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1、 常用情態(tài)動詞的用法比較 1)在表示 “可能性”方面 can 、should 、may 、might這四個(gè)詞都可以用來表示"可能性"。但在表達(dá)的語氣和程度方面有所不同: can 和should表示以事實(shí)、理由為依據(jù)而存在的可能性;其中should的主觀性較強(qiáng),往往含有"應(yīng)該會怎么樣"的意思??傮w上說,這兩個(gè)詞在這方面的語氣較強(qiáng)、較肯定。與之相比,may 和might這兩個(gè)詞在這方面的語氣較弱些、沒有那么肯定,表示主觀意斷的可能性,沒有足夠的客觀依據(jù)。其中,might的語氣更為委婉、更弱
2、。例如: You can't expect to be a top student without working hard at your study .(這種可能性很大。因?yàn)?,不努力學(xué)習(xí)怎么能成為尖子生呢?) This book should be found easily in the library .(說話人認(rèn)為,圖書館應(yīng)該有很多這類書籍,所以應(yīng)該很
3、容易找到。) You may meet her at the party today.(說話人認(rèn)為,你今天或許有機(jī)會、有可能見到她。) You might mistake what I mean.(說話人婉轉(zhuǎn)地說明,大概、也許你誤會我的意思了。) 2)在表示"允諾"方面 在表示"允諾"的can ,may, might三個(gè)情態(tài)動詞中,以might最為客氣、委婉;may為居中;而can是表達(dá)這方面意思的普通詞。在這種情況
4、下,要根據(jù)具體情況來選用這三個(gè)情態(tài)動詞。例如: You can leave now. (用于熟識的人之間;或是公事公辦的情況。) May I trouble you with a question ?(用于禮貌地提出請求。) Might I have another cup of coffee?(用于陌生或正式的場合,非常委婉、得體地提出請求。) 3)在表示"應(yīng)該"方面 must ,ought,&
5、#160;should都能用來表示"出于某種職責(zé)、義務(wù)而應(yīng)該怎么樣"的意思。以must的語氣最強(qiáng)烈;ought為居中;而should是表達(dá)這方面意思的普通詞。例如: We must build our motherland into a strong country with four modernization .(語氣很強(qiáng)烈。表示我們應(yīng)該把自己的祖國建設(shè)成一個(gè)具有四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化的強(qiáng)國,而且我們非得這樣做不可。)我們一定要將我們的祖國建成為一個(gè)具有四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化
6、的強(qiáng)國。 Students ought to study hard .(這種用法較有針對性,較具體,作為學(xué)生要努力學(xué)習(xí)是責(zé)無旁貸的。學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)。 Students should study hard .(這種用法可理解為一般的提法、號召。) 學(xué)生應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。 4)在表示 “猜測” 方面 1. 情態(tài)動詞must,can,could,may,might都可用來表示推測 1) must所表示的可能性最大,最有把握,意為“一定”。 He _B_ have&
7、#160;completed his work; otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside.2005北京 A. should B. must C. wouldnt D. cant 解析:根據(jù)下文,“否則他
8、不會在海邊玩得這么開心了”,可以推測上文“他肯定已經(jīng)完成工作了”。 B , he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. 2005重慶 AA quiet students as he may be BQuiet student as
9、0;he may be CBe a quiet student as he may DQuiet as he may be a student 解析:雖然他可能是個(gè)安靜的孩子,但是他課后大談他喜歡的歌手。 2) can和could主要用于否定句和疑問句中 ,cant或couldnt 表示“不可能” (注意:表示猜測,can/could一般不用于肯定句中。) Do you know
10、160;where David is? I couldnt find him anywhere. Well . He have gone farhis coats still here.2005湖北 Ashouldnt Bmustnt Ccant Dwouldnt 解析:根據(jù)下文“他的外套還在這”,可以推測,“他不可能走遠(yuǎn)”。Can 在否定句中表示“不可能”。
11、160;Isn' t that Ann's husband over there? No, it _A_ be him -I'm sure he doesn't wear glasses.2004全國一 A. can't B. must not C.
12、won't D. may not 解析:根據(jù)否定回答,和下文的暗示,該處表示“不可能是他”,cant 不是推測常用于否定和疑問。 Theres no light on-they _A_ be at home【2006全國】 A. cant B.
