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1、導(dǎo)數(shù)及其應(yīng)用知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)一、導(dǎo)數(shù)的概念和幾何意義1.函數(shù)的平均變化率:函數(shù)f (x) 在區(qū)間 x1, x2 上的平均變化率為:f ( x2 )f ( x1) 。x2x12.導(dǎo)數(shù)的定義:設(shè)函數(shù)yf ( x) 在區(qū)間 (a,b) 上有定義, x0(a, b) ,若x 無限趨近于0 時(shí),比值yf ( x0x)f ( x0 )無限趨近于一個(gè)常數(shù)A,則稱函數(shù) f (x) 在 xx0 處可導(dǎo),xx并稱該常數(shù) A 為函數(shù) f (x) 在 xx0 處的導(dǎo)數(shù),記作 f(x0 ) 。函數(shù) f (x) 在 xx0 處的導(dǎo)數(shù)的實(shí)質(zhì)是在該點(diǎn)的瞬時(shí)變化率。3.求函數(shù)導(dǎo)數(shù)的基本步驟: ( 1)求函數(shù)的增量yf (x0x) f
2、 (x0 ) ;( 2)求平均變化率: f (x0x) f (x0 ) ;( 3)取極限,當(dāng)x 無限趨近與0 時(shí), f ( x0x)f ( x0 ) 無限趨xx近與一個(gè)常數(shù)A,則 f ( x0 )A .4. 導(dǎo)數(shù)的幾何意義:函數(shù) f (x) 在 xx0 處的導(dǎo)數(shù)就是曲線yf (x) 在點(diǎn) ( x0 , f ( x0 ) 處的切線的斜率。由此,可以利用導(dǎo)數(shù)求曲線的切線方程,具體求法分兩步:( 1)求出 y f (x) 在 x0 處的導(dǎo)數(shù),即為曲線 y f ( x)在點(diǎn) ( x0 , f ( x0 ) 處的切線的斜率;( 2)在已知切點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)和切線斜率的條件下,求得切線方程為y y0 f (x0 )
3、( xx0 ) 。當(dāng)點(diǎn) P(x0 , y0 ) 不在 yf ( x) 上時(shí),求經(jīng)過點(diǎn)P 的 yf ( x) 的切線方程,可設(shè)切點(diǎn)坐標(biāo),由切點(diǎn)坐標(biāo)得到切線方程,再將 P 點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)代入確定切點(diǎn)。特別地, 如果曲線 yf ( x) 在點(diǎn)( x0 , f ( x0 ) 處的切線平行與y 軸,這時(shí)導(dǎo)數(shù)不存在,根據(jù)切線定義,可得切線方程為x x0 。5. 導(dǎo)數(shù)的物理意義:質(zhì)點(diǎn)做直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的位移S 是時(shí)間 t 的函數(shù) S(t) ,則 VS (t ) 表示瞬時(shí)速度,a v (t ) 表示瞬時(shí)加速度。二、導(dǎo)數(shù)的運(yùn)算1. 常見函數(shù)的導(dǎo)數(shù):( 1) ( kxb)k (k, b 為常數(shù) );(2) C0(C 為常數(shù) )
4、;( 3) (x)1 ;(4) ( x2 )2x ;3211( 5)3x(6) ( x)x2 ;(x );( 7) ( x)21 ;x( 9) (a x )a x ln a(a 0,a 1) ;( 11) (ex )ex ;( 13) (sin x)cos x ;2. 函數(shù)的和、差、積、商的導(dǎo)數(shù):( 1) f ( x)g( x)f (x)g ( x) ;( 2) Cf (x)Cf ( x) ( C 為常數(shù));( 3) f ( x) g( x)f (x)g (x)f (x) g ( x) ;( 4) f ( x) f ( x)g ( x)2f (x) g ( x) ( g ( x)g( x)g(
5、x)3. 簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合函數(shù)的導(dǎo)數(shù):(8) ( x)x 1 ( 為常數(shù));(10) (log a x)1 log a e1( a 0,a 1) ;xxln a(12)(ln x)1x ;(14) (cos x)sin x 。0) 。若 yf (u), uaxb ,則 yxyu ux ,即 yxyua 。三、導(dǎo)數(shù)的應(yīng)用1. 求函數(shù)的單調(diào)性:利用導(dǎo)數(shù)求函數(shù)單調(diào)性的基本方法:設(shè)函數(shù)y f ( x) 在區(qū)間 (a, b) 內(nèi)可導(dǎo),( 1)如果恒 f (x)0 ,則函數(shù) yf ( x)在區(qū)間 (a,b) 上為增函數(shù);( 2)如果恒 f (x)0 ,則函數(shù) yf ( x)在區(qū)間 (a,b) 上為減函數(shù);( 3)
6、如果恒 f (x)0 ,則函數(shù) yf ( x)在區(qū)間 (a,b) 上為常數(shù)函數(shù)。利用導(dǎo)數(shù)求函數(shù)單調(diào)性的基本步驟:求函數(shù)yf ( x) 的定義域;求導(dǎo)數(shù)f (x) ;解不等式f ( x)0 ,解集在定義域內(nèi)的不間斷區(qū)間為增區(qū)間;解不等式f (x)0 ,解集在定義域內(nèi)的不間斷區(qū)間為減區(qū)間。反過來 , 也可以利用導(dǎo)數(shù)由函數(shù)的單調(diào)性解決相關(guān)問題(如確定參數(shù)的取值范圍):設(shè)函數(shù) yf (x) 在區(qū)間 (a,b) 內(nèi)可導(dǎo),(1) 如果函數(shù)yf ( x) 在區(qū)間 (a,b) 上為增函數(shù) , 則 f (x)0 ( 其中使f (x)0 的 x 值不構(gòu)成區(qū)間 );(2) 如果函數(shù)yf (x) 在區(qū)間 ( a, b
