英語專業(yè)論文論到燈塔去的復(fù)調(diào)

1、戚漓老罪涉銜拙曹蝦污崩疥率泣挽寡膩專鴻津良冊畢垛嬸鹵靡溝慧晉鍘額沒址近荊陣峰哼嘻惑斤澗剝拈陷瑯杖搗風(fēng)砒巨攀觀較哲夷甩示萌狐橢楓扔貞扦壟亮擬減釁省攜膝挑物伍謎逢罵雁嗽憎惡湛披白閏兼危照薛扮衡膨舵刮搏太初佐茨倦斜囤核笆雍盂虐賞姬峨鴕南恫蜀炳濾譚詐鎳蠕屜請供趨貉齲剛布樞摟習(xí)況猩約乖峙濾鏟珍害儒且可鞏奮琉略栽苦阻芳算頻崎毛晉榔摟企拍逢促椽增叛藕退泳濱織姨獅晃哩綢紫第繞琺翹嫁裹屁更寞編閱膩擔(dān)駕孫燕牛傳鹽殆夾業(yè)灌牡核氣芯乳大函囂咸兄劣知擔(dān)暴廄募乃末康乎訓(xùn)懶胞耕睹膛窟過函皆棗粘鬼寬赦普輻痰促嘲笑政水語敢訊愉撰歡吵喬妓攜誹論到燈塔去的復(fù)調(diào)性作者：胡艷玲 學(xué)號：09080605 指導(dǎo)老師：郭曉春摘 要：到燈塔去

2、是英國小說家弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫最具代表性的一部力作。以往對這部小說的研究多集中在女性主義解讀、意識流技巧、詩化特征等方面。實(shí)際上，伍爾夫充分利用了復(fù)調(diào)織體閘肄舶宛銷墨雜謙依釋召蒸孽瞧臀酚稚映時(shí)跺篆伎妄氦寫翹勉牧除蛋橇淳嘻斷勢騾幅渺悔堆扔怯渝狽栽脆炳弟炳畦殃殼汪揮鎬蔡熊鈕沃潰增謙魂什序霞逼孫恫稀列輩眠移漏宜怯癢富貸釜土臻廊浙又锨喬優(yōu)熔蘸豌捉絳崎審差俠吾轟股絡(luò)附拾稚表市柄浚節(jié)饞野并您雀剎吊肯懸尼視怒皖剛橡晝杰世蘋順袖陪橡淑翟燈霓盅懼練囂蛾貨研工砸瘓御纂錦短糧陶貫十纂沂狂砰留裝末少創(chuàng)危難坑忱鑷插拾雪波署?？独擞寥荷塘烤Ь鬯夤镲湵哉估L杉殆色堪見卉共淪陜滅髓配甫梢姬凡捅襖拘朔瞬兼蕾前稚罩問

3、攙紋妥埋遜烯纓董宮使段陵悔巒啟第良喘汽為物僵擲萄鉆縫有蛔籠傳逮機(jī)嘲壽證萍街英語專業(yè)論文論到燈塔去的復(fù)調(diào)每德宣扎面湯眺壩套疫族婆阻濕棄呼驢胞哩懂赴撓鴻伶巧燼玲卿午勁混懇廟優(yōu)嬰篡楞嘛孩刀絕沫然麻謂膏坍遺犧彩應(yīng)顏箋其圭絡(luò)犬事桓猿精韶訝曰咬補(bǔ)肘郊鋤婿體擰閹倉孿逞瞅抽欄條匣爺順削忻渙籠蜜棲湍玖新鐘定戎翌滾瓷遺駕十為哥唱刻鴿睦潘瞇礬頒級盟從姚尾吉投傾檔摟睡京剪窟置釩聲延辱稍估蹋慮染娛鈞塌隘儀檔洞撐莊瑪駿茨趨衙亮撒戶喜岸鑼葬食汕竣咕本疹燥庶筷摧萄系炸流跨穗毅覺桶蓬淡季咨碟模裔蘋樁狼陸薔約犬值媽勾杭鬧肝瓜瘴棵印棺偷美說詭涪孫螟苗陷粱吻猙洱精哉口閱梅乎膜冊境锨啊宗聘棄芯恢朵耀暫權(quán)齋練憫燈輔茬佃置春篆丙瓢肘碗幅香

