詞匯學(xué)課本練習(xí)答案

1、unit 11.主觀題2. how did the norman conquest and the renaissance influence the english vocabulary ?the transitional period（轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期） from old english to modern english is known as middle english(me 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of french following the norman conquest in 1066, f

2、rench was used for all state affairs and for most social and culture matters, which influenced english in daily life.the english language from 1500 to the present is called modern english. in the early stage of this period the renaissance（文藝復(fù)興） brought great change to the vocabulary. the renewed（復(fù)興的

3、） study of greek in the renaissance not only led to the borrowing of greek words indirectly through the medium（媒介） of latin, but also led to the introduction of some greek words directly into english vocabulary. greek borrowings were mostly literary, technical and scientific words,(page 45)3.enumera

4、te the causes for the rapid growth of neologisms（新詞，舊詞新意，新詞的創(chuàng)造者/使用者） after world war . give four examples for each cause. marked progress of science and technology. example: to blast off(炸掉，炸毀) ,to countdown ,capsule,launching pad socio-economic（社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)）, political and cultural changes. example: roller

5、-hockey ,surfriding,skydiving（跳傘運(yùn)動(dòng)）,disignated hitter the influence from other cultures and languages（page67）example: cosmonaut ,discotheque（小舞廳，迪斯科舞廳）,ombudsman（調(diào)查官員舞弊情況的政府官員）, apartheid（種族隔離）.4.what are the fundamental features of the basic word stock（詞庫(kù)） of the english vocabulary ?(1). national c

6、haracter(全民通用性)：words of the basic word stock belong to the people as a whole, not to a limited group.(2). stability（穩(wěn)定性）:as words in the basic word stock denote the commonest things necessary to life, they are likely to remain unchanged. however, a certain number of old english words have dropped o

7、ut of the basic word stock, while new words have joined the rank of basic words, following social and technological changes.(3). word-forming ability(構(gòu)詞)：basic words are very active in forming new words.(4). ability to form collocations（搭配能力）：basic words combine readily with other words to form habi

8、tual expressions and phrases.since the great majority of the basic word stock are native words, they are naturally the ones used most frequently in everyday speech and writing.(page 10 paragraph 4 , 5 ,7 , 8 and page 11 paragraph 2)5. what are the characteristics of the english vocabulary as a resul

9、t of its historical development ?the historical development of english language shows that english is a heavy borrower; it has adopted words from almost every known language, especially from latin, french and greek.（page 18.）6.why do we say that native words are the core of the english vocabulary?fi

10、rst, because the native words form the great majority of the basic word stock of the english language. and the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.second, they make up the most familiar, most useful part of the english vocabulary. so we say that n

11、ative words are the core of the english vocabulary for its importance. （page 10 paragraph 2, and page 19 paragraph 2）7.what do we mean by literary and common words ?(1) common or popular words are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. the great majority o

12、f english words are common words . the core of the common words is the basic word stock. they are stylistically (在文體上) neutral , and hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech. (page 11 paragraph 6)(2) literary words are chiefly used in writing, especially in books wri

13、tten in a more elevated（升高的，提高的，崇高的） style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. they are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.(page 12 paragraph 1)chapter 2q1:explain the following terms and provide example:a. morphemic 形位b. allomorph 形位變體c. free and bound morphemic d. hybrid

14、 混合詞morphemic: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. example: nation (page21 ,paragraph2, line 1)allomorph: any of the variant forms of a morphemic as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. example: books, pigs.( page22 , paragraph

15、 3, line 4)free morphemic: one that can be uttered alone with meaning. example: man，read， faith (page23 , paragraph2, line 1 to2 )bound morphemic: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance表達(dá); it must appear with at least one other morphemic. example: unkind (page23 , paragraph2, line4)hybrid: a

16、 word made up of elements form two or more different language. example: goddess, rewrite.( page27 , paragraph2, line 4)q2. what are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes? p26頁(yè)第4段開頭 p29頁(yè)第4自然段末尾inflectional affixes （屈折詞綴）are related to grammar only. derivational affixes（派生詞綴） a

17、re subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, which are related to the formation of new words. roots, prefixes前綴 and suffixes后綴. are the building blocks with which words are formed.the number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes.q3:in what two ways

18、are derivational affixes 派生詞綴 classified? p26derivational affixes are classified in prefixes 前綴and suffixes后綴.q4:how are words classified on the morphemic（語(yǔ)素的） level? p29 paragraph 5on the morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complex and compound words（復(fù)合詞）.chapter iii explain1、 (p3

19、2)word-formation rules: the rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words 2、root, stem and base. analyze the word denationalized into root, base and stem.denationalized root：nationstem：denationalizebase：nationalized compounding1、what are the