7、) 上為減函數(shù) ,則 f ( x)0 (其中使f (x)0 的 x 值不構(gòu)成區(qū)間 );(3) 如果函數(shù)yf (x) 在區(qū)間 (a, b) 上為常數(shù)函數(shù) ,則 f ( x)0 恒成立。2. 求函數(shù)的極值:設(shè)函數(shù) yf (x) 在 x0 及其附近有定義,如果對(duì)x0 附近的所有的點(diǎn)都有f ( x)f ( x0 ) (或f ( x)f (x0 ) ),則稱f (x0 ) 是函數(shù)f ( x) 的極小值(或極大值) 。可導(dǎo)函數(shù)的極值,可通過研究函數(shù)的單調(diào)性求得,基本步驟是:( 1 )確定函數(shù)f (x) 的定義域;( 2)求導(dǎo)數(shù)f ( x) ;( 3)求方程f ( x)0 的全部實(shí)根,x1x2xn ,順次將
8、定義域分成若干個(gè)小區(qū)間,并列表:x 變化時(shí),f (x) 和f ( x) 值的變化情況:x(, x1 )x1( x1, x2 )xn(xn ,)f (x)正負(fù)0正負(fù)0正負(fù)f (x)單調(diào)性單調(diào)性單調(diào)性( 4)檢查 f ( x) 的符號(hào)并由表格判斷極值。3. 求函數(shù)的最大值與最小值:如果函數(shù)f ( x) 在定義域I 內(nèi)存在 x0 ,使得對(duì)任意的xI ,總有 f ( x)f (x0 ) ,則稱 f (x0 )為函數(shù)在定義域上的最大值。 函數(shù)在定義域內(nèi)的極值不一定唯一, 但在定義域內(nèi)的最值是唯一的。求函數(shù) f (x) 在區(qū)間 a, b 上的最大值和最小值的步驟:( 1)求 f (x) 在區(qū)間 ( a,
9、b) 上的極值;( 2)將第一步中求得的極值與f (a), f ( b) 比較,得到小值。f ( x) 在區(qū)間 a,b 上的最大值與最4. 解決不等式的有關(guān)問題:( 1)不等式恒成立問題(絕對(duì)不等式問題)可考慮值域。f ( x)( xA) 的值域是 a,b 時(shí),不等式 f ( x)0 恒成立的充要條件是f (x)max0,即 b0 ;不等式 f ( x)0 恒成立的充要條件是f ( x)min0,即 a0 。f ( x)( xA) 的值域是 ( a, b) 時(shí),不等式 f ( x)0 恒成立的充要條件是b0;不等式 f ( x)0 恒成立的充要條件是a0。( 2)證明不等式f ( x) 0 可
10、轉(zhuǎn)化為證明f (x)max 0 ,或利用函數(shù)f ( x) 的單調(diào)性, 轉(zhuǎn)化為證明 f (x) f ( x0 )0。5. 導(dǎo)數(shù)在實(shí)際生活中的應(yīng)用:實(shí)際生活求解最大(?。┲祮栴},通常都可轉(zhuǎn)化為函數(shù)的最值. 在利用導(dǎo)數(shù)來求函數(shù)最值時(shí),一定要注意,極值點(diǎn)唯一的單峰函數(shù),極值點(diǎn)就是最值點(diǎn),在解題時(shí)要加以說明。贈(zèng)送以下資料英語萬能作文 (模板型)Along with the advance of the society more and more problems arebrought to our attention, one of which is that.隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了越來越多的問題,
11、其中之一便是_。As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.然而,對(duì)于此類問題,人們持不同的看法。 (Hold different attitudes持不同的看 ;Come up with different attitudes 有不同的看法 )As society develops, people are attaching much importance to.隨著社會(huì)的發(fā)展,人們開始關(guān)注.People are attaching more and more impo
12、rtance to the interview during job hunting求職的過程中,人們慢慢意識(shí)到面試的重要性。Asto whether itis worthwhile., there is a long-runningcontroversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.關(guān)于是否值得 _的問題,一直以來爭(zhēng)論不休。當(dāng)然,不同的人對(duì)此可能持不同的觀點(diǎn)。In the process ofmodern
13、 urban development, we often findourselves in a dilemma.在都市的發(fā)展中,我們往往會(huì)陷入困境。Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some peopleare in alarm that.最近,這種現(xiàn)象引起了人們的廣泛關(guān)注,有人開始擔(dān)心_。The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, with the increasingly rapid economic globalization and
