2005年托?？荚嚾嬖囶}測(cè)試

1、· 2005年托福考試全真試題測(cè)試reading comprehension time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). now set your clock for 55 minutes.question 110the word laser was coined as an acronym for light amplification by the stimulatedemission of radiation. ordinary light, from the sun or a light bulb,

2、is emittedspontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention . stimulated emission is different because it occurs when anatom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light. albert einstein was the first to

3、suggest the existence of stimulated emission in apaper published in 1917. however , for many years physicists thought that atoms andmolecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulatedemission thus always would be much weaker. it was not until after the second world

4、war that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. they soughtways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light ,amplifying it to much higher powers. the first to succeed was charles h.townes, then at colombia university in newyork . instead of working w

5、ith light , however, he worked with microwaves, which havea much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for microwaveamplification by the stimulated emission of radiation. although he thought of thekey idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of yea

6、rs later. beforelong, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to producestimulated emission at even shorter wavelength. the key concepts emerged about 1957. townes and arthur schawlow, then at belltelephone laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions neede

7、d to amplifystimulated emission of visible light waves. at about the same time, similar ideascrystallized in the mind of gordon gould, then a 37- year-old graduate student atcolumbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. townes and schawlowpublished their ideas in a scientific journal, phys

8、ical review letter, but gould filed apatent application. three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the creditfor the concept of the laser.1. the word "coin" in line 1 could be replaced by(a) created(b) mentioned(c) understood(d) discovered2. the word "intervention&quo

9、t; in line 4 can best be replaced by(a) need(b) device(c) influence(d) source3. the word "it" in line 5 refers to(a) light bulb(b) energy(c) molecule(d) atom4. which of the following statements best describes a laser?(a) a device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light(b) an atom

10、 in a high-energy state(c) a technique for destroying atoms or molecules(d) an instrument for measuring light waves5. why was townes early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?(a) he was not concerned with light amplification(b) it was easier to work with longer wavelengths.(c) his par

11、tner schawlow had already begun work on the laser.(d) the laser had already been developed· 6. in his research at columbia university, charles townes worked with all of the following except (a) stimulated emission(b) microwaves(c) light amplification(d) a maser7.in approximately what year was t

12、he first maser built?(a) 1917(b) 1951(c) 1953(d) 19578. the word "emerged" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(a) increased(b) concluded(c) succeeded(d) appeared9. the word "outlining" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(a) assigning(b) studying(c) checking(d) summarizing10. why

13、do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?(a) the researchers notebooks were lost.(b) several people were developing the idea at the same time.(c) no one claimed credit for the development until recently.(d) the work is still incomplete.question 1121 panel pain

14、ting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth -century europe , involved apainstaking , laborious process. wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso toprepare the surface for painting , and then polished smooth with special tools. on thisperfect surface, the artist would sketch a composition with c

15、halk, refine it with inks,and then begin the deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint (eggyolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. the successive layering ofthese meticulously applied paints produced the final, translucent colors.backgrounds of gold were made

16、by carefully applying sheets of gold leaf, and thenembellishing of decorating the gold leaf by punchingit with a metal rod on which apattern had been embossed. every step in the process was slow and deliberate . thequick-drying tempera demanded that the artist know exactly where each stroke beplaced

17、 before the brush met the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. it was,therefore , an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear edges and pure, fine areasof color that were so much a part of the overall aesthetic of the time. the notion that anartist could or would dash off an idea i

18、n a fit of spontaneous inspiration wascompletely alien to these deliberately produced works. furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming that it demandedassistance. all such work was done by collective enterprise in the workshops. thepainter or master who is credited with having create

19、d painting may have designedthe work and overseen its production, but it is highly unlikely that the artists handapplied every stroke of the brush. more likely, numerous assistants, who had beentrained to imitate the artists style, applied the paint. the carpenters shop probablyprovided the frame an

20、d perhaps supplied the panel, and yet another shop supplied thegold. thus, not only many hands , but also many shops were involved in the finalproduct.in spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panelpaintings have survived, and today many of them are housed in muse

