新概念英語第三冊筆記第40課

1、Lesson 40 Whos who真假難辨New words and expression 生詞和短語hoax hks n.騙局，戲弄 （v. 捉弄，欺騙）（小孩說“狼來了”）（A false warning of danger, mischievous trick played on sb for a joke）play a hoax/trick on sb. 戲弄play a joke on sb. 開玩笑 The boy student is thinking how to play a hoax on his classmate.a bomb hoax聲稱有炸彈的騙局hoax cal

2、l : a telephone call that gives false information 電話騙局eg. Dickeys private collection of modern paintings was nothing but a hoax.coax kks v.(耐心地)說服 （vt. 哄；哄誘；慢慢將弄好vi. 哄騙；勸誘）（to persuade sb to do sth that one is not willing to do by talking to him in a kind, gentle, and patient way）coax sb into doing

3、sthcoax sb out of doing sth eg. The mother coaxed the baby into a sound sleep.fool n/v （n. 傻瓜，愚人vt. 欺騙，愚弄，戲弄vi. 開玩笑，犯傻）make a fool of sb愚弄某人，欺騙某人eg. He is no fool. eg. Their strong accent couldnt fool a native speaker. 當(dāng)?shù)厝艘宦牼椭浪麄兪峭獾氐?。trick n./v.1) 戲法，把戲，圈套magic trick 魔術(shù)2）詭計(jì)，圈套，惡作劇play a trick on sb

4、對某人搞惡作劇a dirty trick/a rotten trick 惡意的玩笑trick sb into doing sth 騙，坑（to deceive someone in order to get sth from him or to make him do sth）eg. Mum tricked me into taking the medicine.trick sb out of stheg. The corporation was tricked out of $20 million.deception dsep()n n.欺騙，騙局（指無關(guān)緊要的欺騙，有時(shí)也指利已的不誠實(shí)行為

5、）She referred to the pills as sweet, so the harmless deception made it easy for her child to take them.deceit dsi:t 強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)人對另一個(gè)的故意欺騙（指歪曲實(shí)情，慣于說謊或蓄意欺騙。）We are incapable of deceit.fraud 一般用于犯罪行為的欺騙，通常指政治或經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中的舞弊行為。trickery 語氣上比deception嚴(yán)厲，著重指有步驟的詭計(jì)以追求私利He had gained control of the company by trickery.de

6、ceive dsi:v v. 欺騙；行騙deceive 表示隱瞞真相或以假相騙人。如：The boy deceived the teacher by lying.cheat 欺騙，常用詞，主要指為了自己的利益欺騙人。trick 哄騙，表示耍手段進(jìn)行欺騙，強(qiáng)調(diào)在行騙時(shí)使用計(jì)策，有時(shí)也指并非出于惡意的欺騙。如：Tom cleverly tricked his mother into approval.self-respecting a.自重的self-taught adj.自學(xué)的self-confidence 自信 self-distrust 不自信eg. Worry, fear, self-di

7、strust憂慮，恐懼和不自信self-reliant rlant adj. 自力的 reliant 依賴的; 依靠的（rely的形容詞） be reliant on reliable adj. 可靠的；可信賴的self-contained 獨(dú)立自足的（do not need help or resources from outside.）；設(shè)施獨(dú)立的（獨(dú)門獨(dú)戶的指毋須與他人共享廚房、廁所等)） 注意：獨(dú)立自主是 independenta self-contained flat 獨(dú)立的公寓self-sacrifice 自我犧牲indulge ndld v.使沉迷（to let yourself

8、 do or have sth that you enjoy, especially sth that is considered bad for you）（1、做某事或者于某物，2、引出對象的介詞用in）indulge oneself in盡情享用，沉溺于= be indulged inHe was indulged in smoking and drinking. He indulged himself in smoking and drinking.indulge的第二個(gè)語義是“縱容”“遷就”(spoil)（中國話 慣孩子）She indulges her only son.abando

9、n oneself to sth 放縱，放肆，盡情（to feel an emotion so strongly that you let it control you completely）eg. He abandon himself to grief 他不勝悲痛。（恣意，忘情）abandon oneself to alcohol 酗酒take to sb/take to doing sth attend to照看，照料1)like sb/doing sth 開始喜歡上eg. He took to her at the first sight.2)to start doing sth as

10、a habit 開始有習(xí)慣，開始上癮eg. All this bad news is enough to make him take to drinking. 就這個(gè)壞消息足以讓他借酒消愁。eg. I have taken to getting up at 6 and going jogging.pneumatic nju:mtk a.氣動的（2、充氣的）（worked or driven by compressed air）pneumatic drill 風(fēng)鉆pneumatic tires 充氣輪胎pneumatic pump 氣泵pneumatic brake 空氣制動器 ; 電動氣動制動