14、urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.人類進(jìn)入了一個(gè)歷史的嶄新的階段,經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、都市化的速度不斷加快,隨之給我們帶來了很多問題。. plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes thebiggest concern of the present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?"_顯得非常重要而成為當(dāng)今世界所關(guān)注的最大的問題,這是無可厚非的。不過,問題是:&
15、quot;我們?cè)撊绾尉駬??"Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges, 現(xiàn)在我們正在進(jìn)入一個(gè)充滿機(jī)會(huì)和挑戰(zhàn)的新時(shí)代。People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行業(yè)的人對(duì)同一種問題的解釋不盡相同。The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different
16、backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.這中極具爭(zhēng)議性的話題往往很受社會(huì)的關(guān)注。不同的人對(duì)此問題的看法也不盡相同。When asked ., some people think. while some prefer.說到 _,有人認(rèn)為 _,而另一些人則認(rèn)為 _。Just as the saying goes: "so many people, so many minds". It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from pers
17、on to person.俗話說, ""。不同的人對(duì)此有不同的看法是可以理解的。To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.對(duì)于這個(gè)問題,不同的人持不同的觀點(diǎn)。There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes withoutsaying that.萬事萬物都有其兩面性,所以,勿庸置疑,_。When it comes to ., most people believe that ., but other peopleregard
18、 .as .提到 _問題,很多人認(rèn)為 _,不過,一些人則認(rèn)為_是_.When faced with., quite a few people claim that ., but otherpeople think as.提到 _問題,僅少數(shù)人認(rèn)為 _,但另一些人則認(rèn)為_。There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Therewho criticize .argue that ., they believe that .,but people who favor .,on the other hand, argue tha
19、t.目前,_問題爭(zhēng)議較大。批判 _的人認(rèn)為 _,他們認(rèn)為_,不過,另一方面,贊同_的人則認(rèn)為 _。Some people are of the opinion that. 有些人認(rèn)為 _。Many people claim that.很多人認(rèn)為 _。A majority of 絕大多數(shù)A large number of 很多人Some people contend that . has proved to bring many advantages (disadvantages)有些人認(rèn)為 _有很多有利之處 (不利之處 )。Those who argue for .say that .econ
20、omic development of thecities.覺得 _的人認(rèn)為, _ 城市的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。Some people advocate that .有些人在堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 _。They hold that . 他們認(rèn)為 _。People, who advocate that ., have their sound reasons (grounds)堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為 _的人也有其說法 (依據(jù) )。Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praiseof it.那些從中受益的人對(duì)此大家褒獎(jiǎng)。Those who strong
21、ly approve of . have cogent reasons for it.強(qiáng)烈認(rèn)同 _的人有很多原因 。Many people would claim that.有人會(huì)認(rèn)為 _。People who support . give some or all of the following reasons.那些支持 _觀點(diǎn)的人列出了如下原因:_。But others hold the view that .但是,另外一些人則認(rèn)為_。觀點(diǎn)的用詞: Attitude, opinion, 與其搭配的動(dòng)詞以及詞組:Take,have, come up with,set forth, put f
