lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出

1、lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出subject-prominence vs. topic-prominence英語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)突出漢語(yǔ)的話(huà)題突出lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出英語(yǔ)的subject-prominence謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前是主語(yǔ)。主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)、性、數(shù)上匹配。有施事主語(yǔ)、受事主語(yǔ)、形式主語(yǔ)(it)、話(huà)題主語(yǔ)。 主謂一致 主語(yǔ)不可缺 主語(yǔ)是名詞或代詞成分漢語(yǔ)的topic-prominence謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前的成分靈活，可以是主語(yǔ)，也可以是話(huà)題。話(huà)題不是主謂賓那樣的語(yǔ)法成分，而是陳述說(shuō)明的對(duì)象。如果一個(gè)句子有話(huà)題，其它部分就是說(shuō)明，負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)話(huà)題進(jìn)行描述、說(shuō)明或評(píng)估。不講究人稱(chēng)、數(shù)、性上面形式的一致性.l

2、ecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出 漢語(yǔ)：主題/話(huà)題突出：漢語(yǔ)的話(huà)題評(píng)述句 topic + comment TC / Theme + rheme TR 1. 動(dòng)作發(fā)出者作話(huà)題 成百萬(wàn)原來(lái)享受公費(fèi)醫(yī)療的城市居民，今后的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用要自己承擔(dān)一部分。 Millions of urban residents who were entitled to free medical care will have to pay part of their medical expenses. 搞西洋畫(huà)的，生活環(huán)境也應(yīng)該洋一點(diǎn)。 Those who specialize in Western painting shoul

3、d live in an environment of Western styles.2. 動(dòng)作承受者作話(huà)題 那件事我已經(jīng)辦好了。I have handled the matter. 這個(gè)人我見(jiàn)過(guò)。I have seen the man somewhere.lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出 漢語(yǔ)：主題/話(huà)題突出 漢語(yǔ)的話(huà)題評(píng)述句 topic + comment TC / Theme + rheme TR 3.動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作話(huà)題 吃，北京很方便。 It is easy to find various restaurants in Beijing./Vavarious restaurants a

4、re available in Beijing. 加入世貿(mào)組織利大于弊。 China will witness more benefits than losses after its entry into WTO.4.從句作話(huà)題 張三明天去美國(guó)，我覺(jué)得很奇怪。 That Zhang San is going to the USA tomorrow strikes me strange. / It strikes me strange that Zhang San is going to the USA tomorrow. 歷史系開(kāi)會(huì)，我可以跟李四提一提。 At the meeting of H

5、istory Department, Ill mention it to Li Si.lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出 漢語(yǔ)：主題/話(huà)題突出：漢語(yǔ)的話(huà)題評(píng)述句 topic + comment TC / Theme + rheme TR 5. 地點(diǎn)作話(huà)題 信封里裝不下這些照片。 The envelope cant hold the photos. 桌上擱著一碗飯。 A bowl of rice is on the table.6. 時(shí)間作話(huà)題 今天風(fēng)和日暖。 The wind is gentle and the sun is warm today. 這么快就蓋好了一棟房子。 The house

6、was built at an admirable speed.lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句 （zero/null-subject sentence）1. 表示客觀、科學(xué)、公正的語(yǔ)氣（科技材料、法律條文） 在海拔3000米的高空采集到了這種空氣樣本。 This air sample has been collected at the altitude of 3,000 meters. 要制造飛機(jī)，就要考慮空氣阻力的問(wèn)題。 Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be mad

7、e. 用機(jī)械加工的方法，特別是用磨削的方法，可以獲得最佳表面光潔度。 Best surface finish is provided by means of machining, especially by grinding. 違反法律，就必須受到法律的懲罰。 Those who break the laws must be punished by laws. 禁止打架斗毆。 Figthing is prohibited.lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句 （zero/null-subject sentence）2. 表達(dá)不滿(mǎn)，但又不失禮貌的語(yǔ)氣 只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。 Whi

8、le the magistrates were free to burn down houses, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. 為什么總把這些麻煩事推給我呢？ Why are these troubles always left to me? 為什么不直接反映到職能部門(mén)去呢？ Why is it not reported directly to the competent department?lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句 （zero/null-subject sentence）3. 省略第一人稱(chēng)“我”或“我

9、們” 希望一切問(wèn)題都會(huì)迎刃而解。 I hope that all the problems will be readily solved. 在新的歷史時(shí)期，要繼續(xù)發(fā)揚(yáng)尊老愛(ài)幼、勤儉節(jié)約等中華民族的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。 In the new era, we will carry on such traditional Chinese virtues as respecting the old and cherishing the young as well as working hard and being frugal. 在中國(guó)東盟全面經(jīng)濟(jì)合作框架協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上，探討簽署擴(kuò)大和深化雙方經(jīng)貿(mào)合作的文件，建立