20、 relative criteria of a compound?(p35-p36)orthographic criterion phonological criterion semantic criterion derivation1、what is derivation?(p42-p43)derivation is a word- formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both to an already existing word. 2、what is the

21、difference between prefixation and suffixation?prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base. prefixes modify the meaning of the base, but they do not generally alter its word-class. every prefix has a specific meaning of its own; prefixes are therefore classified according to their meanings.s

22、uffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base. suffixes frequently alter the word-class of the base. therefore, suffixes are classified according to the class of word they form into noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, etc(p66)3、how are the major living prefixes classified? give

23、 a few examples to illustrate each kind.（p44） the major living prefixes are classified into the following eight categories by their meaning :1)negative prefixes (un- , non- , in- , dis- , a- ). eg , unhappy ,nonhero , injustice ,disadvantage , atypical ）2) reversative or privative prefixes （un - , d

24、e - , dis -）. eg , unwrap , decentralize ,disunite3) prejorative prefixes ( mis - , mal - , pseudo - ) .eg. mistrust , maltreat, pseudo-science4) prefixes of degree or size ( arch - , super - , out - , sub - , over - , under - , hyper - , ultra - , mini - ) eg, archbishop，supercurrent hyperactive, o

25、utlive , ultra-conservative 5) prefixes of attitude ( co - , counter - , antic - , pro - ) eg, cooperation, anti-nuclear , pro-student , counterpart 6) locative prefixes ( super-, sub- ,inter- , trans- ) eg. subarctic , superacid, transcode 7) prefixes of time and order ( fore - ,pre - , post - , ex

26、 - , re - ) forehead , reconsider ,prereading , post-war8) number prefixes ( uni - / mono - , bi - / di - , multi - / poly -) multi-purpose , monocle , bi-media4、how can you form deverbal nouns, denominal nouns, deadjective verbs, and denominal adjectives by suffixation?（p50）answer：1）deverbal noun s

27、uffixes: verb-noun suffixes , such as er in writer , -ee in employee, -ation in exploitation and ment in development .2) denominal noun suffixes : noun noun suffixes , such as hood in boyhood , - ship in scholarship , - let in booklet , and dom in stardom .3) deadjective verb suffixes : adjective ve

28、rb suffixes , such as ify in simplify , - ize in modernize , and en in quicken 4) denominal adjective suffixes: noun adjective suffixes, such as full in helpful, -less in limitless, -y in silky and ish in foolish.5、give the meaning of the following words and analyze the structure of each word:（p51）

29、answer: 1) a driver means a person who drives 2) a lighter means a machine used for lightering 3) a gardener means a person who garden 4) a new yorker means a person from new york 5) a villager means inhabitant of village6) a diner is a dining carriage on a train 7) a lifer is slang. a person senten

30、ced to imprisonment for life 8) a dresser means analyse : as for 1、2、3 ,affixed to a verb ,the suffix forms agent nouns with the meaning of one who performs an action as for 4、5 ， this affix may also be joined to the means of cities , countries , and to other place names . as for 6、7、8 colloquial an

31、d slangy . conversion1、what is the difference between conversion（此類轉(zhuǎn)化法） and suffixation（加后綴）?(p55 介紹conversion的第一段 )： conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. it is also called zero-de

32、rivation.e.g. bottle (n. ) - bottle ( v. ), buy (v. ) - buy ( n.), tutor ( n. ) - tutor ( v. )（例子也可以舉其他的如attack） (p49 介紹suffixation的第一段)：suffixation: it's the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.e.g.boy n. +

33、-ish - boyish adj. boy n. +hood - boyhood n. 2、in a conversion pair, how can you determine which of the two is the base and which the derived word(派生詞)?（p56 中間三個(gè)例子）the base is derivation by zero suffix.spy a deverbal noun without suffix, meaning one who spies.the derived word is derivation by suffix

34、wirter-a deverbal noun with "-er" suffix，meaning one who writes3、illustrate the axiom（原理）,"the actual grammatical classification of any word is pendent upon its use."（p57最后一段）notice how the word-class of round varies in accordance with its use in the following sentence: i.e. the

35、second round(n)（回合）was exciting. any round(adj)（圓的）plate will do. some drivers round(v)（繞行）coners too rapidly. the sound goes round and round(phrase). (旋轉(zhuǎn)) the above examples tell us a very important fact: because word order（詞序） is more fixed in modern english than ever before, the function shifts w

36、ithin sentence structures are possible without causing any confusion in intelligibility(可懂度，可理解性).這一段可不要4、why is the conversion from noun to verb the most productive process of conversion?(5859頁(yè))first in contemporary english, there is a tendency of “a preponderance of nouns aver verb”.second, there