21、um collections.· 11. what aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss? (a) famous examples(b) different styles(c) restoration(d) production12. according to the passage, what does the first step in making a panel painting ?(a) mixing the paint(b) preparing the panel(c) buying the g

22、old leaf(d) making ink drawings13. the word "it" in line 4 refers to .(a) chalk(b) composition(c) artist(d) surface14. the word "deliberate" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(a) decisive(b) careful(c) natural(d) unusual15. which of the following processes produced the translucen

23、t colors found on panel paintings? (a) joining wooden planks to form large sheets(b) polishing the gesso(c) applying many layers of paint(d) covering the background with gold leaf16. what characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage ?(a) it dries quickly(b) it is difficut to make(c) i

24、t dissolves easily(d) it has to be applied directly to wood17. the word "demanded" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(a) ordered(b) reported(c) required(d) questioned18. the "collective enterprise" mentioned in line 18 includes all of the following except(a) supplying the gold l

25、eaf(b) building the panels(c) applying the paint(d) selling the painting19. the word "imitate" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(a) copy(b) illustrate(c) promote(d) believe in20. the author mentions all of the following as problems with the survival of panel painting except(a) condition(

26、b) theft(c) preservation(d) restoration21. the word "them" in line 27 refers to(a) problems(b) condition, restoration, preservation(c) panel paintings(d) museum collections· question 2232 crows are probably the most frequently met and easily identifiable members of thenative fauna of

27、the united states . the great number of tales, legends, and myths aboutthese birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in them for a longtime. on the other hand, when it comes to substantive particularly behavioral information, crows are less well known than many comparably comm

28、on species and,for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the endangered california condor, tocite one obvious example. there are practical reasons for this. crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for field research. keenobservers and quick learners, they are astute about the inten

29、tions of other creatures,including researchers, and adept at avoiding them. because they are so numerous,active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to distinguish one crow from another. bands,radio transmitters, or other identifying devices can be attached to them , but this ofcourse requires catchi

30、ng live crows, who are among the wariest and most untrappableof birds. technical difficulties aside , crow research is daunting because the ways of thesebirds are so complex and various. as preeminent is generalists, members of this species ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources

31、, and they can quickly adjustto changes in their circumstances. being so educable, individual birds have markedlydifferent interests and inclinations, strategies and scams.for example, one pet crowlearned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling the pin on the door. when the dogescaped, the bir

32、d went into the kennel and ate its food.22.what is the main topic of the passage?(a) the ways in which crows differ from other common birds(b) the myths and legends about crows(c) the characteristics that make crows difficult to study(d) the existing methods for investigating crow behavior23. accord

33、ing to the first paragraph, what evidence is there that crows have interested people for a long time?(a) the large number of stories about crows.(b) the frequency with which crows are sighted(c) the amount of research that has been conducted on crows(d) the ease with which crows are identified24. th

34、e word "comparable" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(a) interestingly(b) similar(c) otherwise(d) sometimes25. in line 6, the author mention the endangered california condor as an example of a species that is(a) smaller than the crow(b) easily identifiable(c) featured in legends(d) very r

35、are26. in line 6, the author mentions the endangered california condor as an example of a species that is(a) crows(b) subjects(c) intentions(d) researchers27.according to the second paragraph, crows are poor subjects for field research for all of the following reasons except(a) they can successfully

36、 avoid observers.(b) they are hard to distinguish from one another(c) they can be quite aggressive.(d) they are difficult to catch.· 28. in the second paragraph, the author implies that using radio transmitters would allow a researcher who studies crow to (a) identify individual crows (b) follo

37、w flocks of crows over long distances(c) record the times when crows are most active(d) help crows that become sick or injured29. according to the third paragraph, which of the following is true about crows?(a) they seldom live in any one place for very long.(b) they thrive in a wide variety of envi

38、ronments.(c) they have marked preferences for certain kinds of foods.(d) they use up the resources in one area before moving to another.30. in line 19,the word "inclinations" is closest in meaning to(a) tricks(b) opportunities(c) preferences(d) experiences31. in lines 19-21, the author men

