模塊三unit2_reading(雙語對照課堂講解用)

1、English and its history All through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary （）these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.英語及其歷史有史

2、以來，在不列顛共同生活著來自許多不同國家和文化背景的人們。英語就是由這些人帶來的語法和詞匯構(gòu)成的。那就是為何英語有這么多使人困惑的不解規(guī)則。Old English Old English is very different from the English（） we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language 【】called Celtic. T

3、hen two Germanic groups from the European mainlandthe Angles and the Saxonsoccupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) 古英語和現(xiàn)今我們說的英語完全不同。事實(shí)上，如果現(xiàn)在聽

4、到古英語，我們會(huì)聽不懂。公元5世紀(jì)中葉前，生活在不列顛的人都說一種叫凱爾特語的語言。然后，來自歐洲大陸的兩個(gè)日耳曼部族盎格魯人和撒克遜人占領(lǐng)了不列顛。古英語是他們的語言混合而成的。（英語及英國人都是從盎格魯這個(gè)詞而來的；Angle這個(gè)詞在古英語里拼作Engle。）Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European count

5、ries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.除了像倫敦這樣的地名外，極少數(shù)的凱爾特單詞成了古英語的一部分。在9世紀(jì)末，來自北歐諸國（如丹麥和挪威）的維京人開始向不列顛移居。他們帶來了他們的語言，這些語言也與古英語交匯在了一

6、起。到了十世紀(jì)，古英語已是英格蘭的官方語言。 When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word 【】once used by the Angles and the Sax

7、ons, while ill came from a word【】 once used by the Norwegians.現(xiàn)在當(dāng)我們講英語時(shí)，我們有時(shí)會(huì)對用哪些單詞或短語而感到困惑。這是因?yàn)橛⒄Z有著許多來自不同語言的單詞和短語，這些單詞和短語有著相似的意思。比如，sick-詞就是來自由盎格魯和撒克遜人曾經(jīng)用過的一個(gè)詞，而ill則來自曾經(jīng)被挪威人用過的一個(gè)詞。Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name 【】given to the English 【】used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many

8、 things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as mush as the Angles and the Saxons

9、victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. 中古英語是給大約12世紀(jì)到15世紀(jì)期間使用過的英語起的名字。在這一新型英語的發(fā)展中，許多東西起了作用。最大的貢獻(xiàn)來自于講法語的諾曼人，他們于1066年擊敗英格蘭并控制了這個(gè)國家。然而，諾曼征服對英語的影響并不及約600年前盎格魯人和撒克遜人的勝利對英語產(chǎn)生的影響，那場勝利導(dǎo)致古英語替代了凱爾特語。Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years （）they ruled

10、England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words fo

11、r animals and meat developed. 盡管諾曼人在統(tǒng)治英格蘭的整整250年間一直講法語，但是法語并沒有取代英語成為第一語言。但另一方面，英語也確實(shí)借用了許多法語單詞，因此產(chǎn)生了更多意思相近的單詞，比如answer（來自于古英語）和reply（來自于古法語）。了解有關(guān)動(dòng)物和肉的詞匯是怎么演變而來的，是件挺有趣的事。After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old Eng

12、lish. Therefore, the words （）we use for most animals 【】raised for food such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.諾曼人征服英格蘭之后，許多英國人以仆人的身份從事飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物的工作。因此，我們現(xiàn)在所用的大多

13、數(shù)表示專為肉食而飼養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物的單詞，比如cow（母牛）、sheep（羊）和pig（豬），來自于古英語。然而，由于這些動(dòng)物的肉是供應(yīng)給話曼人的，所以指代這些動(dòng)物的肉的詞來自于古法語，如beef（牛肉）、mutton（羊肉）、pork（豬肉）和bacon（熏豬肉，成豬肉）。Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead

14、 of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children. 古法語也為中古英語做出了其他貢獻(xiàn)。在古英語中，單詞變復(fù)數(shù)采用了日耳曼語中單詞變復(fù)數(shù)的方法。比如說，他們說housen

15、而不是houses，說shosen而不是shoes。當(dāng)諾曼人控制英格蘭之后，他們開始使用法語的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成形式，在house和shoe后面加s。只有很少的單詞保留了日耳曼語的復(fù)數(shù)形式，如man/men和child/children。After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among a

16、ll classes in England. In 1399, Henry became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events. 諾曼征服之后，上層社會(huì)的人講法語，而普通人則講英語。但是到了14世紀(jì)后半葉時(shí)，英語已被英格蘭所有社會(huì)階層廣泛使用。1399年，亨利四世成了英格蘭國王。他的母語是英語，他在所有正式場合都使用英語。Modern English Modern English appeared during the Renaissance in

17、the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy t

18、o answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.現(xiàn)代英語是在16世紀(jì)的文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的。由于這個(gè)原因，現(xiàn)代英語中含有許多拉丁語及希臘語單詞。在此期間，英語發(fā)音也經(jīng)歷了巨大的變化。當(dāng)然這并不是英語語言變化的終結(jié)。英語在未來是否會(huì)繼續(xù)變化，這一問題是很容易問答的。可以肯定的是，這一變化過程將會(huì)繼續(xù)，人們將會(huì)不斷地發(fā)明新的單詞和新的表達(dá)方式。P22 English and its histor

19、y1. Language, in a broad sense, is the way information is expressed.從廣意上講2. Emoticons make a special Internet language.(make是聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，成為，適合)She would have made an excellent teacher.她本可以成為一位出色的教師3. This stand for a big smile. 代表（同義：represent）4. Braille, invented by a Frenchman, is a language for blind pe

20、ople.= Braille, (which was) invented by a Frenchman, is a language for blind people.5. Bees fly in circles to inform their partners about food or danger.呈圓形/通知某人某事6. All through history, people form many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain.(縱觀歷史)7. The English language is

21、 made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain.(由。構(gòu)成/省略賓語的定語從句)8. confuse sb使。混淆9. in fact事實(shí)上（同義：actually）10. occupy Britain 占領(lǐng)英國11. Old English consisted of a mixture of their language.由。組成12. Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles.(以。命名

22、name A after B=A be named after B)13. Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English.(除。之外/同義：apart from)14. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English.（因?yàn)閘anguages后面有定語從句，所以從bring后改放到them后面/與。混合）15. By the 10th century, Old Eng

23、lish had become the official language of England. 注意時(shí)態(tài)16. We sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use.對。感到困惑17. The word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the Norwegians.(而，但是，while表示轉(zhuǎn)折)18. Middle English is the na

24、me given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries.(兩個(gè)v-ed后置定語修飾name)19. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English.（起作用/在。的過程中）20. The most important contribution is from。貢獻(xiàn)最大21. French-speaking people 說法語的人22. defeat England打敗英格蘭23. take control of控制。24. lead to 導(dǎo)