亞當斯密看不見的手

1、gems of ideapage 2亞當亞當斯密與看不見的手斯密與看不見的手 his gemsn國民財富的性質和原因的研究 nan inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations (the wealth of nations) nfather of economicsneconomics: a study of how society manages its scarce resources.nwhatnwhonhow關于“市場”n 市場經(jīng)濟n market economyn 市場機制n market mechanismn

2、 market forces vs. market powern 政府調控與市場機制的有機統(tǒng)一n closely integrate government control with market forcesn laissez-faire n 自由放任n 政府干預n governmental intervention中譯英詞匯辨析n 流行觀點n prevalent viewn分散分散n（火災）分散人群nevacuaten分散的市場經(jīng)濟ndecentralized market economiesn分散化投資ndiversified investments句子翻譯n 讓人們各行其是，而不要讓政府

3、沉重的手來指導他們的行為，結果往往會最好。 n individuals are usually best left to their own devices, without the heavy hand of government guiding their actions.n leave (someone) to his own devices:to allow to do as one pleasesndevice: the act or process of planning or devising n 為什么分散的市場經(jīng)濟運行得這么好 ？n 運行n operation, motion

4、n 經(jīng)濟運行n economic operation/performancen why do decentralized market economies work so well?n 經(jīng)濟參與者受利己心所驅動，而市場中“看不見的手”指引著這種利己心去促進總體的經(jīng)濟福利。 n participants in the economy are motivated by self-interest and the “invisible hand” of the market guides this self-interest into promoting general economic well-

5、being.muhammad yunus about his village bank n in 1974, i found it difficult to teach elegant theories of economics in the university classroom in the backdrop of a terrible famine then occurring in bangladesh. n 1974年，正逢孟加拉嚴重饑荒，我無法旁若無視地在大學教室里講授高深的經(jīng)濟學理論。n suddenly i felt the emptiness of those theori

6、es in the face of crushing hunger and poverty. n 面對如此嚴重的饑荒和貧困，我突然感到這些理論是如此的空洞。n this, to me, was a way of recruiting slave labor.n 這在我眼里就是壓榨奴隸。 n about “l(fā)abor”n 勞動教養(yǎng)、勞動改造（中國譯界流行的譯法）：reform/education/rehabiliation through laborn 韋氏第三版新國際詞典：expenditure of physical or mental effort esp. when fatiguing,

7、 difficult, or compulsaryn 西方文獻關于labor的用法：labor camp(勞改營)，penal labor(刑罰性的勞動)，prison/convict labor(監(jiān)獄勞工)，slavery and forced labor(奴隸和強迫勞動)，child labor(童工)，bonded labor(包身工)n 政治色彩、侵犯人權n 勞動改造：criminal reformationn 勞動教養(yǎng)：education of offendersn 勞動態(tài)度、勞動自覺性：attitude toward work, work initiativen 勞動力（勞工）：l

8、abor forcen the bank said that the poor were not creditworthy. after all my efforts, over several months, failed i offered to become a guarantor for the loans to the poor. n 銀行說他們不值得信任。經(jīng)過數(shù)月的不懈努力，我還是沒有說服他們，于是我成為了窮人的貸款擔保人。n 小額信貸n microcreditn collateral-free income generating loansn 免擔保保增收貸款n 關于“擔?！眓

9、collateral:質押，多指流動資產(chǎn)類，最常見的是票據(jù)，如：存單、存折、國債等質押。 n mortgage：抵押，指固定資產(chǎn)類，如：房產(chǎn)、機械設備等抵押。n guarantee：擔保，指信用擔保，可以是第三方的信用，也可以是第三方的資產(chǎn)。 n outstanding loans n 未償貸款n accroding to grameen banks internal survey, 64 per cent of our borrowers have crossed the poverty line. n 格萊珉銀行的內(nèi)部調查顯示，64%的借債人已擺脫貧困。n we want to make

10、a break in the historical continuation of poverty. n 我們不想讓貧困繼續(xù)下去。n it is claimed that the freer the market, the better is the result of capitalism in solving the questions of what, how, and for whom. it is also claimed that the individual search for personal gains brings collective optimal result. n

11、 它（資本主義）主張市場越自由，資本主義就越能更好地解決“做什么，如何做，為誰做”的問題。同時它也主張，個人追求自身利益會帶來集體的最優(yōu)結果?！癷 have said capitalism is a half told story.”n the theory of capitalism assumes that entrepreneurs are one-dimensional human beings, who are dedicated to one mission in their business lives to maximize profit. this interpretatio

12、n of capitalism insulates the entrepreneurs from all political, emotional, social, spiritual, environmental dimensions of their lives. many of the worlds problems exist because of this restriction on the players of free-market. n 資本主義理論假定，企業(yè)家是一維人，在他們的職業(yè)生涯中，只追求一個目標，就是利潤最大化。對資本主義的這種理解忽視了企業(yè)家們生活中所有政治、情感

13、、社會、精神，以及環(huán)境等其他維度。這個世界中存在著的許多問題，正是因為自由市場參與者受到了這種限制。n we worked extra hard to transform ourselves, as closely as possible, into the one-dimensional human beings as conceptualized in the theory, to allow smooth functioning of free market mechanism. n 我們特別努力地工作，盡可能地將自己轉變成已經(jīng)概念化的一維人，以便讓自由市場機制順暢地發(fā)揮作用。n let

14、 us suppose an entrepreneur, instead of having a single source of motivation (such as maximizing profit), now has two sources of motivation, which are mutually exclusive, but equally compelling a) maximization of profit and b) doing good to people and the world. n 現(xiàn)在我們假設一位企業(yè)家，他不是只有單一的動機（例如，利潤最大化），而是

15、現(xiàn)在有兩個動機，這兩個動機是相互排斥的，但勢均力敵，其一是利潤最大化，其二是為人民和世界增加福利。n we cannot cope with the problems of poverty within the orthodoxy of capitalism preached and practiced today. with the failure of many third world governments in running businesses, health, education, and welfare programs efficiently everyone is quic

16、k to recommend “hand it over to the private sector”. n 在正統(tǒng)的資本主義信條盛行的今天，我們無法解決貧困問題。第三世界許多國家的政府未能高效實行商務、醫(yī)療、教育以及福利等方面的計劃，每個人都會隨即建議“將這些計劃交給私人部門來管理”。n personal profit based private sector has its own clear agenda. it comes in serious conflict with the pro-poor, pro-women, pro-environment agenda. economic

17、 theory has not provided us with any alternative to this familiar private sector.n 以個人利益為基礎的私人部門動機明顯。這與扶貧、保護婦女、保護環(huán)境的動機發(fā)生了嚴重沖突。除了我們所熟知的私人部門，經(jīng)濟理論并未提供其他選擇方案。n poverty is created because we built our theoretical framework on assumptions which under-estimate human capacity, by designing concepts, which a

18、re too narrow (such as concept of business, concept of credit-worthiness, concept of entrepreneurship, concept of employment) or developing institutions, which remain half-done (such as financial institutions, where poor are left out). poverty is caused by the failure at the conceptual level, rather than any lack of capability on the part of people. n 貧困的形成是因為我們將自己的理論框架建立在低估人類能力的假設上，我們設計一個個過于狹隘的理念，如商業(yè)、信譽度、企業(yè)家精神和雇傭等，建立功能不完善的金融機構，把窮人排除在外。貧困是由于我們認識上的錯誤，而不是人類