11、器 ; 氣閘 ; 氣剎pneumonia nju:mn 肺炎 atypical pneumonia etpk()l; - 非典型的 drill n.鉆 （n. 訓(xùn)練；鉆孔機(jī)；鉆子；播種機(jī)；演習(xí)(操練) vi. 鉆孔，鉆探；訓(xùn)練vt. 鉆孔；訓(xùn)練；條播）drill 側(cè)重進(jìn)行有系統(tǒng)的，嚴(yán)格和重復(fù)的練習(xí) （消防演習(xí)a fire drill 軍事演習(xí)a military drill）training 普通用詞，泛指為從事某種職業(yè)而進(jìn)行的身體或智力方面的訓(xùn)練。practice 指把所學(xué)的理論或知識用于實(shí)踐以獲得技藝與技巧。exercise 主要指為強(qiáng)壯體魄而進(jìn)行的鍛煉，也可指進(jìn)行練習(xí)以保持已經(jīng)獲得的技巧

12、。pneumatic drill氣鉆 參考水鉆（高壓水槍，金屬可以切割） 廣泛用應(yīng)用于家電制造，房屋裝修，汽車船舶制造，航空航天工業(yè)制造及維修行業(yè)，功率大,無火花,在高瓦斯礦井中，尤其能體現(xiàn)其安全性。silly a.無意義的，無聊的1) not sensible 愚昧的，愚蠢的，不明智的a silly thing to do做了一件蠢事，說了一句蠢話 /a silly thing to sayeg. I left my keys at home, which was a pretty silly thing to do.2) 無聊的，沒有意義的play a silly joke on sb 同

13、某人開無聊的玩笑3) not practical 不實(shí)用的foolish 強(qiáng)調(diào)愚蠢的，笨的，不明智的 I remonstrated him not to do anything foolish.Silly 表示無意義的，無聊的，無知的 Being called silly is not compliment. Dont play such a silly play.stupid 強(qiáng)調(diào)人及言行缺乏良好的判斷力，及一般的智能（主要指天生遲鈍） His son is as stupid as all.dull 指理解遲鈍，或健康狀況不佳、工作過度而導(dǎo)致的缺乏敏銳的頭腦 The old mans he

14、aring has become dull. She is a dull girl.表示人很呆advance a.n.預(yù)先的，事先獲得的advance information 預(yù)先獲得的信息/ in advance 提前v./n./ adj.1) to move forward 向前eg. The troops advanced on the enemy. 部隊(duì)朝敵軍開進(jìn)。2)to develop and improve 發(fā)展，提升eg. A month has passed and the investigation has not advanced. 一個(gè)月過去了,調(diào)查毫無進(jìn)展。3) gi

15、ve someone money before they have earned it 預(yù)支（薪水）eg. He begged his boss to advance him a salary for a month.in advance ; before, beforehandbook a table in advanceahead of time/ahead of schedule 提前(earlier than planned)make preparations in advance 預(yù)先做好準(zhǔn)備/make preparations in anticipationadvance adj.

16、 given or made in advanceadvance planning 預(yù)先計(jì)劃 advance warning 預(yù)先警告 advance booking 預(yù)定advance payment 預(yù)付款 advance information 事先通報(bào) advance troops 先頭部隊(duì)an advance agent 先遣人員，打前站的advanced adj. 高深的，先進(jìn)的advanced weapon 先進(jìn)的 advanced in years 上年紀(jì)（長的著急，在年齡上處于領(lǐng)先地位）archway :twe n.拱形門樓arcade n.有拱廊的街道（兩旁常設(shè)商店）:rk

17、ed本意是：拱廊，連拱廊=有拱廊的街道=商場，游樂中心;arc :rk (幾何) ??；?。ǘ?型）; 天穹; 電弧，弧光。vi 作弧形運(yùn)動；呈弧形；形成電弧The Aleutian chain is a long arc of islands in the North Pacific lu:nremonstrate remnstret v.規(guī)勸，告戒（非常正式的用詞）remonstrate sb. to do sth.remonstrate with sb about/on/upon/over stheg. His parents remonstrated with him about his

18、 bad habits.eg. The police remonstrated with the careless driver who wont listen to reason.demonstrate v.1) to show sth clearly by giving proofs or examples 證明eg. Recent findings clearly demonstrated that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture.2) to march through the streets with a