13、mustnt Cneednt D. shouldnt 解析:根據(jù)上文,“等不亮”,推測下文“他們不可能在家?!?3) may 和 might表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)砜赡馨l(fā)生的動作或情況,主要用于肯定句中,might相對于may 來說,表示的可能性更小一些。may和might都不用于疑問句中。 Scientists say it may be f
14、ive or six years before it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.2004福建 解析:該句意思是:科學(xué)家說可能還要五六年才可能將此藥試驗(yàn)在人身上。may 表推測“可能”。 Excuse me . Is this the right way to the Su
15、mmer Palace ? Sorry , I am not sure . But it A be .2004湖北 Amight Bwill Cmust Dcan 解析:根據(jù)上文“我不肯定”,可以推測語氣較弱,“但也許是的”。might 表推測語氣。 2. 對目前狀態(tài)的
16、推測: 1) must/may/might/can/couldbe表語 People may have different opinions about Karen, but I admire her. After all, she is a great musician.2004全國 解析:人們對karen可能有各種看法,但我敬佩她,畢竟,她是個(gè)偉大的音樂家。 2) must/may/mi
17、ght/can/could一些不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的靜態(tài)動詞 l 對目前正在發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推測:must/may/might/can/couldbe doing I must be getting fat - I can hardly do my trousers up. 2004全國二 解析:根據(jù)下文暗示“我的褲子幾乎提不上來了”,可以判斷前句的意思是“我肯定在發(fā)胖”,must be doing 對正在發(fā)生事情的推測。 l 對已經(jīng)
18、發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行推測:must/may/might/can/couldhave done Tom graduated from college at a very young age. Oh, he _D_ have been a very smart boy then. 【2004全國四】
19、;A. could B. should C. might D. must 解析:根據(jù)上文“他年紀(jì)很小就大學(xué)畢業(yè)了”,可知下文表達(dá)的意思是“當(dāng)時(shí)他肯定是一個(gè)非
20、常聰明的孩子”,對過去事情的肯定推測用must have done.被動語態(tài)的用法 當(dāng)謂語表示一個(gè)動作時(shí), 主語和它可以有兩種不同關(guān)系;主動關(guān)系或被動關(guān)系。在表示主動關(guān)系時(shí)(即主語為動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)),謂語的形式稱為主動語態(tài)(the Active Voice)。在表示被動關(guān)系時(shí)(即主語為動作的承受者時(shí)),謂語要用另一種形式,稱為被動語態(tài)(the Passive Voice)。在被動結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,動作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引起的短語表示。被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加過去分詞構(gòu)成,時(shí)態(tài)通過be表現(xiàn)出來。 1)一般現(xiàn)
21、在時(shí)。例如: Youre wanted on the phone. 有人給你打電話。 2) 一般過去時(shí)。例如: The book was finished last week. 這書是上周寫完的。 3)一般將來時(shí)。例如: Youll be allowed to go out tomorrow. 明天讓你出去。 4
22、)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如: a. The building is being built. 這幢樓正在修自行車。 b. The bikes were being repaired. 那時(shí)正在修自行車。 5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)。例如: a. This book has been translated into English.&
23、#160; 這本書已被譯成英語。 b. The car had been repaired. 這時(shí)汽車已修完了。 使用被動語態(tài)的情況 1)需要突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)承受者時(shí)。例如: His work was stopped for a time during the First World War.