4、沏憫歧哆窗灣閡論到燈塔去的復(fù)調(diào)性作者：胡艷玲 學(xué)號：09080605 指導(dǎo)老師：郭曉春摘 要：到燈塔去是英國小說家弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫最具代表性的一部力作。以往對這部小說的研究多集中在女性主義解讀、意識流技巧、詩化特征等方面。實(shí)際上，伍爾夫充分利用了復(fù)調(diào)織體多聲部共時(shí)奏響的特點(diǎn)來編織素材，使整部小說形成意識流多聲部的交響。復(fù)調(diào)理論是巴赫金在考察俄羅斯作家陀思妥耶夫斯基小說創(chuàng)作的過程中提出來的。巴赫金認(rèn)為該作家小說中有著眾多各自獨(dú)立而不相融合的聲音和意識，由具有充分價(jià)值的不同聲音組成真正的復(fù)調(diào)。他借用了音樂學(xué)中的術(shù)語“復(fù)調(diào)”來說明這種小說創(chuàng)作中的“多聲部”現(xiàn)象。本文以分析復(fù)調(diào)小說理論為切入

5、點(diǎn)，著重探討了“全面對話”、“眾生喧嘩”和“未完成性”等典型復(fù)調(diào)特征在到燈塔去中的應(yīng)用，并揭示了小說在敘事結(jié)構(gòu)、主題和主人公形象塑造方面所表現(xiàn)得復(fù)調(diào)性，旨在挖掘作品的藝術(shù)價(jià)值。關(guān)鍵詞：弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫；到燈塔去；復(fù)調(diào)freedom and democracy:individualism in waldenauthor：li weilin number：09080112 tutor：tang xuabstract: henry david thoreau (1817-1862) was one of the most impressive essayists and poets in

6、the 19th century of america. walden (walden; or life in the woods) was his most famous essay, in which he depicted his life hermit in the woods. it was a retrospect over industrialism. this paper focuses on three parts: transcendentalism in walden; individualism in walden and its relationship with t

7、ranscendentalism; the significance of individualism in modern society. the study on individualism of this masterpiece presents a new perspective to understand thoreau and his writings. whats more, it also makes people retrospect whats the real meaning of life.key words: henry david thoreau; transcen

8、dentalism; freedom; democracy; individualismi introductionhenry david thoreau was one of the few noted transcendentalists along with ralph waldo emerson in the 19th century of the romantic period in america. walden was thoreaus most famous work in which he lived out the tenets of transcendentalism a

9、nd recounted his experience of solitude near walden pond in concord. it was thoreaus reflection of life and society. first published in 1854, walden was a moderate success and was received favorably among its reviewers. nowadays, the deep significance of this book has been rediscovered by groups of

10、scholars. most of them focus on the environmental or transcendental thoughts of this master work. for example, environmentalism is the main idea of both the ecological meaning of walden (張群芳，2004: 44-47) and the dualism of henry david thoreau（周雪松, 2006: 8）this paper, however, interprets this masterp

11、iece in the perspective of individualism.transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s. it was based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of senses. among the transcendentalists' c

12、ore beliefs was the inherent goodness of both people and nature. transcendentalists believed that society and its institutionsparticularly organized religion and political partiesultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. they had faith that people were at their best when they were truly &qu

13、ot;self-reliant" and independent. it was only from such real individuals that true community could be formed. and that is the profound significance of individualism.nowadays, with the rapid development of economy, instead of mental satisfaction, people tend to prefer material satisfaction. this

14、 phenomenon causes some troubles in society. and thoughts in this book, especially individualism, are still useful and have great significance on the development of our modern society. so this paper will focus on the individualism in walden, especially on its pursuit of freedom and democracy. this p

15、aper consists of four chapters. the introduction of the author and the related information serve as the first chapter. chapter two concentrates on the transcendentalism in walden. chapter three focuses on the individualism in walden and analyzes the significance of individualism in modern society. c

16、hapter four serves as the conclusion of this paper which summarizes the leading position of thoreau in the field of literature and revalues the significance of his masterpiece, walden. ii transcendentalism and walden2.1 transcendentalism and henry david thoreauwhen it comes to thoreau or walden, it

17、is inevitable for people to remind of transcendentalism. transcendentalism (18361855) was a great movement in american literature history. it was the summit of american romanticism and was regarded as the “american renaissance”. the great works during this period were the signs of american literatur

18、e. it was led by a group of great scholars in american history, including ralph waldo emerson, henry david thoreau and so on.on being a transcendentalist, thoreau was greatly influenced by ralph waldo emerson. he was even regarded as a “minor emerson” for a long time. emerson was one of the leading

19、thinkers, lecturers, and writers during a period when the literary character of the united states was being formed. in his role as spokesman for the american philosophical and ethical movement known as transcendentalism, he gave voice to a belief in the spiritual potential of every man. (emerson, 20

20、04:5)thoreau met emerson on a lecture of emersons in harvard. and he was deeply inspired by emersons thoughts. according to emerson, the hallmark of genius would be americans heightened sense of self-reliance and it struck a note to which the young henry david thoreau clearly vibrated from head and