19、 large group of people in order to protest against sth openly游行示威demonstrate against 游行反抗eg. Large crowds demonstrated outside the American embassy against racial discrimination.illustrate v.（用實(shí)物，例子，圖片）闡明，解釋，表明; 顯示（to be an example which shows that sth is true）eg. The teacher illustrates his lesson

20、with a map. a beautifully illustrated book 插圖設(shè)置非常漂亮的一本書。ironically adv.諷刺地eg. Ironically, he broke his left leg on a piece of ice with his right one still in plaster.eg. Ironically, she finally found that she fell in love with the man who she held in contempt.ironic adj. 諷刺的；反話的（using words that are

21、 opposite of what you really mean, especially in a joking way）eg. As the rain lashed down, my mothers one ironic comment was:” An ideal day for a wedding”.irony 諷刺；反語；具有諷刺意味的事 （eg:運(yùn)用反諷的手法）ironist 諷刺家；諷刺作家sarcastic adj. 諷刺的（貶）（挖苦的；尖刻的，辛辣的）（that are the opposite of what you mean in order to make an un

22、friendly joke）a sarcastic reply a sarcastic smileSarcastic 表示茍刻傷人的諷刺和嘲笑:.通常是直接性的Ironic 意味著一種微妙的間接表達(dá)出來的諷刺:.通常是間接性的（反話，一個(gè)相反的結(jié)果）permission n.許可（允許，準(zhǔn)許） (sir, permission to execute him)ask sb. for permission to do sthgive/grant sb. permission to do sthask permission from sbpermit pmit n./v. ( to allow st

23、h to happen, especially by an official order or decision)permit sb sthpermit sb to do stheg. My parents wont permit me access to you.eg. The millionaire wont permit his daughter to marry a tramp.permit of 容許eg. The situation permits of no delay 形式緊迫，刻不容緩p:mit n.許可證drivers permit 駕駛證 work permit 工作許可

24、證 export permit 出口證driving license 駕駛證 practice license 營業(yè)執(zhí)照permission n. grant gr:nt v. 同意，準(zhǔn)予（特別指官方的同意和許可）(to give, especially official permission to do sth)（v.（合法地）授予，允許；（勉強(qiáng)）承認(rèn)，同意n.（政府）撥款，補(bǔ)助；授予，給予；正式授予）grant sb permission to do sth 同意，給予，答應(yīng)請求eg. The police granted him permission to have an intervi

25、ew with his family.take it/sth/sb for granted 理所當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為eg. The noble man took it for granted that all men are at his service.Text 課文Whos who 世界名人錄is the title of a reference book containing short biographies of prominent people.eg. I dont know who is who in the class.It has never been explained why un

26、iversity students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.It has never been explained why why連接副詞引起主語從句（在上節(jié)課我們強(qiáng)調(diào)了it做形式主語的主語從句，為了引出更加豐富，復(fù)雜的表達(dá)形式）there is no knowing why 沒法知道，理解的原因 （注意這種形式，雖然是名詞，但表達(dá)的意思是動作）eg. It has never been explained why young girls would like to marry rich men advanced

27、in years. 上年紀(jì)It is indicated that 被表明 （相反意思的句型）It is illustrated that /It is demonstrated that 被證明eg. It is illustrated that heavy pollution has given rise to a worldwide Green House Effect. 溫室效應(yīng)It is predicted that 有人預(yù)言 It is expected that 預(yù)計(jì)It is proposed that 建議 It is found that 被發(fā)現(xiàn)eg. It has bee

28、n found that the obscured maid-servant was really the heros mother.practical joke 惡作劇Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax.specialize 1、在某事上有專長，特長2、詳細(xì)說明 3、使特殊化，使專門化 specialization 專門研究specialize in 專門從事，專門研究，專攻，專長，專修eg. He made up his mind to specialize in contract law

29、.engage in: to take part or become involved in an activity 從事（某活動），參與eg. My friend engaged in detective story writing.Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. put out fire 撲滅，熄滅（注意對象）put out a cigaret

30、te put out a light put out a lampfeel put out/be put out （to feel upset or offended）惱火eg. We were a little put out at not being invited to the wedding.put oneself out 不辭勞苦，不厭其煩（to make an effort to do sth that will help others; to take the trouble to do sth） eg. The eccentric, though with few words,

31、 always puts himself out to help people whenever they are in need.put down 1、記下（本意是打字機(jī)打出） 2、鎮(zhèn)壓（暴動，叛亂） 3、殺死（危險(xiǎn)或病重的動物）put down a revolution 鎮(zhèn)壓革命 put down a revolt鎮(zhèn)壓起義 put down rebellion 鎮(zhèn)壓反抗extinguish kstgw（正式） （vt. 1、熄滅（正式）2、使破滅; 消除 a feeling or idea, it destroys it.）The message extinguished her hope

