《全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題》

1、2008年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題section iuse of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet 1. (10 points)the idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak

2、its name. but gregory cochran is 1 to say it anyway. he is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. he helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested

3、.5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. the group in 8 are a particular peop

4、le originated from central europe. the process is natural selection.this group generally do well in iq test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the west, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,13

5、hey also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. these facts, 14 ave previously been thought unrelated. the former has been 15 social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 ucation. the latter was seen as a (an) 17 genetic isolation. dr.

6、cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately18 is argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 em to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 ate of affairs.1.a selectedb preparedc obligedd pleased2.a uniqueb particularc speciald rare3.a ofb wi

7、thc ind against4.a subsequentlyb presentlyc previouslyd lately5.a onlyb soc evend hence6.a thoughtb sightc costd risk7.a advisesb suggestsc protestsd objects8.a progressb factc needd question9.a attainingb scoringc reachingd calculating10.a normalb commonc meand total11.a unconsciouslyb disproportio

8、natelyc indefinitelyd unaccountably12.a missionsb fortunesc interestsd careers13.a affirmb witnessc observed approve14.a moreoverb thereforec howeverd meanwhile15.a given upb got overc carried ond put down16.a assessingb supervisingc administeringd valuing17.a developmentb originc consequenced instr

9、ument18.a linkedb integratedc wovend combined19.a limitedb subjectedc convertedd directed20.a paradoxicalb incompatiblec inevitabled continuoussection iireading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answe

10、rs on answer sheet 1. (40 points)text 1while still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” accordin

11、g to dr. yehuda, chief psychiatrist at new yorks veterans administration hospital.studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. in seve

12、ral of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.adding to a womans increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “its not necessarily that wom

13、en dont cope as well. its just that they have so much more to cope with,” says dr. yehuda. “their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than mens,” she observes, “its just that theyre dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”dr. yehuda

14、notes another difference between the sexes. “i think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. the kinds of interpersonal violence th

15、at women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. the wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”adeline alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was

16、 determined to finish college. “i struggled a lot to get the college degree. i was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a

17、 job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. i lived from paycheck to paycheck.”not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses alvarez describes. but most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. alvarezs experience demon

18、strates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21.which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?a women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.b women are still suffering much stress caused by men.c wom

19、en are more experienced than men in coping with stress.d men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22.dr. yehudas research suggests that womena need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.b have limited capacity for tolerating stress.c are more capable of avoiding stress.d

20、are exposed to more stress.23.according to paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to bea domestic and temporary.b irregular and violent.c durable and frequent.d trivial and random.24.the sentence “i lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (line 6, para. 5) shows thata alvarez cared about nothing but

21、 making money.b alvarezs salary barely covered her household expenses.c alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.d alvarez paid practically everything by check.25.which of the following would be the best title for the text?a strain of stress: no way out?b responses to stress: gender differencec str

22、ess analysis: what chemicals sayd gender inequality: women under stresstext 2it used to be so straightforward. a team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. a journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from

23、the paper and send it to their peers for review. depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.no longer. the in

24、ternet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. the organization for economic co-operation and development (oecd) has just issued a

25、report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. the report, by john houghton of victoria university in australia and graham vickery of the oecd, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. but it goes further than that. it signals a change in what has, until

26、now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.the value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. it is big business. in america, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billio

27、n. the international association of scientific, technical and medical publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. they publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.this is now changing. according to the oecd report,

28、some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. there is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements

29、. there is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. other models exist t

30、hat are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. all this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the pub

31、lication of papers.26.in the first paragraph, the author discussesa the background information of journal editing.b the publication routine of laboratory reports.c the relations of authors with journal publishers.d the traditional process of journal publication.27.which of the following is true of t

32、he oecd report?a it criticizes government-funded research.b it introduces an effective means of publication.c it upsets profit-making journal publishers.d it benefits scientific research considerably.28.according to the text, online publication is significant in thata it provides an easier access to

33、 scientific results.b it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.c it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.d it facilitates public investment in scientific research.29.with the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toa cover the cost of its publication.

34、b subscribe to the journal publishing it.c allow other online journals to use it freely.d complete the peer-review before submission.30.which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?a the internet is posing a threat to publishers.b a new mode of publication is emerging.c authors w

35、elcome the new channel for publication.d publication is rendered easier by online service.text 3in the early 1960s wilt chamberlain was one of only three players in the national basketball association (nba) listed at over seven feet. if he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 4

36、2. the bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.the trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: americans have general

37、ly stopped growing. though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, todays people especially those born to families who have lived in the u.s. for many generations apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. and they arent likely to get any taller. “in the general population

38、today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist william cameron chumlea of wright state university. in the case of nba players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all

39、 over the world.growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients notably, protein to feed expanding tissues. at the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. but as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, o

40、n average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. yet according to the centers for disease control and prevention, average height 59 for men, 54 for women hasnt really changed since 1960.genetically speaking, there are advantag

41、es to avoiding substantial height. during childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain impo

42、sed by oversize limbs. “there are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist william leonard of northwestern university.genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this to happen soon. claire c. gordon, senior anthropologist at th

43、e army research center in natick, mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. she says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. and if you need to predict human height in the near future to

44、design a piece of equipment, gordon says that by and large, “you could use todays data and feel fairly confident.”31.wilt chamberlain is cited as an example toa illustrate the change of height of nba players.b show the popularity of nba players in the u.s.c compare different generations of nba playe

45、rs.d assess the achievements of famous nba players.32.which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?a genetic modification.b natural environment.c living standards.d daily exercise.33.on which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?a non-ameri

46、cans add to the average height of the nation.b human height is conditioned by the upright posture.c americans are the tallest on average in the world.d larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34.we learn from the last paragraph that in the near futurea the garment industry will reconsider t

47、he uniform size.b the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.c genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.d the existing data of human height will still be applicable.35.the text intends to tell us thata the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.b human height is be

48、coming even more predictable.c americans have reached their genetic growth limit.d the genetic pattern of americans has altered.text 4in 1784, five years before he became president of the united states, george washington, 52, was nearly toothless. so he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into

49、his jaw having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping george most people remember from their history books. but recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. they have

50、 been spurred in part by dna evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved thomas jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave sally hemings. and only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. works of several historians reveal the moral c

51、ompromises made by the nations early leaders and the fragile nature of the countrys infancy. more significantly, they argue that many of the founding fathers knew slavery was wrong and yet most did little to fight it.more than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture o

52、f their time. while washington and jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.for one thing, the south could not afford to part with its slaves. owning slaves was “l(fā)ike having a

53、large bank account,” says wiencek, author of an imperfect god: george washington, his slaves, and the creation of america. the southern states would not have signed the constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man f

54、or purposes of congressional representation.and the statesmens political lives depended on slavery. the three-fifths formula handed jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the electoral college. once in office, jefferson exte

55、nded slavery with the louisiana purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.still, jefferson freed hemingss children though not hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after

56、 observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the revolutionary war, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in virginia.36.george washingtons dental surgery is me

57、ntioned toa show the primitive medical practice in the past.b demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.c stress the role of slaves in the u.s. history.d reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37.we may infer from the second paragraph thata dna technology has been widely applied to history research.b in its early days the u.s. was confronted with delicate situations.c historians deliberately made up some stories of jeffersons life.d political compromises are