英語句子成分及練習(xí)經(jīng)典PPT課件

1、1語法復(fù)習(xí)語法復(fù)習(xí)- 句子成分句子成分2詞類詞類名詞名詞代詞代詞形容詞形容詞副詞副詞動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞數(shù)詞數(shù)詞連詞連詞介詞介詞冠詞冠詞感嘆詞感嘆詞china; pencil; salt; powerthey; itself; that; who; anybeautiful; round; excitingquite; luckily; almost; verybuy; die; have; will; must; beone; first; ten; tenthand; but; while; because; afterat; in; with; by; on; for; ofan; a; theoh

2、; ouch; aha3詞類詞類短語短語句句子子成成分分主語主語謂語謂語賓語賓語表語表語補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)語定語定語狀語狀語同位語同位語獨(dú)立獨(dú)立成分成分修飾修飾成分成分句句子子按按結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句簡(jiǎn)單句并列句并列句復(fù)合句復(fù)合句按按功功能能陳述句陳述句疑問句疑問句祈使句祈使句感嘆句感嘆句基基本本句句型型(get up; so that; look for)4一、句子成分一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定義：（一）句子成分的定義： 構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓分有主語和謂語

3、；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。5句子成分句子成分意義意義充當(dāng)詞類充當(dāng)詞類例句例句主語主語表示句子說的是什么人或什么表示句子說的是什么人或什么事事名，代，數(shù)，不定名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語或式，動(dòng)名詞，短語或句子句子we study in zhucheng no.1 middle school.謂語謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣么樣動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組she is dancing under the tree.賓語賓語表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象表示動(dòng)作行為的對(duì)象同主語同主語both of us like e

4、nglish.表語表語與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞連用，一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或特征同主語同主語her father is a chemist.his words sound reasonable.定語定語用來修飾名詞或代詞用來修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名形，代，數(shù)，名, 副，介詞短語或句子副，介詞短語或句子we have eight lessons every day.狀語狀語修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等因，目的，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語或句副詞，介詞短語

5、或句子子he works very hard.they held a party in hollywood.賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語補(bǔ)足語邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等短語等she always keeps the house clean.主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無！主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無！6（二）主語：（二）主語： 主語主語 (subject) 是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑結(jié)構(gòu)

6、、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：71.during the 1990s, american country music has become more and more popular. 2.we often speak english in class. 3.one-third of the students in this class

7、 are girls.4.to swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.smoking does harm to the health. 6.the rich should help the poor. （名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）87.when we are going to have an english test has not been decided. 8.it is necessary to master a foreign language.（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）9（三）謂

8、語（三）謂語 謂語謂語 (predicate) 說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：謂語的構(gòu)成如下： 1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如： he practices running every morning. the plane took off at ten oclock. 2、復(fù)合謂語：、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如： you may keep

9、 the book for two weeks. he has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如： we are students.注意：注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。10（四）表語（四）表語 表語表語(predicative)用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、用以說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它位于系動(dòng)詞位于系動(dòng)詞（如（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）等）之后之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞

10、、數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、 副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。例如：詞短語及表語從句表示。例如： 111.our teacher of english is an american.（名詞）（名詞）2.is it yours?（代詞）（代詞）3.the weather has turned cold.（形容詞）（形容詞）4.the speech is exciting.（分詞）（分詞）5.three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）（數(shù)詞）126.his job is to teach english.（不定式）（不定式）7.hi

11、s hobby is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）8.the meeting is of great importance.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）9.time is up. the class is over.（副詞）（副詞）10.the truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（表語從句）13注意：系動(dòng)詞（注意：系動(dòng)詞（linking verb)用于連接主語和用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有用來表示主語狀態(tài)，

12、只有be一詞，一詞，例如：例如： he is a teacher. 2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：例如：he always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示用來表示“看起來像看起來像”這一概念，這一概念，主要有主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：例如：he seems (to be) very sad. 14注意：系動(dòng)詞（注意：系動(dòng)詞（linking verb)用于連接

13、主語和表用于連接主語和表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。語，說明主語的狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。 4）感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：例如：this kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞變化系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：例如：he became mad after that. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove, tu

14、rn out, 表達(dá)表達(dá)證實(shí)證實(shí)，變成變成之意，之意，例如：例如：the rumor proved false. his plan turned out a success. 15（五）賓語（五）賓語 賓語（賓語（object）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一）表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.they went to see an exhibition yesterday.2.the heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.how many dictionaries

15、 do you have? i have five.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）164.they helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.he pretended not to see me.6.i enjoy listening to popular music.7.i think（that）he is fit for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動(dòng)名詞短語）（賓語從句）17賓語種類賓語種類： （1）雙賓語）雙賓語【間接賓語（人）間接賓語（人）+直接賓語直接賓語（物）（物）】，例如：，例如：le