10、經(jīng)貿(mào)合作的制度性安排。 We should consider signing a follow-up agreement on expanding economic and trade ties as well as the relevant institutional arrangement, on the basis of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between China and ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations ). 只有創(chuàng)新改革

11、，才能促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的快速發(fā)展。 Only through reform and innovation can we promote the rapid develop- -ment of economy and society.lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句 （zero/null-subject sentence）4. 諺語(yǔ)或表示哲理的句子 活到老，學(xué)到老。 We / one is never too old to learn. 沒(méi)有調(diào)查就沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)。 One who makes no investigation has no right to speak. No investi

12、gation, no say. 沒(méi)有順利，無(wú)所謂困難；沒(méi)有困難，也無(wú)所謂順利。 Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would be no facility. 留得青山在，不怕沒(méi)柴燒。 As long as there are green mountains, one need not worry about firewood. Where there is life, there is hope. 不入虎穴，焉得虎子。 It is impossible to get the tig

13、er cubs if one does not enter the tigers lair. / It is impossible to succeed if one makes no efforts. 種瓜得瓜種豆得豆。 If you have sown melons, you will harvest melons while if you have sown beans, you will have beans./One will harvest what he/she has sown.lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句 （zero/null-subject sentence

14、）5. 表示存現(xiàn) 有很多問(wèn)題亟待解決。 Many problems have to be solved immediately. There are many problems to be solved immediately. 改革開(kāi)放以后，涌現(xiàn)出一大批敢想敢干的創(chuàng)業(yè)者。 Since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy, progressive and daring entrepreneurs have come to the fore in large numbers. 至于環(huán)保，還存在不少問(wèn)題。 With regard to

15、environmental protection, many problems still exit / there still exist many problems. 突然竄出一只狗，追著她咬，把她嚇糊涂了。 Suddenly a dog appeared and chased after her, scaring her almost out of her wits.lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出英語(yǔ)主謂句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)話(huà)題評(píng)述句This pool of human resources has one of the highest mobility rates in China. 這些人力

16、資源在中國(guó)的流動(dòng)性最大。The more successful Chinese firms tend to internationalize more and more, due to national and regional policies aimed at fostering the development of firms outside their borders, but also as a consequence of the intense competitive pressures and looming overcapacities that now prevail in

17、 China in many industries and reduced margins.由于國(guó)家和地區(qū)政策均鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)到國(guó)外發(fā)展，較成功的企業(yè)國(guó)際化程度愈來(lái)愈高，當(dāng)然，還有一個(gè)原因就是，國(guó)內(nèi)很多行業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力越來(lái)越大，生長(zhǎng)能力過(guò)剩現(xiàn)象初見(jiàn)端倪，利潤(rùn)下滑。If the courts ruled in favour of General Motorm, it would make it much more difficult for Chery to sell the QQ in international markets.如果法庭宣布通用汽車(chē)勝訴，奇瑞在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)銷(xiāo)售QQ汽車(chē)就比較困難。lectu

18、re 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出英語(yǔ)主謂句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)話(huà)題評(píng)述句A telephone was fitted up in the pavilion. 亭子里裝了一部電話(huà)。That bed has been slept in today.那張床今天有人睡過(guò)了。The transfer of information from one part of the computer to another depends on the electrical current being conducted over wires.計(jì)算機(jī)傳送信息，靠的是電線(xiàn)中傳導(dǎo)的電流。It is impossible, in our so

19、ciety, not to be sometimes a Snob.我們這個(gè)社會(huì)，有時(shí)不得不做個(gè)馬屁精。lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出英語(yǔ)主謂句翻譯成漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句Mention should be made of the role played by the other man.應(yīng)該提一下另一人所起的作用。The relatives of the missing can still be spotted at bus stations or outside Red Cross office, hoping against the odds to receive good news-or any

20、 news-about their loved ones.在公共汽車(chē)站和紅十字會(huì)辦公室的外面，仍然可以看到失蹤者的親人們，他們抱著一線(xiàn)希望，希望能得到親人的好消息，任何消息。It is right to be contented with what we have, never with what we are. 可以滿(mǎn)足于所得，但不能滿(mǎn)足于現(xiàn)狀。One cannot see the wood for the trees. 只見(jiàn)樹(shù)木不見(jiàn)森林。lecture 3 主題主語(yǔ)突出課后翻譯練習(xí)In this chapter, we will examine how Chinese firms have

21、 used alliances and joint ventures with foreign companies to boost their international presence. We will first analyze how joint ventures in China have initially helped Chinese firms enhance their technical capabilities, making it possible for them to compete, both in their own domestic market which is attracting more and more foreign rivals, and also in more open international markets. Second, we will examine how joint ventures have become a device through which Chinese firms are able to rapidly develop a market presence in foreign count