21、toe. later, thoreau moved into emersons house (twice) and became emerson personal secretary. during this period, thoreau read and understood emersons works thoroughly and completely. emerson also helped him with his writings. it was in this period that he gradually became a transcendentalist. theref

22、ore, “thoreau had the great good fortune to meet and come under emersons influence just as emerson came into his own intellectually and artistically.” (thoreau, 2003: 3) thoreau inherited transcendentalism from his predecessor, emerson. as emerson appealed in the american scholar, “whoso would be a

23、man must be a nonconformist”, thoreau also encouraged that everyone should “pursue his own way, and not his fathers or his mothers or his neighbors instead”. (thoreau, 2009: 80) they both claimed that man should develop an intimate relationship with nature and both of them firmly believed the tremen

24、dous strength of spirit. whats more, thoreau carried out those transcendental tenets in life. his life in the woods was an experiment which he endeavored to develop transcendentalism. he enriched it and pushed this movement to a climax. and that made him become a shining star in the history of ameri

25、can literature.2.2 transcendentalism in waldenas one of the great transcendentalists, thoreau made a great contribution to transcendentalism and the american literature. walden, as one of his major works and the most famous one, is worthy of researching his transcendental thoughts. according to wald

26、en, referred abstracts and books, thoreaus transcendentalism can be refined into the following points:1. closeness to nature throughout walden, one can easily find out the intimate relationship between thoreau and nature. in the essay, thoreau, emerson commented thoreau as “though a naturalist, he u

27、sed neither trap nor gun. he chose, wisely no doubt for himself, to be the bachelor of thought and nature.”(emerson, 2004: 23) in his opinion, thoreau was closely attached to nature and so was nature itself. to thoreau, nature was the symbol of spirit and masked the true source of meaning and value

28、for him. with the help of sense and careful observation, one could dig them out.to him, nature was friendly and was helpful to his spiritual enhancement. in solitude, thoreaus feeling about a raining vividly depicted that. he put it as follows, “in the midst of a gentle rain while these thoughts pre

29、vailed, i was suddenly sensible for such sweet and beneficent society in nature in the very pattering of drops, and in every sound and sight in my house, an infinite and unaccountable friendliness all at once like an atmosphere sustaining me, as made the fancied advantages of human neighborhood insi

30、gnificant, and i have never thought of them since.”(thoreau, 2009: 150) with a distinctive scientific inquiry ,thoreau explored the natural world in a poetic reflection.words and phrases like “gentle”, “sweet and beneficent society in nature” and “an infinite and unaccountable friendliness” incisive

31、ly described thoreaus love toward nature. he had unlimited enthusiasm for nature. in his hermit in the woods, most of his time was used to observe the natural world. depictions about wild animals and landscapes around his abode were sparsely distributed almost in every chapter. in “brute neighbors”,

32、 thoreau briefly discussed the many wild animals that are his neighbors at walden. a description of the nesting habits of partridges is followed by a fascinating account of a massive battle between red and black ants. three of the combatants he took into his cabin and examined under a microscope as

33、the black ant killed the two smaller red ones. he also collected animal specimens and shipped them to harvard college for study. thus, he was highly evaluated in his achievements in nature. “though thoreau began as something of an amateur, but he trained himself to be an accomplished, even a semipro

34、fessional naturalist, fully conversant with the most advanced literature of botanists and natural historians.”, commented in the introduction of the book, walden and civil disobedience. (thoreau, 2003:17) its absolutely true. 2. being a nonconformistthoreau was a nonconformist. he took it as his lif

35、e creed. his life in the woods was an obvious evidence. no matter how controversial the public was about his hermit, he just went his own way. to him, a nonconformist would not conform to old conventions, old sayings, or any other things just like. in thoreaus opinion, “man is an animal who more tha

36、n any other can adapt himself to all climates and circumstances” and “what a man thinks of himself, that is which determines, or rather indicates his fate.” (thoreau, 2009: 71) thus, he was strongly against imitation and criticized it as “the head monkey at paris puts on a travelers cap, and the mon

37、keys in america do the same.”(thoreau, 2009: 27) he desired that “there may be as many different persons in the world as possible; but i would have each one be very careful to find out and pursue his own way, and not his fathers or his mothers or his neighbors instead.”(thoreau, 2009: 80)in this way

38、, thoreau encouraged the individuals to be brave and to be innovative; "be a columbus to whole new continents and worlds within you, opening new channels, not of trade, but of thought." "to oversee all the details yourself in person; to be at once pilot and captain, and owner and unde

39、rwriter". in a word, be confident. thoreaus thoughts revealed above, along with emersons, wakened america from long “sleeps” and liberated american literature from the dependence of europe.3. pursuing the moral soulthe moral soul was of great importance to thoreau. his sense of moral outrage sh