16、nd me your dictionary, please.to: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：等，例如： he sent the novel to william yesterday.for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如：等，例如： she bought a gift for her mother. （2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），

17、例如：賓補(bǔ)），例如： they elected him their monitor.18 下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語下列動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語 ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire等，如：等，如： he refused to lend me his bike. 下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語下列動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語 admit

18、, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest等，如：等，如： john has admitted breaking the window . 下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但意義不同，如但意義不同，如stop, mean, try, remember, forget, regret等。等。19（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語 英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要

19、有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語（以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語（object complement），才能使句子的意義完整。），才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如動(dòng)詞（如make等等)+賓語賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如： 201.his father named him dongming.2.they painted their boat white.3.let the fresh air in.4.you mustn

20、t force him to lend his money to you.5.we saw her entering the room.6.we found everything in the lab in good order.7.we will soon make our city what your city is now.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）21（七）定語（七）定語 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語語(attribute)。定語可由以下等成分表示：。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.guilin i

21、s a beautiful city.（形容詞（形容詞）2.china is a developing country; america is a developed country.（分詞（分詞） 3.there are thirty women teachers in our school. （名詞）（名詞）4.his rapid progress in english made us surprised.（代詞）（代詞）225.our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）（不定式短語）6.the teachi

22、ng plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）（動(dòng)名詞）7.he is reading an article about how to learn english.（介詞短語）（介詞短語）8.farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons. (定語從句定語從句)23（八）狀語（八）狀語 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（adverbial）?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆?/p>

23、?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎?：1.light travels most quickly.2.he has lived in the city for ten years. 3.he is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）244.he is in the room making a model plane.5.wait a minute.6.once you begin, you must continue.（分詞短語）（名詞）（狀語從句）259種狀語種類如下： 1

24、. how about meeting again at six?2.last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.i shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.mr smith lives on the third floor. 5.she put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（方式狀語）26 she came in with a dictionary in her hand.6

25、.in order to catch up with the others, i must work harder. 7.he was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.she works very hard though she is old.9.i am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語）27(9) 同位語：(appositive) 一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)可跟一個(gè)名詞（或起類似作用的其他東西），對(duì)前者作進(jìn)一步的解釋,說明它指的是什么等，叫做同位語。可充當(dāng)同位語的由名詞、代詞、

26、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、從句等。1.this is mr. zhou, director of our hospital.2.you girls may take those seats over there.3.word came that our team won. 281.she herself said so.2.they both look beautiful.3.are you two ready.4.his suggestion,to go home,has met with some opposition.idea, fact, news, hope, belief,

27、thought, doubt等詞后常接同位語從句。i had no idea that you were here.29(10)插入語： 它是指插在句子中的詞語，通常是對(duì)一句話作出一些附加的解釋。 1.when do you suppose they1.when do you suppose theyll be back.ll be back.2.where did they suggest we should go 2.where did they suggest we should go during he summer holiday?during he summer holiday?常

28、做插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)有： i think, i hope, im afraid, i believe, i suppose, i wonder, you see, you know, dont you think, dont you know, i tell you, it seems, it seems to me, it is said, it is suggested 等。30(3)做插入語的還可以是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或從句。 1.to be frank, i dont agree with you.2.strictly speaking, you are wrong.3

29、.this, in my opinion, is only a simple question.4.by the way, where is xiao li.5.sure enough, enemy planes came again the next day.6.honestly, i dont need it at the moment.7.you are not quite fit for this kind of work, if i may say so. 31練習(xí)練習(xí)（一）（一）.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分： 1. the student

30、s got on the school bus. 2. he handed me the newspaper. 3. i shall answer your question after class. 4. what a beautiful chinese painting! 5. they went hunting together early in the morning.主定語賓語賓語謂語謂語狀語狀語定語定語狀語狀語32 6. his job is to train swimmers. 7. he took many photos of the palaces in beijing. 8

31、. he is to leave for shanghai tomorrow. 9. his wish is to become a scientist. 10. he managed to finish the work in time. 11. tom came to ask me for advice. 12. he found it important to master english.定語定語表語表語賓語賓語主語主語謂語謂語目的狀語目的狀語賓語賓語形式賓語形式賓語真正賓語真正賓語表語表語賓語賓語33(二二)。劃分。劃分句子成分句子成分1.we are working .2.i ca

32、n swim very well .3.the waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4.why does the wind blow .5.the rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6.both tom and jack enjoy country music .7.jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8.you must get the car ready by tomorrow .349.i have a lot of cloth

33、es to wash . i have a lot of clothes to be washed .10.he gave his son some advice on reading .11.read me the first paragraph .12.ive ordered some soup for you .13.he began leaning english ten years ago .14.my being late worried my teacher .15.that president himself would visit our school excited all of us .16.april day is the special day of the year