32、s of Richards return.extinguish a fire extinguish all cigarettesInviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent firenonexistent adj.不存在的 （non-not, without） existexistent-existencenonaligned ,nnland adj.不結(jié)盟的 align lan vt. 使結(jié)盟；使成一行；匹配 ally la 盟友nonaligned countriesnonsensea crude form of deception

33、which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. （注意no否定的是誰?。﹏o self-respecting student would ever 不（沒有），任何也不會eg. No man is born wise. eg. No one with a strong will would indulge himself in an easy life.有強(qiáng)烈上進(jìn)心的人不會貪圖生活安逸。Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone exce

34、pt the victims.注意這里的except后面省略了一個(gè)to，前有do后無to（do的任何形式）When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.注意這里的recently，最近

35、，并不是一個(gè)大概的概念，而是一個(gè)具體的時(shí)間概念。（要拋除完成時(shí)慣性思維）telephone=call=ring updress up as workmendress up as a ghosttear up 本意是“撕毀，撕碎”，引申出條狀物的，拆除; 拆毀，比如鐵路，道路，或者“區(qū)域”rip tear split（本意是使分開，分離）As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to

36、take him seriously.they were not to take himbe to do sth （最常見是三種1. should2. must3. intend，這三個(gè)詞的意思）一、（按照計(jì)劃和安排）將要做某事，一定要做某事；必然要發(fā)生的事。eg. They are to send more people to help us.(be going to)eg. Everyone is to die.人必有一死。要注意“was / were to do sth. 表示曾經(jīng)計(jì)劃要做的事，但不表明計(jì)劃是否被執(zhí)行，或表示“命運(yùn)（即命中注定要發(fā)生的事）”，這層用法文學(xué)作品中常用，類似w

37、as supposed toThey said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. 不知道以后再也不會見面了。二、表示語氣輕時(shí)“應(yīng)該”表建議（相當(dāng)于should, ought to。），語氣重時(shí)表“命令”（相當(dāng)于must, have to。）?？勺g為“必須”或“不準(zhǔn)”。1、You are to report to the police.你應(yīng)該報(bào)警2、No one is to leave the room without permission.未經(jīng)允許誰也不準(zhǔn)離開房間。三、表示“可能性”。（相當(dāng)于may, can

38、）1、Are you to pay the debt for your wife? 你能為妻子還債嗎？四、表示“想，打算”，相當(dāng)于intend, want。例如： if you are to win the game, you must exercise harder.If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now.如果我們要在十點(diǎn)前到，我們現(xiàn)在就得走。take him seriously 把他當(dāng)回事take life seriously 認(rèn)真對待生活 take family seriously take education seri

39、ouslyeg.You cant be so serious! 你開玩笑吧?。╱sed to say that you think what sb has said is silly or impossible）eg. Im dead serious！我可是當(dāng)真的！ dead adv. 完全地He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.play all sorts of silly jokes on sb play a pract

40、ical joke on sb play a silly joke on sb play a trick on sbBoth the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.be grateful to sb for sthinformation不可數(shù)，又是信息類名詞，可以用量詞piece.The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that w

41、ent on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away.nearby adj. 附近的，鄰近的adv. 在附近 prep. 在附近that went on= that happenedsure enoughNeedless to say不必說，肯定是it goes without saying 后話自不必說sure enough 果不其然，不出所料=/as expectedon the scene 在現(xiàn)場 注意這里的arrive是不及物動詞，出現(xiàn)，并非arri

42、ve in arrive at的抵達(dá)eg. The police arrived on the scene very quickly after the car accident.eg. A news reported on the scene.on the spot1) 在現(xiàn)場，到出事地點(diǎn)eg. The police was called and an ambulance arrived on the spot within 10 minutes.2) 立即，當(dāng)即，當(dāng)場eg. He felt put out at his bosss sarcastic remarks and resigne

43、d on the spot.the scene of a crime 作案現(xiàn)場（scene有畫面感） spot coverage現(xiàn)場采訪（spot只是說明位置）When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force.threaten v.威脅 （對不服者給予懲罰）threaten to do sth threaten sb with sth eg. Every time the young couple have words, the wife will