39、tions a pet crow to illustrate which of the following? (a) the clever ways that crows solve problems(b) the differences between pet crows and wild crows(c) the ease with which crows can be tamed(d) the affection that crows show to other creatures32. which of the following statements is supported by

40、the passage?(a) crows have relatively long lives.(b) crows have keen vision(c) crows are usually solitary(d) crows are very intelligent.questions 33-41in the early days of the united states, postal charges were paid by the recipient andcharges varied with the distance carried. in 1825, the united st

41、ates congress permittedlocal postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home delivery, but these carriersreceived no government salary and their entire compensation depended on what theywere paid by the recipients of individual letters.in 1847 the united states post office department adopted t

42、he idea of a postage stamp,which of course simplified the payment for postal service but caused grumbling bythose who did not like to prepay. besides, the stamp covered only delivery to the postoffice and did not include carrying it to a private address. in philadelphia, for example,with a populatio

43、n of 150,000, people still had to go to the post office to get their mail.the confusion and congestion of individual citizens looking for their letters was itselfenough to discourage use of the mail. it is no wonder that, during the years of thesecumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and

44、express businesses developed.although their activities were only semilegal, they thrived, and actually advertised thatbetween boston and philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the governmentmail. the government postal service lost volume to private competition and was notable to handle effi

45、ciently even the business it had.finally, in 1863, congress provided that the mail carriers who delivered the mailfrom the post offices to private addresses should receive a government salary, and thatthere should be no extra charge for that delivery. but this delivery service was at firstconfined t

46、o cities, and free home delivery became a mark of urbanism. as late as 1887,a town had to have 10,000 people to be eligible for free home delivery. in 1890, of the75 million people in the united states, fewer than 20 million had mail delivered freeto their doors. th e rest, nearly three-quarters of

47、the population, still received no mailunless they went to their post office.· 33. what does the passage mainly discuss? (a) the increased use of private mail services(b) the development of a government postal system(c) a comparison of urban and rural postal services(d) the history of postage st

48、amps.34. the word "varied" in line 2 could best be replaced by(a) increased(b) differed(c) returned(d) started35. which of the following was seen as a disadvantage of the postage stamp?(a) it had to be purchased by the sender in advance.(b) it increased the cost of mail delivery.(c) it was

49、 difficult to affix to letters.(d) it was easy to counterfeit.36. why does the author mention the city of philadelphia in line 9?(a) it was the site of the first post office in the united states.(b) its postal service was inadequate for its population.(c) it was the largest city in the united states

50、 in 1847.(d) it was commemorated by the first united states postage stamp.37. the word "cumbersome" in line 13 is closest in meaning to(a) burdensome(b) handsome(c ) loathsome(d) quarrelsome38. the word "they" in line 15 refers to(a) boston and philadelphia(b) businesses(c) arran

51、gements(d) letters39. the private postal services of the nineteenth century claimed that they could do which of the following better than the government?(a) deliver a higher volume of mail.(b) deliver mail more cheaply.(c) deliver mail faster.(d) deliver mail to rural areas.40. in 1863 the united st

52、ates government began providing which of the following to mail carriers? (a) a salary(b) housing(c) transportation(d) free postage stamps41. the word "confined" in line 21 is closest in meaning to(a) granted(b) scheduled(c) limited(d) recommendedquestions 43-50 archaeology has long been an

53、 accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures.relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies ofthe more immediate past. this has been called "historical archaeology," a term that isused in the united states to refer to any archaeological investigatio

54、n into northamerican sites that postdate the arrival of europeans. back in the 1930s and 1940s, when building restoration was popular, historical <br>archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. the role of archaeologistswas to find the foundations of historic buildings an

55、d then take a back seat to architects. the mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by 1950s. mostpeople entering historical archaeology during this period came out of universityanthropology departments., where they had studied prehistoric cultures. they were, bytraining, social scientists, not

56、 historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. thequestions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help themunderstand, as scientists, how people behaved. but because they were treading onhistorical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation and becausetheir own knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to americanhis