37、are only a few verb-forming affixes in english. they are be-, en-, -ify, -ize and en.5、what are the major semantic types under noun to verb conversion?（a）“to put in/on n” （b）“to give n, to provide n” （c）“to deprive of n; or to remove the object denoted by the noun from something” （d）“to.with n” （e）“

38、tobe/ act asn with respect to” (1)verbs from human nouns (2)verbs from animal nouns (3)verbs from inanimate nouns （f）“to make/changeinto n” （g）“to send/goby n” (1)mail (2)bicycle （h）“to spend the period of time denoted by n”6、why is the poor an example of partial conversion?（62頁(yè)）it is used as noun w

39、hen preceded by the definite article; yet the converted noun takes on only some of the features of the noun; i.e. it does not take plural and genitive inflection, nor can it be preceded by determiners like a, this, my, etc.8、pick out the converted words in the sentences below and state(1)the word-cl

40、ass of the converted words and their meanings; (2)to what word-class the base of each of the converted words belongs:（1）they are going to summer in guilin.the converted word: summer（v.） the word-class of it: conversionmeaning:避暑；過(guò)夏天the base of the word of the word-class belongs: summer(n.) (2)they h

41、urrahed his wonderful performance. the converted word: hurrah(v.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 歡呼，叫好，為-喝彩 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: hurrah(n.)(3)you have to round your lips in order to make the sound/u:/. the converted word: round(v.) the word-class of it: conversi

42、on meaning:弄圓，使-成圓形 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: round(n.) (4) they are great sillies.the converted word: silly(n.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 傻瓜 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: silly(adj.) (5) she dusted the furniture every morning.the converted wor

43、d: dust(v.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 拂去灰塵 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: dust(n.)(6) it is a good buy.the converted word: buy(n.) the word-class of it: conversion meaning: 購(gòu)買，買賣；所購(gòu)的物品 the base of the word of the word-class belongs: buy(v.)chapter4 1. initialism:init

44、ialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase；an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.2. acronym:acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.3. blend:blending

45、is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.4. front and back clipping:the process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a w

46、ord (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.back clipping may occur at the end of the word. this is the most common type of clipping.front clipping occurs at the beginning of the word.5. back-formation:back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a s

47、horter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. reduplication:reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition(1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change

48、 in the vowels such as ping-pong; (3)of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny.chapter v1.how are the sound and meaning of most words related? give examples to illustrate your point. (p93)most english words are conventional（常規(guī)的）, arbitrary symbols; conse

49、quently, there is no intrinsic（內(nèi)在的，固有的） relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.e.g. house ( english) maison ( french) fangzi ( chinese) dom ( russian) casa ( spanish)a more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol（聲音符號(hào)） and meaning

50、can also be illustrated by a set of homophones(同音異義詞): write, right, and rite(儀式，禮拜式）. they are pronounced the same but convey different meanings. 2.what do we mean by phonetic motivation? （p94和ppt）words motivated phonetically are called echoic words（擬聲詞） or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation s

51、uggests the meaning. they show a close relation of name to sense whereas non-echoic words dont show any such relationship.onomatopoeic words（擬聲詞） can be divided into primary onomatopoeia（直接擬聲） and secondary onomatopoeia（間接擬聲）.primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound. secondary onom

52、atopoeia means that certain sounds and sound-sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.3.quote a short poem or passage that shows the literary effect of onomatopoeic words. (p94倒數(shù)第二行) “the ice was here, the ice was there, the ice was all around; it cracked and growle

53、d, and roared and howled, like noises in a swound!” 5.what is meant by grammatical meaning?（p9697） grammatical meaning(詞法意義) consists of word-class（詞類） and inflectional paradigm（詞形變化）。(1） it describes the words lexical meaning and also gives what is traditionally known as the part of speech of the w

54、ord, which modern linguists call the word-class.(2） the set of grammatical forms of a word is called its paradigm.on the other hand the grammatical meaning is the same in identical sets of individual forms of different words. 6. what is the different between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?

55、(p97第3段) first, the lexical meaning(詞匯意義) of a word is the same in all forms of one and the same word while the grammatical meaning （語(yǔ)法意義）varies from ,one word-form to another. second, every word has a different lexical meaning whereas the grammatical meaning is the same in the identical sets of ind

56、ividual forms of different words.7why should we give primary importance to conceptual/denotative meaning（概念/外延意義） of words ?(p97第4段)denotative meaning is the central factor in linguistic communication.one of the functions of words is to designate or describe something, such as an object, a property

57、or a process. users of a language cannot talk about their knowledge of a physical object or a natural phenomenon, unless this knowledge is expressed in words which have the same meaning for all speakers of a given community. this is the denotative meaning of a word.denotative meaning is used when the emphasis is on the relationship between language, on the one hand, and the things, events, or processes, which are external to the speaker and his language, on the other. the denotative mean