44、threaten to divorce him.menace mens （n.威脅；恐嚇vi. 恐嚇；進(jìn)行威脅vt. 威脅；恐嚇）(系正式用詞,用某種意志給以威脅)menace sb with sth/menace sb to do sth eg. Two gangsters menaced us with weapons. eg. Heavy smoking menaces a persons health. 威脅到（you mean that the first thing is likely to cause the second thing serious harm. 威脅）intim

45、idate v. 恫嚇，威脅做某事（you deliberately make them frightened enough to do what you want them to do）（突出使害怕）timid tmd adj. 膽小，害羞的 intimidate sb into doing stheg. The witness was intimidated into giving false testimony.he threatened to remove them by force.remove : to get away or take away 1、移開 書面 2、脫下，摘下書面

46、 3、去除 (痕跡); 洗掉 (污漬)（除去）4、把免職（除去）5、去除 (障礙或限制); 解決 (問題)（除去）6、搬家eg. The biscuit was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry.remove ones hat and gloves 脫下帽子，摘下手套remove a tumor 切除腫瘤 remove poverty 消滅貧窮 eg. Our home has removed from Boston to New Yorkmalignant mlgnnt adj. 惡性的醫(yī)學(xué)；惡毒

47、的a malignant tumor 惡性腫瘤 a benign tumor 良性腫瘤 benign bnan adj. 良性的；和藹的，親切的The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help.do as he pleased to do as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句eg. He just does as he pleases and never thinks of anyone else.他做事隨心所欲，毫不顧及他人的感受。eg. Do as you please, but I dont ca

48、re anyway. 悉聽尊便，我不在乎。eg. The era when America could do as it pleased has gone.Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.remonstrate sb. to do sth.remonstrate with sb about/on/upon/over sthAs the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pn

49、eumatic drill.as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句attempt to do 嘗試做某事，這里是試圖seize抓住，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果take v. 拿，抓 最普通用詞，指用手拿、取、抓或控制某物，不帶任何感情色彩。clutch v. 緊抓，抓牢 指因不想失去而緊緊地抓住某物，或因害怕、疼痛、危險(xiǎn)等而突然抓住某人或某物。grasp v. 抓牢，抓緊 指緊緊地、牢牢地抓住某物。grab v. 抓住，攫取 指突然抓住某人或某物，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作粗野，此義時(shí)?？膳csnatch 換用；有時(shí)也指緊緊抓住某人或某物。snatch vt.搶, 奪取（= catchsth/sbsuddenlyandviolently）指突然地?fù)?/p>

50、、奪、抓，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作迅速或具有暴力性質(zhì)。 - The big bird snatches the hen from the ground.Seize v.抓住, 逮住, 奪?。◤?qiáng)調(diào)抓住、抓到的結(jié)果）si:z- Fearseizedher. 她突然感覺很恐懼。 seize the momentcatch vt.捕獲, 趕上(車船等) （= getholdofsth/sbmoving） - catch mouse / catch bus / catch a thiefGrasp 強(qiáng)調(diào)“掌握” - We have already grasped six thousand words.Hold 強(qiáng)調(diào)抓牢

51、、抓緊（catch hold of 抓住）- He is holding an umbrella.The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper.struggle 1) to try hard to achieve sth 努力奮斗（奮力獲取struggle for sth）struggle for fame努力成名 struggle for fortune努力致富2) 掙扎 eg. The child struggled in his arms.3) 斗爭，爭斗 struggle against poverty s

52、truggle against illnesseg. The thief struggled fiercely against the police.小偷與警察負(fù)隅頑抗。lose ones temper=go mad 發(fā)脾氣，火了He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.at this 聽到這兒，聽了之后when hearing this=

53、at these words=with this 就這樣表示“一怎么就”at+名詞或動名詞 （一般是感官（感覺，感知），情感，想法）at后的名詞或動名詞，一般是sight, thought, sound, hearing, idea或者see，hear，think等情感、感觀動詞, 組成結(jié)構(gòu)為：at the sight/hearing/sound/(bare)thought/idea of或者at seeing/hearing/thinking等，翻譯為：一看到/聽到/想到就。句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時(shí)。如：At hearing the news, he rushed out. 一聽到這個(gè)消息

54、，他就沖出去了。At the sight of the police officers they ran off.一看見那些警官,他們便逃跑了。I was so miserable at the idea of you in trouble.一想到你有麻煩，我就很痛苦。另外還可以用at the(mere)/(very) mention of當(dāng)說到；一提到就, at the first opportunity(chance)一有機(jī)會就等, 例如：I feel sick at the mere mention of blood 一提到血，我就惡心at名詞或動名詞多放在句首，但直接加名詞常放到后面。比如：At seeing her mother，the girl burst into