24、; 他的工作在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間中斷。 The road has been repaired. 道路已經(jīng)修好了。 2)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。例如: Negroes were first brought to America as slaves. 黑人最初作為奴隸
25、被帶到美國。 When was the PLA founed? 中國人民解放軍何時(shí)成立? 3)對事物作客觀說明時(shí) It was reported that the scientists were searching for new ways to solve this
26、60;problem. 據(jù)報(bào)道,科學(xué)家們正在尋求新的方法來解決這個(gè)難題。 4)出于禮貌措辭等方面的考慮不愿說出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。例如: It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here. 一般認(rèn)為在這兒吸煙是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?#160; 使用被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意下面幾點(diǎn)。 1)短語動詞的被動語態(tài),要保持
27、短語動詞的完整性,動詞后面的介詞或副詞切記不可遺漏。例如: These books must be taken good care of. 這些書必須好好保管。 The children were well looked after. 孩子們受到了良好的護(hù)理。 2) 常帶雙賓語的動詞如:giv
28、e, send, take, bring, teach, tell, offer, sing, buy, promise, make, write, ask, lend, show, pay等,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí),將其中一個(gè)賓語變成主語, 另一個(gè)賓語作為保留賓語,或變?yōu)榻樵~賓語,作狀語中。 We gave him some picture-books.&
29、#160; 我們給他一些圖畫書。 He was given some picture-books. Some picture-books were given to him. 3) 常帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞有see, watch, hear, make, let, have, feel等,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí),原來的賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語補(bǔ)足語為不定式的,原來不
30、帶to變?yōu)橹髡Z后,要加上to。例如: She asked me to step in and have a talk. 她請我過去談一談。 -I was asked to step in and have a talk. 4) 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)和shall或will一樣。 We
31、can divide an atom. 原子是可分的。 - An atom can be divided. 5) 主從復(fù)合句變被動語態(tài)時(shí), 主從句都要變。 They are not going to put off the maths contest. - The maths
32、0;contest is not going to be put off. 相關(guān)知識點(diǎn)精講 1. let 的用法 1)當(dāng)let后只有一個(gè)單音節(jié)動詞,變被動語態(tài)時(shí),可用不帶to 的不定式。例如: They let the strange go.他們放陌生人走了。 -> The strange was let go. 2)
33、當(dāng)let 后賓補(bǔ)較長時(shí),let 通常不用被動語態(tài),而用allow或permit 代替。例如: The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那護(hù)士讓我去探望住院的同學(xué)。 -> I was allowed / permitted to see my
34、classmate in the hospital. 2.短語動詞的被動語態(tài) 短語動詞是一個(gè)整體,不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如: My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顧。 Such a thing has never been heard of before.
35、這樣的事聞所未聞。 3. 表示"據(jù)說"或"相信" 的詞組,基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成。例如: It is said that 據(jù)說 It is re
36、ported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is believed that大家相信 It is hoped that大家希望 It is well known that 眾所周知 It is thought that大家認(rèn)為 It is suggested that據(jù)建議 It is taken g
37、ranted that 被視為當(dāng)然 It has been decided that 大家決定 It must be remember that 務(wù)必記住的是 4. 不用被動語態(tài)的情況 1)不及物動詞或不及物動詞短語,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 結(jié)束), fail, happen, last
38、, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等沒有無被動語態(tài)。例如: After the fire, very little remained of my&
39、#160;house. 大火過后,我家燒得所剩無幾。 比較:rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞;raise, seat是及物動詞。 要想正確地使用被動語態(tài),就須注意哪些動詞是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。 2)不能用于被動語態(tài)的及物動詞或動詞短語,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish,
40、cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如: This key just
41、60;fits the lock. 這把鑰匙只配這把鎖。 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你說的與我們聽說的一致。 3)系動詞無被動語態(tài),如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain,
42、0;seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 聽上去不錯(cuò)。 4)帶同源賓語的及物動詞如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代詞,相互代詞,不能用于被動語態(tài)。例如: She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了個(gè)惡夢。 5) 當(dāng)賓語
43、是不定式時(shí),很少用于被動語態(tài)。例如: (對) She likes to swim. (錯(cuò)) To swim is liked by her. 5. 主動形式表示被動意義 1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, w
44、rite, sell等。例如: The book sells well.這本書銷路好。 This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。 2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如: I was to blame for the accident.