22、orward 等。But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that.,.不過,另一方面,也有少部分人堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為_。But people who are ., on the other hand , maintain that.不過,另一方面, _的人認(rèn)為 _。However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case.然而,很多人對(duì)此有不同的看法。問題用詞:
23、Issue, phenomenon,后接介詞 , on, over 等。However, some others argue that.然而,另一些人則認(rèn)為_。However, there are also some others who contend that.然而,也有人認(rèn)為 _。But other people set forth completely totally different argument concerning this case.不過,對(duì)于此,另一些人則持完全不同的觀點(diǎn)。Some people examine this issue from another angle
24、.有的人用另一角度來看這一問題。On the other hand, there are also many opponents who strongly .另一方面,也有很多反對(duì)的人,他們認(rèn)為_。According to my personality and fondness, I would prefer . ratherthan.根據(jù)我的個(gè)性以及興趣, 我選擇 _而不會(huì)選擇 _。Personally, I side with the latter (former) opinion.就我個(gè)人而言,我支持后者(前者 )_。Personally, I am in favor of the fo
25、rmer point of view.就我個(gè)人而言,我較同意前一種看法。To my point of view 我認(rèn)為Tomymind,theadvantagesfaroverweighthedrawbacks(disadvantages, shortcomings)我認(rèn)為,優(yōu)點(diǎn)勝過缺點(diǎn)。For my part, I stand on side of the latter opinion that.就我而言,我較贊同后一種觀點(diǎn)_。As far as I am concerned, I am inclined to be on the side of the latter view.在我看來,我
26、較同意后一種觀點(diǎn)。After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in favor of thelatter view that.經(jīng)過深思熟慮,我較支持后一種看法,亦即_。If asked to make a decision, I would prefer.如果真的需要作出選擇,我寧愿_。展現(xiàn)問題篇問題的常用詞: question, problem, issueRecently, the issue of . has been brought into public focus.近來, _的問題引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。Now we are e
27、ntering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in people attitudes towards some traditional practice.現(xiàn)在我們進(jìn)入了一個(gè)充滿機(jī)遇和創(chuàng)新的嶄新時(shí)代,很多人對(duì)某些傳統(tǒng)的看法也發(fā)生了很大改變。Recently the issue of whether or not . has been in the limelight andhas aroused wide concern in the public
28、.近來,是否 _的問題已經(jīng)非常明確而且引起了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。The issue whether it is good or not to . has aroused a heateddiscussion all over the country._的利與弊已在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)引起熱烈的討論。At present, some people think .whileothers claim .Both sideshave their merits.目前,一些人認(rèn)為 _而另一些人則認(rèn)為 _。其實(shí),兩種觀點(diǎn)都其可取之處。People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.對(duì)于這種極具爭(zhēng)議的話題,我們
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