss Thatcher), First name +Last Name (Michael Hall, John Smith), Last Name (Smith, Thatcher), First Name (Michael, John), ShortenedFirst Name (Mike=Michael, Elizabeth=Liza/Liz), Nickname (Piggy, Bully) and Terms of Endearment (Darling,Dear, Honey

58、, Sweet).6 What is linguistic impersonality?Language becomes impersonal when it avoids direct reference to the strong teachers in this discipline.addresser and addressee. That is the writing avoids the use of personal pronouns such as I, we, you, etc 7 .How do we measure the degrees of accessibility

59、?We can measure the degrees of accessibility by the following formula:FOG INDEX = 0.4 (L+H) L = the average sentence length in a passage H = the percentage ofhard (inaccessible) words in the passage Suppose a passage has: -a total number of words 120 -thenumber of sentences 6 -the number of“hard ” w

60、ords 16L: 120&= 20H: (16 &20) W0 = 13.3 Fog index: 0.4(20+ 13.3) = 13.32Since an easily accessible text is supposed to have a fog index of about 10, the mentioned text is just alittle difficult.8 Compare Extracts A and B in terms of the degree of accessibility.A There was real stress I had to face,a