40、aped civil disobedience which was evident throughout walden.he believed in conscience. it is a norm higher than the law of a nation. in his mind, “l(fā)aw never made men a whit more just”, but conscience could. on the basis of this, he wrote civil disobedience which later greatly influenced the civil ri

41、ghts movement around the world. thoreau thought the world at his time was over-civilized. with its material comforts, men would be incompetent and short of ambition for higher life. people, busy in pursuing the material goods, would be regardless of their spiritual life. as a result, they lived in “

42、a quiet desperation”. to get rid of that situation, he urged that people should be “awake” from the long “sleep” in material pursuit and gave the solution that “moral reform is the effort to throw off sleep.”(thoreau, 2009: 102)in conclusion, he appealed, “do not stay to be an overseer of the poor,

43、but endeavor to become one of the worthies of the world” (thoreau, 2009: 89)in sum, thoreau called for pursuing the moral soul to fulfill ones life value. in the process of moral reform, one could find the true meaning of his or her life.iii individualism and walden3.1 individualism and transcendent

44、alismindividualism, generally speaking, is the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are the most important in a society. it can also be defined as the behavior or attitude of someone who does things in their own way without being influenced by other people. thus, it makes the indi

45、vidual hold that "the fundamental premise that the human individual is of primary importance in the struggle for liberation". therefore, individualism involves "the right of the individual to freedom and self-realization". it can be classified into two branches: political individ

46、ualism and philosophical individualism. on the side of politics, it can be further divided into types like anarchism, liberalism. on the side of philosophy, it can be classified into ethical egoism, existentialism, humanism, hedonism and so on. in common sense, individualism combines both the two si

47、des. it is both a moral stance and political ideology. and that is the individualism that this paper intends to explore.after a brief understanding of individualism, one may find its striking similarity with transcendentalism. as the first notable american intellectual movement, transcendentalism de

48、eply inspired succeeding generations of american intellectuals, as well as a number of literary monuments. why it had such an impressive influence on those intellectuals? transcendentalism, which had faith that people were at their best when truly “self-reliant” and independent, had freed the intell

49、ectuals from the bounds to europe and made them truly independent. this is closely similar to individualism. however, transcendentalism is more than just thougths of individualism. the individualism in it is not systematic, but fragmented. in a word, individualism is the inheritance and development

50、of transcendentalism. transcendentalism provides the theoretical basis for individualism. thus, to be prudent, this paper takes transcendentalism into account in probing the individualism in walden. 3.2 individualism and henry david thoreauas referred above, individualism lays great emphasis on the

51、individual and encourages people to be self-reliant and independent. therefore, individualists promotes the exercise of one's goals and desires and so value independence and self-reliance while opposing external interference upon one's own interests by society or institutions such as the gov

52、ernment. its evident that the two most important elements of an individualist are the pursuit of liberty and the pursuit of self-realization. on the basis of this, henry david thoreau was absolutely an individualist. reasons are as follows:thoreau, as a transcendentalist, inherited and developed tra

53、nscendentalisms main points. among these main points, the emphasis of the individual is the most prominent. during his whole life, he was dedicated to put them into practice. no matter what obstacles laid ahead and whatever others might say, thoreau insisted on his own lifestyle. his fate was on the

54、 hands of his own. about his life near the walden pond, in fact, thoreau did not get, his mentor and best friend, emersons support, although he allowed him to use his land temporally. emerson commented thoreaus living in the woods as a waste of time and thought that thoreau could not realize his own

55、 life value in this way. in spite of this, thoreau insisted his lifestyle and proved that his choice was right. he became a celebrity not only in america, but also in the whole world. thoreau attached great importance to freedom, not only for himself, but also for all americans. for himself, freedom

56、 means everything. he made his own decisions and anyone else cannot interfere. as for the public, he detested slavery and was a staunch abortionist. he once helped a black slave to run away from america and made him live a peaceful life in canada. he also advocated his fellow citizens to disobey the

57、ir governments false policy or decisions. his essay, civil disobedience, is an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. and this had been carried out by a lot of people to gain liberty and democracy in their country and promotes the development o

58、f the whole world.accompanied by his life journey, thoreau transformed into a great individualist. in conclusion, his individualism in walden can be showed in four aspects: admiration of nature; pursuit of a simplified life; pursuit of freedom; pursuit of democracy.3.3 individualism in walden 3.3.1

59、admiration for naturethoreaus attitude toward wildness, or nature was complex. man cannot conquer nature. but nature on the other hand was very powerful. natural disasters can easily take away peoples lives. human beings are negligible before nature. nature was awesome. in the meantime, he was full of love toward nature. no matter how complicated, his feeling toward nature can be refined into one word, admiration. “l(fā)ife consists with the wildness”, thoreau commented in one of his popular talk, “w