45、事故發(fā)生了,我該受指責(zé)。 Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。 3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容詞), deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如: The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 門該修了。
46、160;This book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀。 4)特殊結(jié)構(gòu):make sb. heard / understood (使別人能聽見/理解自己)等。例如: Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些,讓別人理解你的話。
47、6. 被動形式表示主動意義,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如: He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。
48、注意:表示同某人結(jié)婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如: He married a rich girl. 他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。 He got married to a rich girl. 7. need/want/require/worth 當(dāng) need, want, require, b
49、e worth后面接doing時(shí),表示的是被動意義。例如: Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。 典型例題 The library needs_, but it'll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning
50、0;B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 答案A. need (實(shí)意) +n /to do,need (情態(tài))+ do,當(dāng)為被動語態(tài)時(shí),還可need + doing. 本題考最后一種用法,選A。如有to be clean 則也為正確答案。 典:done,"不可能已經(jīng)"。must not do&
51、#160;不可以(用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))。 高考題解: (1)Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms. (2005遼寧) Awas called
52、 Bis called Chad been called Dhas been called (2)The number of deaths form
53、60;heart disease will be reduced greatly it people _ to eat more fruit and vegetables. (2004上海) A. persuade
54、;B. will persuade C. be persuaded D. are persuaded 【點(diǎn)撥】考例(1)定語從句中表達(dá)的是客觀事實(shí),現(xiàn)行詞和定語從句之間是動賓關(guān)系,故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)??祭?)主句是一般將來時(shí),其后條件狀語從句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,從句主語和謂語之間是動賓關(guān)系,故也用一般
55、現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài),選BD。 (3)With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ each year. (2005山東) A. is washing away B. is being
56、0;washed away C. are washing away D. are being washed away 【點(diǎn)撥】此題考查了時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致兩個(gè)方面。從前面的with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出句子應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),earth和wash away之間是動賓關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。(huge)quantities of 作定語修飾的名詞作主語時(shí),謂語
57、動詞與quantities保持一致,用復(fù)數(shù),與所修飾的名詞無關(guān),故選D。 (4)Millions of pounds worth of damage _by a storm which swept across the north of England last nigh. (2005重慶) Ahas been caused
58、 Bhad been caused Cwill be caused Dwill have been caused
59、【點(diǎn)撥】考例(4)強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果,damage是不可數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞只能用第三人稱單數(shù),和cause之間是動賓關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài),故選A。 (5)The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _ by 2006. (2004北京) A. has been
60、completed B. has completed C. will have been completed D.
61、;will have completed 【點(diǎn)撥】從介詞短語by 2006可以看出該題表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要完成的動作,construction work和動詞complete之間是動賓關(guān)系,故用將來完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài),選C。 (6) Only when your identity has been checked ,_ .(2003上海) Ayou are allowed in
62、160; Byou will be allowed in Cwill you allow in Dwill you be allowed in 【點(diǎn)撥】時(shí)間狀語從句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),主句應(yīng)用一般將來時(shí),主語和謂語之間是動賓關(guān)系,onl
63、y跟時(shí)間狀語從句或介詞短語時(shí),句子要用倒裝語序,故選D。 (7)The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _ placed under the Ministers car. (2005廣東) A. has been
64、;B. was being C. had been D. would be 【點(diǎn)撥】考例(7)從主句可以看出,place這個(gè)動作發(fā)生在主句動詞catch所表示的動作之前,先行詞和place之間是動賓關(guān)系,故用過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài),選C。 (8)More than a dozen students in that school
65、160;_ abroad to study medicine last year. (2005上海) A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sent (9)?Why did you
66、leave that position? (2005北京) ?I _ a better position at IBM. A. offer B. offered C. am offered D. was offere
67、d 【點(diǎn)撥】考例(8)中有明顯的過去時(shí)間狀語last year,考例(9)雖然沒有明顯的時(shí)間狀語,但從問句的時(shí)態(tài)可以看出,offer這動作也是發(fā)生在過去,兩考例中的主語和謂語動詞之間都是動賓關(guān)系,故用一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài),選BD。 鞏固練習(xí): 1. After a fire broke out in the lab, a lot of equipment_. (2005北京春) A. is
68、;damaged B. had damaged C. damaged
69、D. was damaged 2. I cant see any coffee in this cupboard._? (2005北京春) A. Has it all been finished B. Was it all finished C.
70、 Has it all finished D. Did it all finish 3. More patients _ in hospital this year than last year. (2004江蘇)
71、60; A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated
72、 4. ? The window is dirty. (2004廣西) ? I know. It_ for weeks. A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt
73、 cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned 5. ?George and Lucy got married last week . Did you go to their wedding? (2004湖北) ?No, I _
74、60;. Did they have a big wedding? Awas not invited Bhave not been invited Chadnt been invited
75、; Ddidnt invite 6. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945,and their power _ increased enormously ever since. (2004上海) A.
76、160;is B. was C. has been D. had been 7. According t
77、o the art dealer, the painting_ to go for at least a million dollars. (2004全國II) A is expected B expects C expected &
78、#160; D is expecting 8. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only_ the film stars had left. (2004福建) Ato tell Bto
79、160;be told Ctelling Dtold 9. _ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. (2004湖北)
80、; ACompare BWhen comparing CComparing &
81、#160; DWhen compared 10. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. (2004上海) A. c
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